List of threatened sharks
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Threatened sharks are those vulnerable to endangerment (extinction) in the near future. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is the world’s oldest global environmental organization.[2] It evaluates threatened species, and treats threatened species not as a single category, but as a group of three categories, depending on the degree to which they are threatened:[3]
The term threatened strictly refers to these three categories (critically endangered, endangered and vulnerable), while vulnerable is used to refer to the least at risk of these categories.[3] The terms can be used somewhat interchangeably, as all vulnerable species are threatened, all endangered species are vulnerable and threatened, and all critically endangered species are endangered, vulnerable and threatened. Threatened species are also referred to as a red-listed species, as they are listed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[4]
Shark species are increasingly becoming threatened because of commercial and recreational fishing pressures, the impact of non-shark fisheries on the seabed and shark prey species, and other habitat alterations such as damage and loss from coastal development and marine pollution.[6] Rising demands for shark products has increased pressure on shark fisheries, but little monitoring or management occurs of most fisheries.[7] Major declines in shark stocks have been recorded over the past few decades; some species have declined over 90% and population declines of 70% are not unusual.[8] In particular, harvesting young sharks before they reproduce severely impacts future populations. Sharks generally reach sexual maturity only after many years and produce few offspring in comparison to other fish species.[9]
Conservationists estimate that up to 100 million sharks are killed by commercial and recreational fishing every year.[10][11] Sharks are often killed for shark fin soup, which some Asian countries regard as a status symbol. Fishermen capture live sharks, fin them, and dump the finless animal back into the water to die from suffocation or predators.[11][12] Sharks are also killed for their flesh in Europe and elsewhere.[13] The 2007 film Sharkwater documents ways in which sharks are being hunted to extinction.[14] In 2009, the IUCN Shark Specialist Group reported on the conservation status of pelagic (open water) sharks and rays. They found that over half the pelagic sharks targeted by high-seas fisheries were threatened with extinction.[15][16][17]
In 2010, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) rejected proposals from the United States and Palau that would have required countries to strictly regulate trade in several species of hammerhead, oceanic whitetip and dogfish sharks. The majority, but not the required two-thirds of voting delegates, approved the proposal. China, by far the world’s largest shark consumer, and Japan, which battles all attempts to extend the Convention's protections to marine species, led the opposition.[18][19]
In 2013, CITES member nations overcame the continued opposition led by China and Japan,[20] and reversed course.[21][22] In what CITES has called a "milestone", the oceanic whitetip, porbeagle, and three species of hammerheads will now join the great white, basking and whale shark on CITES Appendix II, effective September 2014.[23] International trade of these species is thus prohibited without CITES permits, "... and evidence will have to be provided that they are harvested sustainably and legally."[5]
In 2014 the state government of Western Australia led by Premier Colin Barnett implemented a policy of killing large sharks. The policy is intended to protect users of the marine environment from shark attack following the deaths of seven people on the Western Australian coastline in the years 2010 to 2013.[24] Baited drum lines are deployed near popular beaches using hooks designed to catch the vulnerable great white shark, as well as bull and tiger sharks. Large sharks found hooked but still alive are shot and their bodies discarded at sea.[25] The government claims they are not culling sharks, but are using a "targeted, localised, hazard mitigation strategy".[26] Barnett has described opposition to killing the sharks as "ludicrous" and "extreme", and said that nothing can change his mind.[27]
See also
References
- ↑ Hoffmann M, C Hilton-Taylor and 173 others (2010) "The impact of conservation on the status of the world's vertebrates" Science, 330: 1503–1509. doi:10.1126/science.1194442
- ↑ International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 CITES conference takes decisive action to halt decline of tropical timber, sharks, manta rays and a wide range of other plants and animals
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Sharks Falling Prey To Humans' Appetites National Geographic, 28 October 2010.
- ↑ HowStuffWorks "How many sharks are killed recreationally each year - and why?". Animals.howstuffworks.com. Retrieved on 2010-09-16.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://www.sharktrust.org/content.asp?did=26881
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Sharkwater | Movies. EW.com (2007-10-31). Retrieved on 2010-09-16.
- ↑ Third of open ocean sharks threatened with extinction IUCN, 25 June 2009.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Opponents fail to overturn shark protection deal Dow Jones Newswires, 14 March 2013.
- ↑ Five shark species win protection against finning trade The Guardian, 11 March 2013.
