United Kingdom general election, 2017

United Kingdom general election, 2017

8 June 2017
All 650 seats in the House of Commons 326 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Turnout	68.8% (2.5%)
First party Second party Third party   Theresa May Jeremy Corbyn Nicola Sturgeon Leader Theresa May Jeremy Corbyn Nicola Sturgeon Party Conservative Labour SNP Leader since 11 July 2016 12 September 2015 14 November 2014 Leader's seat Maidenhead Islington North Did not stand Last election 330 seats, 36.8% 232 seats, 30.4% 56 seats, 4.7% Seats won 317* 262 35 Seat change 13 30 21 Popular vote 13,669,883 12,878,460 977,569 Percentage 42.4% 40.0% 3.0% Swing 5.5% 9.6% 1.7%   Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party   Tim Farron Arlene Foster 160x160px Leader Tim Farron Arlene Foster Gerry Adams Party Liberal Democrat DUP Sinn Féin Leader since 16 July 2015 17 December 2015 13 November 1983 Leader's seat Westmorland and Lonsdale Did not stand Did not stand Last election 8 seats, 7.9% 8 seats, 0.6% 4 seats, 0.6% Seats won 12 10 7 Seat change 4 2 3 Popular vote 2,371,910 292,316 238,915 Percentage 7.4% 0.9% 0.7% Swing 0.5% 0.3% 0.1%
350px A map of UK parliamentary constituencies *Seat figure does not include Speaker of the House of Commons John Bercow, who was included in the Conservative seat total by some media outlets.
Prime Minister before election Theresa May Conservative Subsequent Prime Minister Theresa May Conservative

The United Kingdom general election of 2017 took place on Thursday 8 June. Each of the 650 constituencies elected one Member of Parliament (MP) to the House of Commons. Under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 an election had not been due until 7 May 2020, but a call by Prime Minister Theresa May for a snap election was ratified by the necessary supermajority in a 522–13 vote in the House of Commons on 19 April 2017.

The Conservative Party (which had governed as a senior coalition partner from 2010 and as a majority government from 2015) was defending a working majority of 17 seats against the Labour Party, the official opposition led by Jeremy Corbyn. May had said that she hoped to secure a larger majority for the Conservative Party in order to "strengthen [her] hand in [the forthcoming Brexit] negotiations".

Opinion polls had shown consistent leads for the Conservatives over Labour. From a 20-point lead, the Conservatives' lead began to diminish in the final weeks of the campaign. In a surprising result, the Conservatives made a net loss of 13 seats with 42.3% of the vote (its highest share since 1983), while Labour made a net gain of 30 seats with 40.0% (its highest since 2001). In terms of vote share for the two main parties, this was the closest result since February 1974 and the highest combined share since 1970. The Scottish National Party and the Liberal Democrats, the third- and fourth-largest parties, both lost vote share; media coverage characterised the election as a return to two-party politics. The SNP, which won 56 of the 59 Scottish seats at the previous general election in 2015, lost 21 seats. The Liberal Democrats made a net gain of four seats. UKIP, the third-largest party in 2015 by number of votes, saw its share reduced from 12.6% to 1.8%. Plaid Cymru gained one seat, giving it four seats. The Green Party retained its single seat, but saw its share of the vote reduced. In Northern Ireland, the DUP won 10 seats, Sinn Féin won seven, and independent unionist Sylvia Hermon retained her seat. The SDLP and UUP lost all their seats. The Conservatives remained in power as a minority government, having secured a confidence and supply deal with the DUP.

Negotiation positions following the UK's invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union in March 2017 to leave the EU were expected to feature significantly in the campaign, but did not. The campaign was interrupted by two major terrorist attacks in Manchester and London, with national security becoming a prominent issue in the final weeks of campaigning.

Electoral system

See also: Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011

Each parliamentary constituency of the United Kingdom elects one MP to the House of Commons using the "first past the post" system. If one party obtains a majority of seats, then that party is entitled to form the Government, with its leader as Prime Minister. If the election results in no single party having a majority, then there is a hung parliament. In this case, the options for forming the Government are either a minority government or a coalition.

The Sixth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies is not due to report until 2018, and therefore this general election took place under existing boundaries, enabling direct comparisons with the results by constituency in 2015.

Voting eligibility

To vote in the general election, one had to be:

• on the Electoral Register;
• aged 18 or over on polling day;
• a British, Irish or Commonwealth citizen;
• a resident at an address in the UK (or a British citizen living abroad who has been registered to vote in the UK in the last 15 years), and;
• not legally excluded from voting (for example, a convicted person detained in prison or a mental hospital, or unlawfully at large if he/she would otherwise have been detained, or a person found guilty of certain corrupt or illegal practices) or disqualified from voting (peers sitting in the House of Lords).

