Tā moko

Māori chief, late 18th century

Louis John Steele - Portrait of a young Maori woman with moko

Gottfried Lindauer - Tamati Waka Nene

Tā moko is the permanent body and face marking by Māori, the indigenous people of New Zealand. Traditionally it is distinct from tattoo and tatau in that the skin was carved by uhi (chisels) rather than punctured. This left the skin with grooves, rather than a smooth surface.

Captain James Cook wrote in 1769:

The marks in general are spirals drawn with great nicety and even elegance. One side corresponds with the other. The marks on the body resemble foliage in old chased ornaments, convolutions of filigree work, but in these they have such a luxury of forms that of a hundred which at first appeared exactly the same no two were formed alike on close examination.

The Tohunga tā moko (or tattooists) were considered tapu, or exceptionally inviolable and sacred.

Background

Tattoo arts are common in the Eastern Polynesian homeland of Māori, and the traditional implements and methods employed were similar to those used in other parts of Polynesia (see Buck 1974:296, cited in References below). In pre-European Māori culture, many if not most high-ranking persons received moko, and those who went without them were seen as persons of lower social status. Receiving moko constituted an important milestone between childhood and adulthood, and was accompanied by many rites and rituals. Apart from signalling status and rank, another reason for the practice in traditional times was to make a person more attractive to the opposite sex. Men generally received moko on their faces, buttocks (raperape) and thighs (puhoro). Women usually wore moko on their lips (kauwae) and chins. Other parts of the body known to have moko include women's foreheads, buttocks, thighs, necks and backs and men's backs, stomachs, and calves.

A collection of korere (feeding funnels)

Instruments used

Originally tohunga-tā-moko (moko specialists) used a range of uhi (chisels) made from albatross bone which were hafted onto a handle, and struck with a mallet. The pigments were made from the awheto for the body colour, and ngarehu (burnt timbers) for the blacker face colour. The soot from burnt kauri gum was also mixed with fat to make pigment. The pigment was stored in ornate vessels named oko, which were often buried when not in use. The oko were handed on to successive generations. A kōrere (feeding funnel) is believed to have been used to feed men whose mouths had become swollen from receiving tā moko.

Men were predominantly the tā moko specialists, although King records a number of women during the early 20th century who also took up the practice. There is also a remarkable account of a woman prisoner-of-war in the 1830s who was seen putting moko on the entire back of the wife of a chief.

Changes

The Pākehā practise of collecting and trading Mokomokai (tattooed heads) changed the dynamic of tā moko in the early colonial period. King (see below) talks about changes which evolved in the late 19th century when needles came to replace the uhi as the main tools. This was a quicker method, less prone to possible health risks, but the feel of the tā moko changed to smooth. Tā moko on men stopped around the 1860s in line with changing fashion and acceptance by Pākehā.

Women continued receiving moko through the early 20th century with Michael King in the early 1970s interviewing over 70 elderly women who had been given the moko. Women were traditionally only tattooed on their lips, around the chin, and sometimes the nostrils.

Tā moko today

Since 1990 there has been a resurgence in the practice of tā moko for both men and women, as a sign of cultural identity and a reflection of the general revival of the language and culture. Most tā moko applied today is done using a tattoo machine, but there has also been a revival of the use of uhi (chisels). Women too have become more involved as practitioners, such as Christine Harvey of the Chathams, Henriata Nicholas in Rotorua and Julie Kipa in Whakatane.

Te Uhi a Mataora was established in 2000 "to preserve, enhance, and develop tā moko as a living art form".

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  Māori Moko in 1908

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  Tāme Iti, Ngāi Tūhoe

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  Tukukino Te Ahiātaewa, Ngāti Tamaterā

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  Te Aho-o-te-rangi Wharepu, Ngati Mahuta

Use by non-Māori

Starting with Moehanga in 1805 then Hongi Hika and Te Pehi Kupe, and followed by several Pākehā Māori such as Barnet Burns, Europeans were introduced to the form early, but until relatively recently the art had little global impact. However, in recent years several high-profile uses of Māori designs by Robbie Williams, Ben Harper and a 2007 Jean Paul Gaultier fashion show were controversial. True moko is not taken lightly, and is considered to be sacred; this is why misappropriation by non-Māori is seen as a grave offence.

To reconcile the demand for Māori designs in a culturally sensitive way, the Te Uhi a Mataora group promotes the use of the term kirituhi, which has now gained wide acceptance:

...Kirituhi translates literally to mean—"drawn skin." As opposed to Moko which requires a process of consents, genealogy and historical information, Kirituhi is merely a design with a Maori flavour that can be applied anywhere, for any reason and on anyone...

Gallery

• Tā moko
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  Tāwhiao, Tukaroto Matutaera Potatau Te Wherowhero

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  Barnet Burns, European

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  Riperata Kahutia, Te Aitanga-a-Mahaki

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  Rewi Manga Maniapoto, Ngati Maniapoto

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  Guide Susan

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  Tamati Waka Nene, Nga Puhi

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  Tomika Te Mutu, Ngāi Te Rangi

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  Unidentified Māori woman

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  Unidentified Māori man

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  Unidentified Māori man

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  Hariota Hull

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  Unidentified Māori woman

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  Unidentified Māori woman

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  Unidentified Māori woman

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  Unidentified Māori man, same as above.

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  Mrs. Rabone, 1871

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  Tuterei Karewa

See also

• Mokomokai, preserved Māori heads
• Pe'a, tradition male Samoan tattoo

References

• Hiroa, Te Rangi (Sir Peter Buck) (1950). The Coming of the Maori. (2nd ed.) Wellington: Whitcombe & Tombs.
• Jahnke, R. and H. T., "The politics of Māori image and design", Pukenga Korero (Raumati (Summer) 2003), vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 5–31.
• King, M., and Friedlander, M., (1992). Moko: Māori Tattooing in the 20th Century. (2nd ed.) Auckland: David Bateman. ISBN 1-86953-088-8
• Nikora, L. W., Rua, M., and Te Awekotuku, Ng., "Wearing Moko: Māori Facial Marking in Today's World", in Thomas, N., Cole, A., and Douglas, B. (eds.), Tattoo. Bodies, Art and Exchange in the Pacific and the West, London: Reacktion Books, pp. 191–204.
• Robley, Maj-Gen H. G., (1896). Moko, or Maori Tattooing. digital edition from New Zealand Electronic Text Centre
• Te Awekotuku, Ngahuia, "Tā Moko: Māori Tattoo", in Goldie, (1997) exhibition catalogue, Auckland: Auckland City Art Gallery and David Bateman, pp. 108–114.
• Te Awekotuku, Ngahuia, "More than Skin Deep", in Barkan, E. and Bush, R. (eds.), Claiming the Stone: Naming the Bones: Cultural Property and the Negotiation of National and Ethnic Identity (2002) Los Angeles: Getty Press, pp. 243–254.

External links

• Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa Online Resources on Moko
• Images relating to moko from the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa
• New Zealand Electronic Text Centre collection on Ta Moko, mokamokai, Horatio Robley and his art. A bibliography provides further links to other online resources.
• The rise of the Maori tribal tattoo, BBC News Magazine, 21 September 2012, Ngahuia Te Awekotuku, University of Waikato, New Zealand
  • 10 readers' tribal tattoos detailing readers' tattoos - mainly Ta moko - with explanations of their meanings, 5 October 2012