Religious violence in Nigeria

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This article is about religiously motivated violence and rebellions in Nigeria. For more information on the current uprising (post-2009), see Islamist insurgency in Nigeria.

Religious violence in Nigeria refers to Christian-Muslim strife in modern Nigeria, which can be traced back to 1953. Today, religious violence is dominated by the Boko Haram insurgency, which aims to impose Sharia on the northern parts of the country.

Background

Nigeria was amalgamated in 1914, only about a decade after the defeat of the Sokoto Caliphate and other Islamic states by the British which were to constitute much of Northern Nigeria. The aftermath of the First World War saw Germany lose its colonies, one of which was Cameroon, to French, Belgian and British mandates. Cameroon was divided in French and British parts, the latter of which was further subdivided into southern and northern parts. Following a plebiscite in 1961, the Southern Cameroons elected to rejoin French Cameroon, while the Northern Cameroons opted to join Nigeria, a move which added to Nigeria's already large Northern Muslim population.[1] The territory comprised much of what is now Northeastern Nigeria, and a large part of the areas affected by the present and past insurgencies.

Following the return of democratic government in 1999, the Muslim-dominated northern Nigerian states have introduced Sharia law, including punishments against blasphemy[2][3] and apostasy.[4] Several incidents have occurred whereby people have been killed for or in response to perceived insults to Islam.

History

Religious conflict in Nigeria goes as far back as 1953, and in the case of the town of Tafawa Balewa, to 1948.[5] The Igbo massacre of 1966 in the North that followed the counter-coup of the same year had as a dual cause the Igbo officers' coup and pre-existing (sectarian) tensions between the Igbos and the local Muslims. This was a major factor in the Biafran secession and the resulting civil war.

The 1980s saw an upsurge in violence due to death of Mohammed Marwa ("Maitatsine") (see below). In the same decade the erstwhile military ruler of Nigeria, General Ibrahim Babangida enrolled Nigeria in the Organisation of the Islamic Conference. This was a move which aggravated religious tensions in the country, particularly among the Christian community.[6] In response, some in the Muslim community pointed out that certain other African member states have smaller proportions of Muslims, as well as Nigeria's diplomatic relations with the Holy See.

Since the return of democracy to Nigeria in 1999, Sharia has been instituted as a main body of civil and criminal law in 9 Muslim-majority and in some parts of 3 Muslim-plurality states, when then-Zamfara State governor Ahmad Rufai Sani[7] began the push for the institution of Sharia at the state level of government.

1980s

In the 1980s, serious outbreaks between Christians and Muslims occurred in Kafanchan in southern Kaduna State in a border area between the two religions, propagated by extreme leaders who were able to rally a young, educated group of individuals who were feared that the nation would not be able to protect their religious group.[8] The leaders were able to polarize their followers through speeches and public demonstrations.[9]

The activities of some of these sects has in recent times led to the loss of lives and properties as they move about destroying government facilities which they see as legacies or replica of western cultures in their various communities. These religious campaigns has seen an increase in gun battles between the members of these sects and security forces with loss of lives witnessed on both sides.[10] Although direct conflicts between Christians and Muslims were rare, tensions did flare between the two groups as each group radicalised. There were clashes in October 1982 when Muslim zealots in Kano were able to enforce their power in order to keep the Anglican House Church from expanding its size and power base. They saw it as a threat to the nearby Mosque, even though the Anglican House Church had been there forty years prior to the building of the Mosque.[11] Additionally, there were two student groups in Nigeria who came into contestation, the Fellowship of Christian Students and the Muslim Student Society. In one instance there was an evangelical campaign organised by the FCS and brought into question why one sect should dominate the campus of the Kafanchan college of education. This quarrel accelerated to the point where the Muslim students organised protests around the city and culminated in the burning of a Mosque at the college. The Christian majority at the college retaliated on March 9. Twelve people died, several Mosques were burnt and a climate of fear was created. The retaliation was pre-planned.[12]

Exploitation of the media used to propagate the ideas of the conflict, thereby radicalising each force even more. Media was biased on each side so while places like the Federal Radio Corporation discussed the idea of defending Islam during this brief moment of terror, it did not report the deaths and damage caused by Muslims, galvanising the Muslim population. Similarly, the Christian papers did not report the damage and deaths caused by Christians but rather focused on the Islamic terror.[13] Other individuals leading these religious movements use the media to spread messages which gradually became more intolerant of other religions, and because of these religious divisions radical Islam continues to be a problem in Nigeria today.[14]

Maitatsine

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Main articles: Maitatsine and Yan Tatsine

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a major Islamic uprising led by Maitatsine and his followers, Yan Tatsine that led to several thousand deaths. After Maitatsine's death in 1980, the movement continued some five years more.