Individuals had to be registered to vote by midnight twelve working days before polling day (22 May). Anyone who qualified as an anonymous elector had until midnight on 31 May to register. A person who has two homes (such as a university student who has a term-time address and lives at home during holidays) may be registered to vote at both addresses, as long as they are not in the same electoral area, but can vote in only one constituency at the general election.

On 18 May, The Independent reported that more than 1.1 million people between 18 and 35 had registered to vote since the election was announced on 18 April. Of those, 591,730 were under the age of 25.

Date and cost of the election

File:North London polling station June 2017 election 01.jpg

A polling station in north London

The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 introduced fixed-term Parliaments to the United Kingdom, with elections scheduled every five years following the general election on 7 May 2015. This removed the power of the Prime Minister, using the royal prerogative, to dissolve Parliament before its five-year maximum length. The Act permits early dissolution if the House of Commons votes by a supermajority of two-thirds of the entire membership of the House.

On 18 April 2017, the Prime Minister Theresa May announced she would seek an election on 8 June, despite previously ruling out an early election. A House of Commons motion to allow this was passed on 19 April, with 522 votes for and 13 against, a majority of 509, meeting the required two-thirds majority. The motion was supported by the Conservatives, Labour, the Liberal Democrats and the Greens, while the SNP abstained. Nine Labour MPs, one SDLP MP and three independents (Sylvia Hermon and two former SNP MPs, Natalie McGarry and Michelle Thomson) voted against the motion.

Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn supported the early election, as did Liberal Democrat leader Tim Farron and the Green Party. The SNP stated that it was in favour of fixed-term parliaments, and would abstain in the House of Commons vote. UKIP leader Paul Nuttall and First Minister of Wales Carwyn Jones criticised May for being opportunistic in the timing of the election, motivated by the then strong position of the Conservative Party in the opinion polls.

On 25 April, the election date was confirmed as 8 June, with dissolution on 3 May. The government announced that it intended for the next parliament to assemble on 13 June, with the state opening on 19 June.

Timetable

The key dates are listed below (all times are BST):

18 April	Prime Minister Theresa May announced her intention to hold a snap election
19 April	MPs voted to dissolve Parliament
22 April	Start of purdah
25 April	Royal Proclamation under section 2(7) of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act, 2011 issued by HM The Queen on the advice of the Prime Minister
27 April	Second session of Parliament prorogued
3 May	Formal dissolution of Parliament (in order for the election to take place on 8 June) and official start of 'short' campaigning
3 May	Royal Proclamation was issued summoning a new UK Parliament
4 May	Local elections (these were already scheduled, and were not part of the general election)
11 May	Deadline (4pm) for the delivery of candidate nomination papers
11 May	Deadline (5pm) for the publication of Statements of Persons Nominated (or 4 pm on 12 May if objections were received)
11 May	Earliest date returning officers could issue poll cards and postal ballot packs
22 May	Last day the public was able to register to vote (unless an anonymous elector)
23 May	Deadline (5pm) to apply for a postal vote/postal proxy vote
31 May	Deadline (5pm) to apply for a proxy vote, and last day to register to vote as an anonymous elector
8 June	Polling day (polling stations opened at 7 am and closed at 10 pm or once voters present in a queue at/outside the polling station at 10 pm had casted their vote). Counting of votes started no later than 2 am on 9 June.
13 June	Parliament re-assembled
21 June	State Opening of Parliament (initially planned for 19 June)

Cost

The cost to the taxpayer of organising the election was £140 million – slightly less than the EU referendum.

Parties and candidates

File:Labour party campaigning June 2017 election.jpg

Campaigning on polling day, 8 June 2017

Most candidates were representatives of a political party registered with the Electoral Commission. Candidates not belonging to a registered party could use an "independent" label, or no label at all.

The leader of the party commanding a majority of support in the House of Commons is the person who is called on by the monarch to form a government as Prime Minister, while the leader of the largest party not in government becomes the Leader of the Opposition. Other parties also form shadow ministerial teams. The leaders of the SNP, Plaid Cymru and the DUP are not MPs; hence, they appoint separate leaders in the House of Commons.

The Conservative Party and the Labour Party have been the two biggest parties since 1922, and have supplied all Prime Ministers since 1935. Both parties changed their leader after the 2015 election. David Cameron, who had been the leader of the Conservative Party since 2005 and Prime Minister since 2010, was replaced in July 2016 by Theresa May following the referendum on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union. Jeremy Corbyn replaced Ed Miliband as Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition in September 2015, and was re-elected leader in September 2016.

