Sremska Mitrovica

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Sremska Mitrovica
Сремска Митровица
City
Panoramic view over centre of Sremska Mitrovica
Panoramic view over centre of Sremska Mitrovica
Coat of arms of Sremska Mitrovica
Coat of arms
Location of the municipality of Sremska Mitrovica within Serbia
Location of the municipality of Sremska Mitrovica within Serbia
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Country Serbia
Province Vojvodina
District Syrmia
Settlements 26
Government
 • Mayor Branislav Nedimović
Area[1]
 • Municipality 762 km2 (294 sq mi)
Population (2011 census)[2]
 • Town 41,624
 • Municipality 79,940
Time zone CET (UTC+1)
 • Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code 22 000
Area code (+381) 022
Car plates SM
Website www.sremskamitrovica.org.rs

Sremska Mitrovica (Serbian: Сремска Митровица / Sremska Mitrovica, pronounced [srêːmskaː mîtroʋitsa]) is a city and municipality located in the Vojvodina province, Serbia, on the left bank of the Sava river. As of 2011 the town had a total population of 41,624, while Sremska Mitrovica administrative area had a population of 79,940 (2011). It is the administrative centre of the Syrmia District of Serbia.

Once a capital of the Roman Empire during the Tetrarchy, the city was referred to as the glorious mother of cities.[3] Likewise, ten Roman Emperors were born in or near this city, Emperors Herennius Etruscus (251), Hostilian (251), Decius Traian (249-251), Claudius II (268-270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270-275), Probus (276-282), Maximianus Herculius (285-310), Constantius II (337-361) and Gratian (367-383).

Name

In Serbian, the town is known as Сремска Митровица or Sremska Mitrovica, in Rusyn as Сримска Митровица, in Croatian as Srijemska Mitrovica, in Hungarian as Szávaszentdemeter or Mitrovica, in German as Syrmisch Mitrowitz, in Latin as Sirmium, and in Turkish as Dimitrofça.

"Sremska Mitrovica" means "Mitrovica of Srem" (Mitrovica of Kosovo and Mitrovica of Mačva also exist), while "Mitrovica" itself stems from the name "Saint Demetrius" or "Sveti Dimitrije" in the Serbian language (in Cyrillic form "Свети Димитрије").

The name of the city during the reign of the Roman Empire was Sirmium. Beginning in 1180 AD the name changed from "Civitas Sancti Demetrii" to "Dmitrovica", "Mitrovica", and finally to the present form - "Sremska Mitrovica".

History

Ancient Sirmium

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Main article: Sirmium
Visitors’ Center of the Imperial Palace.
Coins of Julian, Syrmium, 318

Sremska Mitrovica is one of the oldest cities in Europe. Archaeologists have found a trace of organized human life dating from the 5000 BC onwards. Ionian jewellery dating to 500BC was excavated in the city. When the Romans conquered the city in the 1st century BC, Sirmium already was a settlement with a long tradition.

In the 1st century, Sirmium gained a status of a colony of the citizens of Rome, and became a very important military and strategic location in Pannonia province. The war expeditions of Roman emperors Traian, Marcus Aurelius, and Claudius II, were prepared in Sirmium.

In 103, Pannonia was split into two provinces: Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior, and Sirmium became the capital city of the latter. In 296, Diocletian operated a new territorial division of Pannonia. Instead of previous two provinces, there were four new provinces established in former territory of original Pannonia: Pannonia Prima, Pannonia Valeria, Pannonia Savia and Pannonia Secunda. Capital city of Pannonia Secunda was Sirmium.

In 293, with the establishment of tetrarchy, the Roman Empire was split into four parts; Sirmium became one of the four capital cities of Roman Empire, the other three being Augusta Treverorum, Mediolanum, and Nicomedia (modern Trier, Milan and Izmit). During the tetrarchy, Sirmium was the capital of emperor Galerius. With the establishment of praetorian prefectures in 318, the capital of the prefecture of Illyricum was Sirmium.

Since the 4th century, the city was an important Christian centre, and was a seat of the Episcopate of Sirmium. Four Christian councils were held in Sirmium.

At the end of the 4th century, Sirmium was brought under the sway of the Goths, and later, was again annexed to the Eastern Roman Empire. In 441, Sirmium was conquered by the Huns, and after this conquest, it remained for more than a century in the hands of various Barbarian tribes, such were Eastern Goths and Gepids. For a short time, Sirmium was the center of the Gepide State and the king Cunimund minted golden coins in it. After 567, Sirmium was again included into Eastern Roman Empire. The city was finally conquered and destroyed by Avars in 582. This event marked the end of the period of late Antiquity in the history of Sirmium.

11 luxurious golden belts of Avar handicraft dating to the 6th century was excavated in the vicinity.[4]

After the Avar conquest

For more than two centuries the fate of Sirmium was unknown. At the end of the 8th century, Sirmium belonged to the Frankish State. The historical role of Sirmium increased again in the 9th century, when it was part of Bulgarian Empire. Pope Adrian II gave St. Methodius the title of Archbishop of Sirmium. After having adopted Christianity, the Bulgarians restored in Sirmium the Christian Episcopate, having in mind old Christian traditions and the reputation this city had in the ancient world.