1990s

In 1991, the German evangelist Reinhard Bonnke attempted a crusade in Kano, causing a religious riot leading to the deaths of about a dozen people.[15][16]

2000s-2010s

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Main article: Timeline of religious violence in Nigeria

Since the restoration of democracy in 1999, Christian governments have dominated the country at the federal level, while the Muslim-dominated Northern Nigerian states have implemented strict Sharia law. Religious conflict between Muslims and Christians has erupted several times since 2000 for various reasons, often causing riots with several thousands of victims on both sides.[17] Since 2009, the Islamist movement Boko Haram has fought an armed rebellion against the Nigerian military, sacking villages and towns and taking thousands of lives in battles and massacres against Christians, students and others deemed enemies of Islam.

Riots

The events of Abuja in 2000 and Jos in 2001 were riots between Christians and Muslims in Jos, Nigeria about the appointment of a Christian politician, Alhaji Muktar Mohammed, as local coordinator of the federal programme to fight poverty.[18] Another such riot killed over 100 people in October 2001 in Kano State.[19][20]

In 2002, the Nigerian journalist Isioma Daniel wrote an article that led to the demonstrations and violence that caused the deaths of over 200 in Kaduna,[21][22][23] as well as a fatwa placed on her life.[24] The 2002 Miss World contest was moved from Abuja to London as a result. The rest of the 2000s decade would see inter-religious violence continue in Jos and Kaduna.

The reaction to the Mohammed cartoons brought about a series of violent protests in Nigeria. Clashes between rioters and police claimed several lives, with estimates ranging from 16[25] to more than a hundred.[26] This led to reprisal attacks in the south of the country, particularly in Onitsha.[27][28] More than a hundred lost their lives.[29][30]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Amnesty International. Report on Saudi Arabia 2007. Archived from the original. Archived March 22, 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ Amnesty International. Amnesty International Report on Saudi Arabia 2009. Archived from the original. Archived January 15, 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ↑ Nigeria: Recent reports regarding the treatment of persons who convert from Islam to Christianity. Recent reports on Sharia law in relation to religious conversion, Ireland: Refugee Documentation Centre, 26 June 2012, Q15539; available at: [1]. Accessed 18 July 2014].
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Holman, Michael (24 February 1986) "Nigeria, Politics; Religious Differences Intensify", Financial Times,
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Jibrin Ibrahim, “Politics of religion in Nigeria: The Parameters of the 1987 Crisis in Kadana State', Review of African Political Economy, 45 (1989), 65-82. pp. 65–68 < http://www.jstor.org/stable/4006011> [accessed on 01/11/2011]
  9. ↑ Ibrahim, p. 65
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Ibrahim, pp. 65-66
  12. ↑ Ibrahim, pp. 66–68
  13. ↑ Ibrahim, pp. 67–70
  14. ↑ Ibrahim, p. 72
  15. ↑ Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies, by Toyin Falola, pg 212. ISBN 1580460186, ISBN 9781580460187
  16. ↑ Nigeria: Information about a riot on 14 October 1991 at a meeting with the German evangelist Reinhard Bounike in Kano. Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Nigeria: Information about a riot on 14 October 1991 at a meeting with the German evangelist Rienhard Bounike in Kano, 1 August 1992, NGA11576, [accessed 8 June 2014]
  17. ↑ Johannes Harnischfeger, Democratization and Islamic Law: The Sharia Conflict in Nigeria (Frankfurt am Main 2008). Campus Verlag. ISBN 3593382563
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Obasanjo Assesses Riot Damage in Kano - 2001-10-16. Voice of America News.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ On this day. 2002: Riots force Miss World out of Nigeria. BBC news website, Sunday, 24 November 2002, 14:49 GMT.
  22. ↑ THE "MISS WORLD RIOTS": Continued Impunity for Killings in Kaduna. Human Rights Watch, Vol. 15, No. 13 (A), 23 July 2003.
  23. ↑ Obasanjo blames media for Miss World riots, CNN.com. Tuesday, 26 November 2002. Posted: 1144 GMT
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Nigeria cartoon riots kill 16, Amelia Hill and Anushka Asthana. The Observer, Sunday 19 February 2006.
  26. ↑ Churches Burned in Nigeria Riots; Death Toll Passes 127. Christian Today, 27 February 2006.
  27. ↑ Muslim dead burnt after Nigerian riots, Taipei Times. Accessed 8 Jun 2014.
  28. ↑ At least 27 dead in new religious riots in Nigeria. George Esiri, 22 Feb 2006.
  29. ↑ 100+ Dead After Anti-Muslim Riots, Ted Olsen/ 23 February 2006. Christianity Today.
  30. ↑ Why the Cartoon Protest turned Lethal in Northern Nigeria. By Sunday B. Agang.

External links

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