While the Liberal Democrats and their predecessors had long been the third-largest party in British politics, they returned only 8 MPs in 2015—49 fewer than at the previous election. Tim Farron became the Liberal Democrat leader in July 2015, following the resignation of Nick Clegg. Led by First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon, the SNP stands only in Scotland; it won 56 of 59 Scottish seats in 2015. UKIP, then led by Nigel Farage, who was later replaced by Diane James and then by Paul Nuttall in 2016, won 12.7% of the vote in 2015 but gained only one MP, Douglas Carswell, who left the party in March 2017 to sit as an independent. After securing 3.8% of the vote and one MP in the previous general election, Green Party leader Natalie Bennett was succeeded by joint leaders Caroline Lucas and Jonathan Bartley in September 2016. Smaller parties that contested the 2015 election and chose not to stand candidates in 2017 included Mebyon Kernow, the Communist Party of Britain, the Scottish Socialist Party and the National Front.

Northern Ireland

In Northern Ireland, the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), Sinn Féin, the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP), and the Alliance Party contested the 2017 election. Sinn Féin maintained its abstentionist policy. The DUP, Sinn Féin, SDLP, UUP and APNI were all led by new party leaders, changed since the 2015 election. The Conservatives, Greens and four other minor parties also stood. Despite contesting 10 seats last time, UKIP did not stand in Northern Ireland.

Candidates

Main article: Candidates standing in the United Kingdom general election, 2017

3,304 candidates stood for election, down from 3,631 in the previous general election. The Conservatives stood in 637 seats, Labour in 631 (including jointly with the Co-operative Party in 50) and the Liberal Democrats in 629. UKIP stood in 377 constituencies, down from 624 in 2015, while the Greens stood in 468, down from 573. The SNP contested all 59 Scottish seats and Plaid Cymru stood in all 40 Welsh seats. In Great Britain, 183 candidates stood as independents; minor parties included the Christian Peoples Alliance which contested 31 seats, the Yorkshire Party which stood in 21, the Official Monster Raving Loony Party in 12, the British National Party in 10, the Pirate Party in 10, the English Democrats in 7, the Women's Equality Party in 7, the Social Democratic Party in 6, the National Health Action Party in 5 and the Workers Revolutionary Party in 5, while an additional 79 candidates stood for 46 other registered political parties.

In Wales, 213 candidates stood for election. Labour, Conservatives, Plaid Cymru, and Liberal Democrats contested all forty seats and there were 32 UKIP and 10 Green candidates. In Scotland the SNP, the Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats stood in all 59 seats while UKIP contested 10 seats and the Greens only 3.

Of the 109 candidates in Northern Ireland, Sinn Féin, the SDLP and the Alliance contested all 18 seats; the DUP stood in 17, the UUP in 14 and the Conservatives and Greens stood in 7 each. People Before Profit and the Workers' Party contested two seats while Traditional Unionist Voice and the new Citizens Independent Social Thought Alliance stood in one each; four independents including incumbent Sylvia Hermon also stood.

Party selection processes

Unlike in previous elections, the timetable of the snap election required parties to select candidates in just under three weeks, to meet the 11 May deadline.

For the Conservatives, local associations in target seats were offered a choice of three candidates by the party's headquarters from an existing list of candidates, without inviting applications; candidates in non-target seats were to be appointed directly; and MPs were to be confirmed by a meeting of their local parties. Labour required sitting MPs to express their intention to stand, automatically re-selecting those that did. Labour advertised for applications from party members for all remaining seats by 23 April. Having devolved selections to its Scottish and Welsh parties, Labour's National Executive Committee endorsed all parliamentary candidates on 3 May except for Rochdale, the seat of suspended MP Simon Danczuk. On 7 May Steve Rotheram announced he was standing down as MP for Liverpool Walton following his election as Liverpool City Region mayor, leaving five days to appoint a candidate by close of nominations.

The SNP confirmed on 22 April that its 54 sitting MPs would be re-selected and that its suspended members Natalie McGarry and Michelle Thomson would not be nominated as SNP candidates; the party subsequently selected candidates for McGarry's and Thomson's former seats, as well as for the three Scottish constituencies it did not win in 2015. The Liberal Democrats had already selected 326 candidates in 2016 and over 70 in 2017 before the election was called. Meetings of local party members from UKIP, the Greens and Plaid Cymru selected their candidates. Parties in Northern Ireland were not believed to have already selected candidates due to the Assembly elections in March.

High-profile candidates

Ken Clarke, the Father of the House of Commons, had said he would retire in 2020, but opted to stand again in the 2017 election. Former Conservative employment minister Esther McVey was selected to contest Tatton and Zac Goldsmith was adopted as the Conservative candidate for Richmond Park, having lost the 2016 by-election as an independent after previously serving as the constituency's Conservative MP since 2010.

