Politics of Namibia

Politics of Namibia takes place in a framework of a semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Namibia is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of parliament. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

Constitution

The Constituent Assembly of Namibia produced a constitution which established a multi-party system and a bill of rights. It also limited the executive president to two five-year terms and provided for the private ownership of property. The three branches of government are subject to checks and balances, and a provision is made for judicial review. The constitution also states that Namibia should have a mixed economy, and foreign investment should be encouraged.

The constitution is noted for being one of the first to incorporate protection of the environment into its text. Namibia is a democratic but one party dominant state with the South-West Africa People's Organisation in power. Opposition parties are allowed, but are widely considered to have no real chance of gaining power.

While the ethnic-based, three-tier, South African-imposed governing authorities have been dissolved, the current government pledged for the sake of national reconciliation to retain civil servants employed during the colonial period. The government is still organizing itself on both national and regional levels.

The Constituent Assembly converted itself into the National Assembly on February 16, 1990, retaining all the members elected on a straight party ticket.

President

Hifikepunye Pohamba, 2nd President of Namibia

The Namibian head of state is the president, elected by popular vote every five years. Namibia's founding president is Sam Nujoma, who was in office for three terms from 21 March 1990 (Namibia's Independence Day) until 21 March 2005. Hifikepunye Pohamba was Namibia's second president serving from 2005 to 2015. Since 2015 Hage Geingob has been President of Namibia.

Separation of powers

While the separation of powers is enshrined in the country's constitution, Namibia's civil society and the opposition repeatedly have criticised the overlap between executive and legislature. All cabinet members also sit in the National Assembly and dominate that body—not numerically but by being the superiors to ordinary members.

Executive branch

Main article: Government of Namibia

The government is headed by the prime minister, who, together with his cabinet, is appointed by the president. SWAPO, the primary force behind independence, is still the country's largest party. Hage Geingob was Namibia's first Prime Minister. He was appointed on 21 March 1990 and served until 28 August 2002. Theo-Ben Gurirab was Prime Minister from 28 August 2002 to 21 March 2005, and Nahas Angula occupied this position from 21 March 2005 to 4 December 2012. Since 21 March 2015, Hage Geingob is President of Namibia.

Legislative branch

Main article: Parliament of Namibia

Parliament of Namibia.

Parliament has two chambers. The National Assembly has 78 members, elected for a five-year term, 72 members elected by proportional representation and six members appointed by the president. The National Council has 26 representatives of the Regional Councils as members, elected for a six-year term. Every Regional Council in the 13 regions of Namibia elects two representatives to serve on this body. The Assembly is the primary legislative body, with the Council playing more of an advisory role.

Judicial branch

Main article: Judicial system of Namibia

The highest judicial body is the Supreme Court, whose judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission. The judicial structure in Namibia parallels that of South Africa. In 1919, Roman-Dutch law was declared the common law of the territory and remains so to the present.

Political parties and elections

For other political parties see List of political parties in Namibia. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Namibia.

 Summary of the 27-28 November 2009 Namibian presidential election results

Candidate		Party	Votes	%
	Hifikepunye Pohamba	SWAPO	611,241	75.25
	Hidipo Hamutenya	RDP	88,640	10.91
	Katuutire Kaura	Democratic Turnhalle Alliance	24,186	2.98
	Kuaima Riruako	NUDO	23,735	2.92
	Justus ǁGaroëb	United Democratic Front	19,258	2.37
	Ignatius Shixwameni	All People's Party	9,981	1.23
	Henry Mudge	Republican Party	9,425	1.16
	Benjamin Ulenga	Congress of Democrats	5,812	0.72
	Usutuaije Maamberua	SWANU	2,968	0.37
	David Isaacs	Democratic Party of Namibia	1,859	0.23
	Frans Goagoseb	Namibian Democratic Movement for Change	1,760	0.22
	Attie Beukes	Communist Party of Namibia	1,005	0.12
Rejected ballots			12,363	1.52
Total (turnout )			812,233	100.00

 Summary of the 27 and 28 November 2009 National Assembly of Namibia election results

Parties		Votes	%	Seats	+/–
	South West Africa People's Organization	602,580	74.29	54	1
	Rally for Democracy and Progress	90,556	11.16	8	8
	Democratic Turnhalle Alliance	25,393	3.13	2	2
	National Unity Democratic Organization	24,422	3.01	2	1
	United Democratic Front	19,489	2.40	2	1
	All People’s Party	10,795	1.33	1	1
	Republican Party	6,541	0.81	1	—
	Congress of Democrats	5,375	0.66	1	4
	South West Africa National Union	4,989	0.62	1	1
	Monitor Action Group	4,718	0.58	0	1
	Democratic Party of Namibia	1,942	0.24	0	—
	Namibian Democratic Movement for Change	1,770	0.22	0	—
	National Democratic Party	1,187	0.15	0	—
	Communist Party of Namibia	810	0.10	0	—
Valid votes		800,567	98.70
Invalid votes		10,576	1.30
Total (turnout %)		811,143	100.0	72	—
Source: Electoral Commission of Namibia

Elections were held in 1992, to elect members of 13 newly established Regional Councils, as well as new municipal officials. Two members from each Regional Council serve simultaneously as members of the National Council, the country's second house of Parliament. Nineteen of its members are from the ruling SWAPO party, and seven are from the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA). In December 1994, elections were held for the President and the National Assembly.

Namibia has about 40 political groups, ranging from modern political parties to traditional groups based on tribal authority. Some represent single tribes or ethnic groups while others encompass several. Most participate in political alliances, some of which are multiracial, with frequently shifting membership.

SWAPO is the ruling party, and all but one of the new government's first cabinet posts went to SWAPO members. A marxist-oriented movement, SWAPO has become more right wing and now espouses the need for a mixed economy. SWAPO has been a legal political party since its formation and was cautiously active in Namibia, although before implementation of the UN Plan, it was forbidden to hold meetings of more than 20 people, and its leadership was subject to frequent detention. In December 1976, the UN General Assembly recognized SWAPO as "the sole and authentic representative of the Namibian people," a characterization other internal parties did not accept.

In the 1999 presidential and parliamentary elections, SWAPO continued its history of political dominance, taking 55 of the 72 Assembly seats, and returning President Sam Nujoma to the office for his third term. The principal opposition parties are the Congress of Democrats (CoD) and the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), with each possessing seven seats in the National Assembly.

Administrative divisions

Namibia is divided into 14 regions: Zambezi, Erongo, Hardap, !Karas, Kavango East, Kavango West, Khomas, Kunene, Ohangwena, Omaheke, Omusati, Oshana, Oshikoto, and Otjozondjupa.

International organization participation

Namibia is member of ACP, AfDB, C, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO