Nymphaeales
| Nymphaeales |
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| File:2007 nymphaea lotus.jpg | |
| Nymphaea lotus | |
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Nymphaeales
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Nymphaeales is an order of flowering plants, consisting of three families of aquatic plants, the Hydatellaceae, the Cabombaceae, and the Nymphaeaceae (water lilies). It is one of the three orders of basal angiosperms, an early-diverging grade of flowering plants. At least 10 morphological characters unite the Nymphaeales.[2] Molecular synapomorphies are also known.
The Plant List, created by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden recognizes about 70 species in 11 genera within the order,[3] but a phylogenetic study of the genus Nymphaea implies that the number of species could be more than 90.[4] The difference in species numbers is due almost entirely to the difficulty of delineating species in the genus Nymphaea.
All of the species are rhizomatous aquatic herbs with a broad leaf base and large showy flowers.
Fossils
The fossil record consists especially of seeds, but also pollen, stems, leaves, and flowers. It extends back to the Cretaceous.[5][6] The crown group of Nymphaeales has been estimated to be about 112 million years old.[7] Some have suggested that this age might be too old.[8]
It is possible that the aquatic plant fossil Archaefructus belongs to this group.[9]
Classification
The Nymphaeales currently includes three families and about 70 to 90 species.
order Nymphaeales
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| The classification of Nymphaeales and phylogeny within the flowering plants, as of APG III (2009). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
This order was not part of the APG II system's 2003 plant classification (unchanged from the APG system of 1998), which instead had a broadly circumscribed family Nymphaeaceae (including Cabombaceae) unplaced in any order. The APG III system did separate Cabombaceae from Nymphaeaceae and placed them in the order Nymphaeales together with Hydatellaceae. This Hydatellaceae was placed among the monocots in previous systems, but a 2007 study found that the family belongs to Nymphaeales.[10]
Some earlier systems, such as Cronquist's system of 1981, often included the Ceratophyllaceae and Nelumbonaceae in the Nymphaeales. Although, the Takhtajan system of 1980 separated the Nelumbonales, the new order was retained alongside the Nymphaeales in the superorder Nymphaeanae.
The Cronquist system placed the Nymphaeales in subclass Magnoliidae, in class Magnoliopsida [=dicotyledons]. In addition, Cronquist included the Ceratophyllaceae and split the family Barclayaceae from the Nymphaeaceae. Under the APG II system, the family Cambombaceae was included within the Nymphaeaceae, but could optionally be recognized separately. As of APG III, the two families are recognized separately.
The Dahlgren system placed Nymphaeales together with the Piperales in superorder Nymphaeanae, within subclass Magnoliideae (dicotyledons). Thorne's 1992 system (and 2000 revision) placed Nymphaeales as the sole order in the superorder Nymphaeanae within subclass Magnoliideae (=dicotyledons).
| APG III system[1] Nymphaeales |
Takhtajan system[11] Nymphaeales |
Cronquist system[12] Nymphaeales |
Dahlgren system[13] Nymphaeales |
Thorne system (1992)[14] & (2000)[15] Nymphaeales |
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| Hydatellaceae | among monocots, as Hydatellales | |||
| Cabombaceae | Cabombaceae
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Cabombaceae
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Cabombaceae | Cabombaceae
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| Nymphaeaceae | Nymphaeaceae
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Barclayaceae
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Nymphaeaceae | Nymphaeaceae
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Nymphaeaceae
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| sister to eudicot clade | Ceratophyllaceae | Ceratophyllaceae | Ceratophyllaceae | in Ranunculanae |
| in Proteales | in Nelumbonales | Nelumbonaceae | in Magnolianae | |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below).
- ↑ The Plant List (website). 2010. (See External links below.)
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Sources
- Michael G. Simpson. Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press. 2006.
- Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, and Michael Krings. 2008. Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, Second Edition. Academic Press (an imprint of Elsevier): Burlington MA, USA. ISBN 978-0-12-373972-8
External links
- Nymphaeales At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: botanical databases At: Plant Science At: Missouri Botanical Garden
Data related to Nymphaeales at Wikispecies
