Manuel dos Reis Machado

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Mestre Bimba
File:Mestre Bimba.jpeg
O rei da Capoeira
Born Manoel dos reis Machado
(1899-11-23)November 23, 1899
Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
Occupation Creator of capoeira regional, teacher of capoeira, musician, educator,
Years active 1918–74 (56 years of teaching)
Parent(s) Luiz Cândido Machado (father)
Maria Martinha do Bonfim (mother)
Relatives Manoel Nascimento Machado (Mestre Nenel) (son)
Marinalva Nascimento Machado (Dona Nalvinha) (daughter)
Website http://www.mestrebimbafundacao.blogspot.com/

Manoel dos Reis Machado, commonly called Mestre Bimba (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈmɛstɾi ˈbĩbɐ]; November 23, 1899 – February 5, 1974), was a mestre (a master practitioner) of the Afro-Brazilian martial art of "capoeira".

Early life

Machado was born in Salvador in the year 1899 but was not officially registered until 1900, resulting in some confusion surrounding his date of birth. Despite his being born in 1899, 1900 is the date most commonly known and published.[citation needed]

The son of Luiz Cândido Machado and Maria Martinha do Bonfim, Manoel was born at the Bairro do Engenho Velho, Salvador. The nickname "Bimba" came up due to a bet between his mother and the midwife during his birth; his mother bet that he was going to be a girl and the midwife bet he would be a boy. After he was delivered, the midwife said... it's a boy, look at his Bimba' (male sexual organ).[citation needed]

He started learning capoeira when he was 12 years old, with a Capitão da Companhia Baiana de Navegação (Navigation Captain) from Estrada das Boiadas (present day Bairro da Liberdade) in Salvador, called Bentinho, even though in those days capoeira was still being persecuted by the authorities. He would later be known as one of the legendary founding fathers of contemporary capoeira, the other being Vicente Ferreira Pastinha ("Mestre Pastinha"), the father of modern capoeira angola.

Machado was a coal miner, carpenter, warehouse man, longshoreman, and horse coach conductor, but mainly a capoeirista.

Birth of the regional style

At 18, Bimba felt that capoeira had lost all its efficacy as a martial art and an instrument of resistance, becoming a folkloric activity reduced to nine movements. It was then that Bimba started to restore movements from the old capoeira (later became known as bimbaAngola), added movements from an extinct African fighting style called Batuque – a type of martial art that he learned from his father (of which his father was a champion), as well as introducing movements created by himself. Bimba was the 1st to create a method of teaching to help facilitate learning because until then, capoeira was only learned by watching and participating in the roda. This was the beginning of the development of capoeira regional.

In 1928, a new chapter in the history of capoeira began, as well as a change in the way black people (of African descent, brought to Brazil as slaves) were looked upon by the Brazilian society. After a performance at the palace of Bahia's Governor, Juracy Magalhães, Bimba was finally successful in convincing the authorities of the cultural value of capoeira, thus in the 1930s ending its official ban, in effect since 1890.

Machado founded the first capoeira school in 1932, the Academia-escola de Cultura Regional, at the Engenho de Brotas in Salvador, Bahia. Previously, capoeira was only practiced and played on the streets. However, capoeira was still heavily discriminated against by upper-class Brazilian society. In order to change the pejorative reputation of capoeira and its practitioners as devious, stealthy and malicious, Bimba set new standards to the art.

His students had to wear a clean, white uniform, show proof of grade proficiency from school, exercise discipline, show good posture and many other standards. As a result, doctors, lawyers, politicians, upper-middle-class people, and women (until then excluded) started to join his school, providing Bimba with legitimacy and support.

Capoeira regional is established

In 1936, Bimba challenged fighters of any martial art style to test his regional style. He had four matches, fighting against Vítor Benedito Lopes, José Custódio dos Santos ("Zé I") and Américo Ciência. Bimba won all matches.

On June 9, 1937, he earned the state board of education certificate. and officially registered the 1st Capoeira center.