After coming second in the Stoke-on-Trent Central by-election earlier in the year, UKIP leader Paul Nuttall announced he would contest Boston and Skegness. Tony Lloyd, a former Labour MP for Manchester Central who served as Greater Manchester Police and Crime Commissioner from 2012 and interim Mayor of Greater Manchester since 2015, was selected to contest Rochdale. The former Labour MP Simon Danczuk stood as an independent candidate, after being banned from standing as a Labour candidate and then leaving the party.

A number of former Liberal Democrat ministers who were defeated in 2015 stood for election in their former seats, including Vince Cable in Twickenham, Ed Davey in Kingston and Surbiton, Jo Swinson in East Dunbartonshire, and Simon Hughes in Bermondsey and Old Southwark. After David Ward, the former MP for Bradford East, was dropped as a candidate by the Liberal Democrats for anti-semitism, he ran as an independent in his former seat.

Electoral alliances and arrangements

See also: Endorsements in the United Kingdom general election, 2017 § Endorsements for individual candidates

Ahead of the general election, crowdfunding groups such as More United and Open Britain were formed to promote candidates of similar views standing for election, and a "progressive alliance" was proposed. Former UKIP donor Arron Banks suggested a "patriotic alliance" movement. Tactical voting to keep the Conservatives out of government was suggested on social media. Gina Miller, who took the government to court over Article 50, set out plans to tour marginal constituencies in support of pro-EU candidates.

Within a few days of the election being announced, the Green Party of England and Wales and the SNP each proposed to collaborate with Labour and the Liberal Democrats to prevent a Conservative majority government. Lib Dem leader Tim Farron quickly reaffirmed his party's opposition to an electoral pact or coalition with Labour, citing "electorally toxic" Corbyn and concerns over Labour's position on Brexit. On 22 April the Liberal Democrats also ruled out a coalition deal with the Conservatives and SNP. Labour ruled out an electoral pact with the SNP, Liberal Democrats and Greens.

Notwithstanding national arrangements, the Liberal Democrats, the Greens and UKIP indicated they might not stand in every constituency. The Green Party of England and Wales chose not to contest 22 seats explicitly "to increase the chance of a progressive candidate beating the Conservatives", including in South West Surrey, the seat of Health Secretary Jeremy Hunt, in favour of the National Health Action Party candidate. The Scottish Green Party contested just three constituencies. The Liberal Democrats agreed to stand down in Brighton Pavilion. After indicating they may not nominate candidates in seats held by strongly pro-Brexit Conservative MPs, UKIP nominated 377 candidates; it was suggested this would help the Conservatives in marginal seats.

In Northern Ireland, there were talks between the DUP and UUP. Rather than engaging in a formal pact, the DUP agreed not to contest Fermanagh and South Tyrone, while the UUP chose not to stand in four constituencies. Talks took place between Sinn Féin, the SDLP and the Green Party in Northern Ireland about an anti-Brexit agreement (the Alliance Party were approached but declined to be involved) but no agreement was reached; the Greens said there was "too much distance" between the parties, Sinn Féin's abstentionist policy was criticised, and the SDLP admitted an agreement was unlikely. On 8 May the SDLP rejected Sinn Féin's call for them to stand aside in some seats.

Campaign

Background

Prior to the calling of the general election, the Liberal Democrats gained Richmond Park from the Conservatives in a by-election, a seat characterised by its high remain vote in the 2016 EU referendum. The Conservatives held the safe seat of Sleaford and North Hykeham in December 2016. In by-elections on 23 February 2017, Labour held Stoke-on-Trent Central but lost Copeland to the Conservatives, the first time a governing party had gained a seat in a by-election since 1982.

The general election came soon after the Northern Ireland Assembly election on 2 March. Talks on power-sharing between the DUP and Sinn Féin had failed to reach a conclusion, with Northern Ireland thus facing either another Assembly election, or the imposition of direct rule. The deadline was subsequently extended to 29 June.

Local elections in England, Scotland and Wales took place on 4 May. These saw large gains by the Conservatives, and large losses by Labour and UKIP. Notably, the Conservatives won metro mayor elections in Tees Valley and the West Midlands, areas traditionally seen as Labour heartlands. Initially scheduled for 4 May, a by-election in Manchester Gorton was cancelled; the seat was contested on 8 June along with all the other seats.

On 6 May, a letter from Church of England Archbishops Justin Welby and John Sentamu stressed the importance of education, housing, communities and health.

All parties suspended campaigning for a time in the wake of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing on 22 May. The SNP had been scheduled to release their manifesto for the election but this was delayed. Campaigning resumed on 25 May.