In the 11th century, Sirmium was a residence of Sermon, a duke of Syrmia, who was a vassal of the Bulgarian Samuil. After 1018, the city was again included into the Byzantine Empire, and since the end of the 11th century, Sirmium was a subject of a dispute between the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, until 1180 when the Byzantine Empire gave up Sirmium, surrendering it to the Kingdom of Hungary. In the 11th century, an Byzantine province named Theme of Sirmium had its capital in this city.

For a while, about 1451, the city was in possession of the Serbian despot Đurađ Branković. In 1521 the city came into Ottoman hands and it remained under the Ottoman rule for almost two centuries. According to Ottoman traveler Evliya Celebi, Mitrovica had been conquered by the Bosnian sanjak bey Husrev-bey. She was renamed as "Dimitrofça".

The name of the mayor of the city was Dimitar and since the middle of the 16th century, the city was mostly populated with Muslims. According to the 1566/69 data, the population of the city was composed of 592 Muslim and 30 Christian houses, while according to the 1572 data, it was composed of 598 Muslim and 18 Christian houses. According to the 1573 data, the city had 17 mosques and no Christian church. During the Ottoman rule, Sremska Mitrovica was the largest settlement in Syrmia, and was the administrative center of the Ottoman Sanjak of Syrmia. It was temporarily occupied by Austrian troops between 1688 and 1690. They finally took it in 1717 and took possession of it after signing Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718.

With the establishment of the Habsburg administration in 1718, the Muslim population fled from the city and was replaced with Serbian, Croatian, and German settlers. According to the 1765 data, the population of the city numbered 809 people, of whom 514 were Serbs and 290 Catholics.

Sremska Mitrovica was part of the Habsburg Military Frontier (Slavonian Krajina). In 1848/1849, it was part of the Serbian Voivodship , a Serb autonomous region within Austrian Empire, but in 1849, it was returned under administration of the Military Frontier.

With the abolition of the Slavonian Military Frontier in 1881, Sremska Mitrovica was included into Syrmia County, which was part of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia within Austria-Hungary. According to the 1910 census, the population of the city numbered 12,909 people, of which 8,793 spoke the Serbo-Croatian language (4,878 of those spoke Serbian and 3,915 spoke Croatian) and 2,341 German. The municipal area of the city (which did not included the city itself) had 32,012 inhabitants, of which 28,093 spoke Serbo-Croatian (27,022 of those spoke Serbian and 1,071 spoke Croatian) and 2,324 German.

After the First World War

Sremska Mitrovica, undated tax stamp

In 1918, the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy collapsed and the Syrmia region first became a part of the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, and then, on November 24, 1918, the assembly of Syrmia in Ruma decided that most of Syrmia (including Mitrovica) join to the Kingdom of Serbia. Subsequently, on December 1, 1918, Kingdom of Serbia united with the Kingdom of Montenegro and the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (renamed to Yugoslavia in 1929). Between 1918 and 1922, Sremska Mitrovica was part of the Syrmia County, between 1922 and 1929 part of the Syrmia Oblast, between 1929 and 1931 part of the Drina Banovina, and between 1931 and 1941 part of the Danube Banovina.

During World War II, the city was occupied by Axis troops and was attached to the Independent State of Croatia. During that time its name was changed to Hrvatska Mitrovica (meaning Croatian Mitrovica). One of the largest Nazi concentration/death camps in the Independent State of Croatia existed in Sremska Mitrovica and as many as 10,000 victims (Serbs, Jews, and antifascists) were killed here.[5][6] The Serbian Jewish population was to be interned in a concentration camp built first in Jarak and then at Zasavica.[citation needed] However, both locations proved to be too flooded for construction.[citation needed] The Germans had to abandon these locations[citation needed] and use Sajmište, which resulted in the destruction of 83% of Serbian Jewry.

Beginning in 1944, the town was part of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina within the new Socialist Yugoslavia and, from 1945, within the Socialist Republic of Serbia. From 1992 to 2003 it was part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, which was then transformed into the state union of Serbia and Montenegro. Since the 2006 independence of Montenegro, Sremska Mitrovica is part of an independent Serbia.

Inhabited places

Map of Sremska Mitrovica municipality
Map of local communities in urban Sremska Mitrovica
Sremska Mitrovica downtown.
The footbridge of St. Irenaeus of Sirmium, across Sava river. This is the biggest footbridge in Serbia.
Town Gallery.
Zasavica Nature Reserve.

Sremska Mitrovica municipality includes the city of Sremska Mitrovica, the town of Mačvanska Mitrovica, and several villages.