In 1942, Machado opened his second school at the Terreiro de Jesus on Rua das Laranjeiras. The school is still open today and was supervised by his former student, "Vermelho" until the early 1980s. The school then came under the brief supervision of Mestre Almiro, before being transferred to Mestre Bamba; the man who leads the school today. He also taught capoeira to the army and at the police academy. He was then considered "the father of modern capoeira".

July 23, 1953 he was invited to demonstrate capoeira to the then president of Brazil, Getúlio Dorneles Vargas. Vargas says, "Capoeira is the only sport which was truly Brazilian."

Important names to Brazilian society at that time such as Dr. Joaquim de Araújo Lima (former governor of Guaporé), Jaime Tavares, Rui Gouveia, Alberto Barreto, Jaime Machado, Delsimar Cavalvanti, César Sá, Decio Seabra, José Sisnando and many others were Bimba's students.

Legacy

Unhappy with false promises and lack of support from local authorities in Bahia, he moved to Goiânia in 1973 at the invitation of a former student. He died a year later, on February 5, 1974 at the Hospital das Clínicas de Goiânia, due to a stroke.

Bimba managed to recover the original values within capoeira,[citation needed] which were used amongst the black slaves centuries before him. For Bimba, capoeira was a fight but "competition" should be permanently avoided since he believed it was a "cooperation" fight, where the stronger player was always responsible for the weaker player and helped him to excel in his own fighting techniques.[citation needed]

Machado fought all his life for what he strongly believed was best for capoeira and succeeded. After he died in 1974 one of his sons, "Nenel" (Manoel Nascimento Machado), at 14, took over his father's capoeira legacy. Nenel is still responsible for the remarkable cultural and historical legacy his father left him and is president of Filhos de Bimba School of Capoeira.

Bimba's academy rules

Bimba strongly believed capoeira had an extraordinary value as a self-defense martial art, hence his efforts to develop its learning in a structured and methodical way.

Bimba developed a capoeira teaching method with commandments, principles and traditions, which are still part of the capoeira regional up to this day. Some of his commandments are:

  • To stop smoking and drinking since it interferes with the players' performance;
  • Avoid demonstrating your progress to your friends outside the capoeira roda. Remember that surprise is your best ally in a fight.;
  • Avoid conversation during training, instead observe and learn from watching.
  • Always Ginga.
  • Practice daily the basic fundamentals.
  • Keep your body relaxed.
  • It is better to get "caught" in the roda than on the streets.
  • Don’t be afraid to get close to the opponent. The closer you stay, the better you will learn.
  • Students must maintain good grades in school or be employed.

Bimba also established his own capoeira principles as the basis for his capoeira teaching method:

  • Gingar sempre (to keep oneself in constant movement when fighting); ginga is the capoeira basic movement;
  • Esquivar sempre (to dodge away from the opponent's attacks);
  • All movements must have a purpose (attack and corresponding defense movement);
  • Preserve a constant fixed position on the ground (acrobatic jumps makes one vulnerable);
  • Play according to the rhythm determined by the berimbau (capoeira musical instrument):
  • Always play close to your partner;
  • Respect a player when he/she can no longer defend an attack movement;
  • Protect the opponent's physical and moral integrity (during the practice, the stronger will protect the weaker player).

Consequently, Bimba created several traditions and rituals to support his methodology:

  • A chair was used in order to train beginner students/players;
  • The charanga is the capoeira orchestra, composed by a berimbau and two pandeiros;
  • The singing (quadras e corridos), songs composed by Bimba to accompany the game;
  • The batizado (baptism), the first time the student plays capoeira at the sound of berimbau.

The aspects that still makes capoeira regional unique is its method:

  • Admission exam (physical test made with capoeira movements to identify students' abilities);
  • The sequência (sequence) of the basic 17 capoeira attack and defence movements;
  • Practice of the different rhythms of the game;
  • Specific movements: traumatizing, projection, connected and unbalancing;
  • Practice of cintura desprezada (second sequence practice by advanced students);
  • Formatura (capoeira teacher graduation);
  • Especialização and emboscada (specific advanced exams).

Movies/Documentary

See also

References

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