Major political parties also suspended campaigning for a second time on 4 June, following the June 2017 London Bridge attack. UKIP chose to continue campaigning. There were unsuccessful calls for polling day to be postponed.

Issues

Brexit

The UK's withdrawal from the European Union was expected to be a key issue in the campaign, but featured less than expected. May said she called the snap election to secure a majority for her Brexit negotiations. UKIP support a "clean, quick and efficient Brexit" and, launching his party's election campaign, Nuttall stated that Brexit is a "job half done" and UKIP MPs are needed to "see this through to the end".

Labour had supported Brexit in the previous parliament, but proposed different priorities for negotiations. The Liberal Democrats and Greens called for a deal to keep the UK in the single market and a second referendum on any deal proposed between the EU and the UK.

The Conservative manifesto committed the party to leaving the single market and customs union, but sought a "deep and special partnership" through a comprehensive free trade and customs agreement. It proposed seeking to remain part of some EU programmes where it would "be reasonable that we make a contribution", staying as a signatory of the European Convention on Human Rights over the next parliament, and maintaining the Human Rights Act during Brexit negotiations. Parliament would be able to amend or repeal EU legislation once converted into UK law, and have a vote on the final agreement.

Security

Two major terrorist attacks took place during the election campaign, with parties arguing about the best way to prevent such events. May, after the second attack, focused on global co-operation to tackle Islamist ideology and tackling the use of the internet by terrorist groups. After the first attack, Labour criticised cuts in police numbers under the Conservative government. Corbyn also linked the Manchester attack to British foreign policy. The Conservatives stated that spending on counter-terrorism for both the police and other agencies had risen.

Former Conservative strategist Steve Hilton said Theresa May should be "resigning not seeking re-election", because her police cuts and security failures had led to the attacks. Corbyn backed calls for May to resign, but said she should be removed by voters. May said that police budgets for counter-terrorism had been maintained and that Corbyn had voted against counter-terrorism legislation.

The Conservative manifesto proposed more government control and regulation of the internet, including forcing internet companies to restrict access to extremist and adult content. After the London attack, Theresa May called for international agreements to regulate the internet. The Conservative stance on regulation of the internet and social media was criticised by Farron and the Open Rights Group.

On 6 June, May promised longer prison sentences for people convicted of terrorism and restrictions on the freedom of movement or deportation of militant suspects when it is thought they present a threat but there is not enough evidence to prosecute them, stating that she would change human rights laws to do so if necessary.

The UK's nuclear weapons, including the renewal of the Trident system, also featured in the campaign. The Conservatives and Liberal Democrats favoured Trident renewal. Labour's manifesto committed to Trident renewal; Corbyn confirmed renewal would took place under Labour but declined to explicitly speak in favour. He also declined to answer whether as prime minister he would use nuclear weapons if the UK was under imminent nuclear threat.

Social care

Social care became a major election issue after the Conservative Party's manifesto included new proposals, which were subsequently altered after criticism. The previous coalition government had commissioned a review by Andrew Dilnot into how to fund social care. Measures that were seen to disadvantage pensioners were also in the Conservative manifesto: eliminating the pension triple lock and Winter Fuel Payments for all pensioners.

Scottish independence and the future of the UK

Main article: Proposed second Scottish independence referendum

The question of a proposed Scottish independence referendum was also thought likely to influence the campaign in Scotland. On 28 March 2017, the Scottish Parliament approved a motion requesting that Westminster pass a Section 30 order giving the Parliament the authority to hold a second independence referendum, suggesting that there had been a "material change" in the terms of the failed independence referendum in 2014 as a result of Britain's vote to leave the EU. The SNP hopes to hold a second independence referendum once the Brexit terms are clear but before Britain leaves the EU; May has said her government would not approve an independence referendum before Brexit negotiations have finished.

University tuition fees

Labour was thought to have attracted a significant number of student voters with its pledge to abolish tuition fees, which stands at £9,000 a year in England, and bring back student grants.

Possible coalitions

Although Labour and the Liberal Democrats both rejected election pacts with each other and with the Greens and the SNP, and although the Liberal Democrats ruled out a coalition deal with the Conservatives, the Conservatives campaigned on this theme, using the phrase "coalition of chaos". Similar messages against a potential Lib–Lab pact were credited with securing a Conservative win in the 1992 and 2015 elections. On 19 April, May warned against a Labour–SNP–Lib Dem pact that would "divide our country". After the hung result led the Conservatives to seek DUP support for a minority government, this rhetoric was mocked by opponents.