- ↑ CITES Makes Historic Decision to Protect Sharks and Rays ScienceDaily, 14 March 2013.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Australia shark policy to stay, despite threats TVNZ, 20 January 2014.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Alopias pelagicus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Alopias pelagicus (Nakamura, 1935) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Alopias superciliosus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Alopias superciliosus (Lowe, 1841) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Alopias vulpinus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Alopias vulpinus (Bonnaterre, 1788) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Atelomycterus baliensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Aulohalaelurus kanakorum" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Brachaelurus colcloughi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharhinus borneensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Pondicherry shark" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharhinus leiodon" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharhinus longimanus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharhinus obscurus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Carcharhinus obscurus (LeSueur, 1818) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharhinus plumbeus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Carcharhinus plumbeus (Nardo, 1827) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharhinus signatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Carcharhinus signatus (Poey, 1868) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharias taurus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Carcharias taurus (Rafinesque, 1810) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Carcharodon carcharias" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Centrophorus granulosus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Centrophorus granulosus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Centrophorus harrissoni" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Centrophorus harrissoni (McCulloch, 1915) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Centrophorus lusitanicus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Centrophorus lusitanicus (Bocage & Capello, 1864) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Centrophorus squamosus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Centrophorus squamosus (Bonnaterre, 1788) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Cetorhinus maximus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Chaenogaleus macrostoma" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Galeorhinus galeus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Galeorhinus galeus (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved March 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Galeus mincaronei" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Glyphis gangeticus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Glyphis garricki" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Glyphis glyphis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Glyphis siamensis" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Haploblepharus fuscus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Haploblepharus kistnasamyi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Hemigaleus microstoma" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Hemipristis elongata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Hemiscyllium hallstromi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Hemiscyllium hallstromi (Whitley, 1967) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Hemiscyllium strahani" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Hemiscyllium strahani (Whitley, 1967) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Hemitriakis leucoperiptera" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Holohalaelurus favus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Holohalaelurus punctatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Isurus oxyrinchus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Isurus oxyrinchus (Rafinesque, 1809) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Isurus paucus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Isurus paucus (Guitart Manday, 1966) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Lamiopsis temminckii" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Lamna nasus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Mustelus fasciatus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Mustelus mustelus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Mustelus schmitti" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Mustelus schmitti (Springer, 1940) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Mustelus whitneyi" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Nebrius ferrugineus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Nebrius ferrugineus (Lesson, 1831) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Negaprion acutidens" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Odontaspis ferox (Risso, 1810) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Oxynotus centrina" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Oxynotus centrina (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Rhincodon typus" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Rhincodon typus (Smith, 1828) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Sphyrna lewini" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squalus acanthias" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Squalus acanthias (Smith & Radcliffe, 1912) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina aculeata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Squatina aculeata (Cuvier, 1829) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina albipunctata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina argentina" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Squatina argentina (Marini, 1930) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina formosa" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Squatina formosa (Shen & Ting, 1972) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina guggenheim" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina japonica" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Squatina japonica (Bleeker, 1858) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina nebulosa" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Squatina nebulosa (Regan, 1906) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina oculata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Squatina oculata (Bonaparte, 1840) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina punctata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina squatina" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Squatina squatina (Linnaeus, 1758) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
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- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Squatina tergocellatoides" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Squatina tergocellatoides (Chen, 1963) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Stegostoma fasciatum" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Stegostoma fasciatum (Hermann, 1783) FAO, Species Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 2013.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Triakis acutipinna" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2013). "Triakis maculata" in FishBase. March 2013 version.
Further reading
- FAO (2000) Conservation and Management of Sharks Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries, Rome. ISBN 92-5-104514-3.
- Fowler SL, Cavanagh RD, Camhi M, Burgess GH, Cailliet GM, Fordham SV, Simpfendorfer CA and Musick JA (comp. and ed.) (2005) Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes IUCN Shark Specialist Group, Status Survey. ISBN 2-8317-0700-5.
- Musick, John A and Bonfil, Ramón (2005) Management techniques for elasmobranch fisheries Fisheries Technical Paper 474, FAO, Rome.
- Teutscher, Frans (2004) "Sharks (Chondrichthyes)" In: World markets and industry of selected commercially-exploited aquatic species with an international conservation profile, Camillo Catarci. Fisheries Circular 990, FAO
- Vannuccini, Stefania (2002) Shark Utilization, Marketing and Trade Fisheries Technical paper 389, FAO, Rome. ISBN 92-5-104361-2.
- Endangered and Threatened Species Under NMFS’ Jurisdiction National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. Updated: 28 February 28, 2013.