Villages on the northern bank of the river Sava, in the region of Syrmia:

Villages on the southern bank of the river Sava, in the region of Mačva:

Demographics (2011 census)

Ethnic groups in the municipality

The population of the Sremska Mitrovica municipality is composed of:

Settlements by ethnic majority

Most of the settlements in the municipality have an ethnic Serb majority. Ethnically mixed settlement with relative Serb majority is Stara Bingula. The main concentration of ethnic minorities is in the town.

Religion

In 2002, the population of municipality of Sremska Mitrovica included 76,290 Orthodox Christians, 3,935 Roman Catholics, 252 Protestants and 106 Muslims. Orthodox Christians in Sremska Mitrovica are belonging to the Eparchy of Syrmia of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Catholic Christians are belonging to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Syrmia, which has its seat in Sremska Mitrovica.

Archeology

In the early 1970s American archeologists sponsored by the US government made an offer to the citizens of Sremska Mitrovica to completely rebuild the town on another location so that the town could be excavated.[citation needed] The town government refused the request immediately, under pressure from the then hard-socialist Yugoslav government.

During work on the new Sremska Mitrovica trade center in 1972, a worker accidentally broke into an old Roman pot, about 2m deep, over the site of an old Sirmium settlement. 33 gold Roman coins enclosed in a leather pouch were found inside a Roman house wall, probably the hidden savings of a wealthy Roman family stashed centuries ago. Of this extraordinary rare find of Sirmium minted coins were four Constantius II era coins, considered the most valuable examples from the late Roman empire of the 4th century AD. The young worker whose shovel brought this significant discovery to light was never rewarded.

The only known unexcavated Roman horse racing arena in the world is in Sirmium. A colossal building about 150m wide and 450m long lays directly under the Sremska Mitrovica town center and just beside the old Sirmium Emperor's Palace (one of just a few Sirmium publicly accessible archeological sights). The presence of the arena has clearly affected the layout of the present town (Sremska Mitrovica is today about 2-4m above ground line of the former Sirmium settlement). Recently announced[when?] cultural and archeological projects for preserving and popularising Sirmium sights haven't included any activity dealing with the arena, probably due to its size — the entire present town center might have to be excavated.

Sport

Famous and notable residents

Roman emperors

Traianus Decius, Roman Emperor (249–51), born in village Budalia near Sirmium

Ten Roman emperors were born in the city and its envirions:

The last emperor of the united Roman Empire, Theodosius I (378–95), became emperor in Sirmium. The usurpers Ingenuus and Regalianus also declared themselves emperors in this city (in 260) and many other Roman emperors spent some time in Sirmium including Marcus Aurelius who might have written parts of his famous work Meditations in the city.

Classical antiquity

  • Marcus Aurelius, Roman emperor (161-180), used Sirmium as a residence in between pannonian military campaigns 170-180
  • Maximinus, Roman emperor (235-238), ruled from residence in Sirmium.
  • Herennius Etruscus, Roman emperor (251), born in Sirmium.
  • Hostilian, Roman emperor (251), born in Sirmium
  • Decius Traian, Roman emperor (249-251), born in village Budalia near Sirmium.
  • Ingenuus, Roman emperor (260), proclaimed himself emperor in Sirmium.
  • Regalianus, Roman emperor (260), proclaimed himself emperor in Sirmium.
  • Claudius II, Roman emperor (268-270), born in Sirmium and spent most of his life there.
  • Quintillus, Roman emperor (270), born in Sirmium
  • Aurelian, Roman emperor (270-275), born in Sirmium.
  • Probus, Roman emperor (276-282), born in Sirmium.
  • Maximianus Herculius, Roman emperor (285-310), born near Sirmium.
  • Galerius, Roman emperor (305-311), ruled as Caesar during the Tetrarchy from residence in Sirmium (293-296).
  • Crispus, a Caesar of the Roman Empire. He was proclaimed Caesar in Sirmium in 317.
  • Constantine II, a Caesar of the Roman Empire. He was proclaimed Caesar in Sirmium in 317.
  • Vetranion, Roman emperor. Proclaimed himself emperor in Sirmium (in 350).
  • Constantius II, Roman emperor (337-361), born in Sirmium.
  • Gratian, Roman emperor (367-383), born in Sirmium.
  • Theodosius I the Great, Roman emperor (378-395). He became emperor in Sirmium.
  • Valerius Licinius, prefect of the Diocese of Pannonia with residence in Sirmium (308-314).
  • Apricanus, prefect of the Pannonia Secunda province with residence in Sirmium (355).
  • Mesala, prefect of the Pannonia Secunda province (373).
  • Petronius Prob, prefect in Sirmium (374).
  • Aurelius Victor, prefect of the Pannonia Secunda province, wrote a History of Rome under the emperor Julian.
  • Leontius, prefect in Sirmium (426).
  • Apraemis, prefect of the Prefecture of Illyricum with residence in Sirmium (before 441).

Middle ages

Modern period

International relations

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Serbia

Twin towns – Sister cities

Sremska Mitrovica is twinned with:

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman clerk
  4. ↑ http://www.narodnimuzej.rs/code/navigate.php?Id=147
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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