Party campaigns

Conservatives

May launched the Conservative campaign with a focus on Brexit, lower domestic taxes and avoiding a Labour–Lib Dem–SNP "coalition of chaos", but she refused to commit not to raise taxes. On 30 April, May stated that it was her intention to lower taxes if the Conservatives won the general election, but only explicitly ruled out raising VAT. May reiterated her commitment to spending 0.7% of GNI on foreign aid.

Theresa May hired Lynton Crosby, the campaign manager for the Conservatives in the 2015 general election, as well as Barack Obama's 2012 campaign manager, Jim Messina. The Conservative campaign was noted for the use of targeted adverts on social media, in particular attacking Corbyn. The repeated use of the phrase "strong and stable" in the Conservatives' campaigning attracted attention and criticism. Some expressed concern that the party may have restricted media access to the prime minister. While some speculated that an investigation into campaign spending by the Conservatives in the 2015 general election was a factor behind the snap election, on 10 May the Crown Prosecution Service said that despite evidence of inaccurate spending returns, no further action was required.

On 7 May the Conservatives promised to replace the 1983 Mental Health Act, to employ an additional 10,000 NHS mental health workers by 2020 and to tackle discrimination against those with mental health problems. May indicated that the Conservatives would maintain their net immigration target, and promised to implement a cap on "rip-off energy prices", a policy that appeared in Labour's 2015 manifesto. May indicated she would permit a free vote among Conservative MPs on repealing the ban on fox hunting in England and Wales. On 11 May the Conservatives promised above-inflation increases in defence spending alongside its NATO commitment to spend at least 2% of GDP on defence.

In a speech in Tynemouth the next day, May said Labour had "deserted" working-class voters, criticised Labour's policy proposals and said Britain's future depended on making a success of Brexit. On 14 May the Conservatives proposed a "new generation" of social housing, paid from the existing capital budget, offering funding to local authorities and changing compulsory purchase rules. The following day May promised "a new deal for workers" that would maintain workers' rights currently protected by the EU after Brexit, put worker representation on company boards, introduce a statutory right to unpaid leave to care for a relative and increase the National Living Wage in line with average earnings until 2022. The proposals were characterised as an "unabashed pitch for Labour voters"; however Labour and the GMB trade union criticised the government's past record on workers' rights.

Unveiling the Conservative manifesto in Halifax on 18 May, May promised a "mainstream government that would deliver for mainstream Britain". It proposed to balance the budget by 2025, raise spending on the NHS by £8bn per year and on schools by £4bn per year by 2022, remove the ban on grammar schools, means-test the winter fuel allowance, replace the state pension "triple lock" with a "double lock" and require executive pay to be approved by a vote of shareholders. It dropped the 2015 pledge to not raise income tax or national insurance contributions but maintained a commitment to freeze VAT. New sovereign wealth funds for infrastructure, rules to prevent foreign takeovers of "critical national infrastructure" and institutes of technology were also proposed. The manifesto was noted for its intervention in industry, lack of tax cuts and increased spending commitments on public services. On Brexit it committed to leaving the single market and customs union while seeking a "deep and special partnership" and promised a vote in parliament on the final agreement. The manifesto was noted for containing similar policies to those found in Labour's 2015 general election manifesto.

The manifesto also proposed reforms to social care in England that would raise the threshold for free care from £23,250 to £100,000, while including property in the means test and permitting deferred payment after death. After attracting substantial media attention, four days after the manifesto launch, May stated that the proposed social care reforms would now include an "absolute limit" on costs in contrast to the rejection of a cap in the manifesto. She criticised the "fake" portrayal of the policy in recent days by Labour and other critics, who had termed it a "dementia tax". Evening Standard editor and former Conservative Chancellor George Osborne called the policy change a "U-turn".

Labour

Corbyn launched the Labour campaign focusing on public spending, and argued that services were being underfunded, particularly education. Labour's shadow Brexit secretary Keir Starmer stated that the party would replace the existing Brexit white paper with new negotiating priorities that emphasise the benefits of the single market and customs union, that the residence rights of EU nationals would be guaranteed and that the principle of free movement would have to end. Corbyn emphasised Labour's support for a "jobs-first Brexit" that "safeguards the future of Britain's vital industries".

File:Jeremy Corbyn speaking at the Labour Party General Election Launch 2017.jpg

Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn launching the party's general election campaign on 9 May 2017 in Manchester.

Labour proposed the creation of four new bank holidays, marking the feast days of the patron saints of the United Kingdom's constituent nations. On 27 April the party pledged to build 1 million new homes over five years. Labour's proposal to employ 10,000 new police officers was overshadowed when Shadow Home Secretary Diane Abbott cited incorrect figures in an LBC interview on how it would be funded. Labour later confirmed that the £300 million cost would be funded by reversing cuts to capital gains taxes, although it was noted that the party had also pledged some of those savings towards other expenditure plans.

On 7 May, Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell ruled out rises in VAT, and in income tax and employee national insurance contributions for those with earnings below £80,000 per year. The following day Labour outlined plans to ban junk food TV adverts and parking charges at NHS hospitals. Labour promised an additional £4.8 billion for education, funded by raising corporation tax from 19% to 26%.

A draft copy of Labour's manifesto was leaked to the Daily Mirror and The Daily Telegraph on 10 May. It included pledges to renationalise the National Grid, the railways and the Royal Mail, and create publicly owned energy companies. The draft was noted for including commitments on workers' rights, a ban on fracking, and the abolition of university tuition fees in England. The draft manifesto included a commitment to the Trident nuclear deterrent, but suggested a future government would be "extremely cautious" about using it. The next day Labour's Clause V meeting endorsed the manifesto after amendments from shadow cabinet members and trade unions present.

In a speech at Chatham House on 12 May, Corbyn set out his foreign policy, saying he would reshape Britain's foreign relations, avoid the use of nuclear weapons, and while Labour supported Trident renewal he would initiate a defence review in government. Corbyn stated that he would halt all weapons sales from the UK to Saudi Arabia citing the violations of human rights in the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen. After the June 2017 London Bridge attack, Corbyn said that a conversation should take place "with Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states that have funded and fuelled extremist ideology".

On 14 May, Labour revealed plans to extend stamp duty by introducing a financial transactions tax, which McDonnell claimed would raise up to £5.6bn per year. The next day Corbyn set out plans to spend £37bn on the NHS in England over a five-year parliament, including £10bn on IT upgrades and building repairs.

Launching its manifesto on 16 May, Labour revealed it would nationalise the water industry, provide 30 hours per week of free childcare for two to four-year-olds, charge companies a levy on annual earnings above £330,000, lower the 45p income tax rate threshold to £80,000 per year, and reintroduce the 50p tax rate for those earning more than £123,000 per year. Labour said it would raise an additional £48.6bn in tax revenue per year and insisted its policies were fully costed, though it was noted no costings were provided for its nationalisation pledges. Compared to the leaked draft, the manifesto was noted for toughening Labour's position on defence and Trident, confirming that outside the EU free movement would have to end, qualifying support for airport expansion, and clarifying the party's stance on Israel-Palestine, as well as other changes. After initial confusion, Labour clarified it would not reverse the government's freeze on most working-age benefits.

In an interview following the manifesto launch, Unite general secretary Len McCluskey said victory for Labour in the general election would be "extraordinary" and that winning just 200 seats (compared to 229 seats held at the time) would be a "successful" result; the following morning he clarified he was now "optimistic" about Labour's chances.

SNP

The SNP, keen to maintain its position as the third-largest party in the House of Commons, made the need to protect Scotland's interests in the Brexit negotiations a central part of its campaign. The SNP manifesto called for a vote on independence to be held "at the end of the Brexit process", set out "anti-austerity" plans to invest £118bn in UK public services over the next five years, pledged to increase the minimum wage to £10 an hour and called for Scotland to have control over immigration and to remain in the EU single market after Brexit. With the polls closing, Nicola Sturgeon told the Today programme that the SNP could support a Labour government "on an issue-by-issue basis" in the event of a hung parliament and she would be open to forming a "progressive alternative to a Conservative government".

Liberal Democrats

Central themes of the Liberal Democrat campaign were an offer of a second referendum on any eventual Brexit deal and a desire for the UK to stay in the single market. The party reportedly targeted seats which had voted to remain in the EU, such as Twickenham, Oxford West and Abingdon, and Vauxhall. Bob Marshall-Andrews, a Labour MP from 1997 to 2010, announced he would support the Liberal Democrats.

The party reported a surge in membership after the election was called, passing 100,000 on 24 April, having grown by 12,500 in the preceding week. The party also reported raising £500,000 in donations in the first 48 hours after May's announcement of an early election.

An early issue raised in the campaign was Tim Farron's views, as a Christian, regarding gay sex and LGBT rights. After declining to state whether he thought gay sex was a sin, Farron affirmed that he believed neither being gay nor having gay sex are sinful.

The party proposed raising income tax by 1p to fund the NHS, and maintaining the triple-lock on the state pension. The Liberal Democrats also promised an additional £7 billion to protect per-pupil funding in education; they said it would be partly funded by remaining in the EU single market. The party pledged on 11 May to accept 50,000 refugees from Syria over five years, with Farron saying that the £4.3 billion costs would over time be repaid in taxes by those refugees that settle in Britain.

On 12 May the party revealed plans to legalise cannabis and extend paid paternity leave. Farron proposed financial incentives for graduates joining the armed forces and committed to NATO's 2% of GDP defence spending target. The next day the Liberal Democrats promised to end the cap on public-sector pay increases and repeal the Investigatory Powers Act. On 16 May the Liberal Democrats proposed an entrepreneurs' allowance, to review business rates and to increase access to credit.

Policies emphasised during their manifesto launch on 17 May included a second referendum on a Brexit deal with the option to remain a member of the EU, discounted bus passes for 16- to 21-year-olds, the reinstatement of housing benefit for 18- to 21-year-olds, a £3bn plan to build 300,000 new houses a year by 2022 and support for renters to build up equity in their rented properties.

UKIP

Paul Nuttall announced that UKIP's manifesto would seek to ban the burqa, outlaw sharia law, impose a temporary moratorium on new Islamic schools and require annual checks against female genital mutilation (FGM) for high-risk girls. In response to the proposed burqa ban UKIP's foreign affairs spokesperson James Carver resigned, labelling the policy "misguided".

Despite losing all 145 of the seats it was defending in the 2017 local elections (but gaining one from Labour in Burnley), Nuttall insisted voters would return to UKIP in the general election. On 8 May UKIP proposed a net migration target of zero within five years.

Television debates

← 2015 debates	2017	Next debates →

Within hours of the election being announced, Corbyn, Farron and Sturgeon called for televised debates. The Prime Minister's office initially opposed the idea. On 19 April the BBC and ITV announced they planned to host leaders' debates, as they had done in the 2010 and 2015 elections, whether or not May took part. Labour subsequently ruled out Corbyn taking part in television debates without May.

Broadcaster Andrew Neil separately interviewed the party leaders in The Andrew Neil Interviews on BBC One, starting on 22 May with Theresa May. The 2017 Manchester Arena bombing led to interviews with Nuttall, Farron, Sturgeon and Corbyn to be rescheduled. ITV Tonight also ran a series of programmes with the major party leaders.

Sky News and Channel 4 hosted an election programme on 29 May where May and Corbyn were individually interviewed by Jeremy Paxman after taking questions from a studio audience. The BBC held two debates to which all seven main party leaders were invited, on 31 May in Cambridge and 6 June in Manchester; both May and Corbyn stated they would not attend the 31 May debate. May said that she had already debated Corbyn many times in parliament, and that she would be meeting the public instead. Corbyn announced on the day that he would attend the debate in Cambridge, calling on May to do the same. Instead Amber Rudd appeared for the Conservatives.

The BBC hosted separate debates for the English regions, and for both Scotland and Wales, and also a Question Time special with May and Corbyn separately answering questions from voters on 2 June, chaired by David Dimbleby. Sturgeon and Farron were expected to do the same on 4 June, but after the June 2017 London Bridge attack it was rescheduled to 5 June and instead presented by Nick Robinson. The BBC also hosted two back-to-back episodes of a special election programme titled Election Questions on 4 June, first in Bristol with Green Party co-leader Jonathan Bartley followed by Nuttall, and second in Swansea with Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood. The party leaders were individually questioned by a studio audience.

STV planned to host a live TV debate in Glasgow with four Scottish party leaders on 24 May, but it was postponed, owing to the Manchester Arena bombing. The debate was rescheduled for Tuesday 6 June.

United Kingdom general election debates, 2017
Date	Party leaders invited	Organisers	Venue	P  Present    S  Surrogate    NI  Non-invitee   A  Absent invitee
				Conservatives	Labour	SNP	Liberal Democrats	Plaid Cymru	Green	UKIP
16 May	Welsh	ITV Wales	Cardiff	P Davies	P Jones	NI	P Williams	P Wood	NI	P Hamilton
18 May	UK	ITV	MediaCityUK, Salford	A	A	P Sturgeon	P Farron	P Wood	P Lucas	P Nuttall
21 May	Scottish	BBC Scotland	Edinburgh	P Davidson	P Dugdale	P Sturgeon	P Rennie	NI	P Harvie	P Coburn
29 May	UK	Sky News Channel 4	Isleworth, London	P May	P Corbyn	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI
30 May	Welsh	BBC Wales	Cardiff	S Millar	P Jones	NI	P Williams	P Wood	NI	P Hamilton
30 May	English Regions	BBC English Regions	Various	P Various	P Various	NI	P Various	NI	P Various	P Various
31 May	UK	BBC	Senate House, Cambridge	S Rudd	P Corbyn	S Robertson	P Farron	P Wood	P Lucas	P Nuttall
2 June	UK	BBC (Question Time)	University of York, York	P May	P Corbyn	NI	NI	NI	NI	NI
4 June	UK	BBC (Election Questions)	Bristol and Swansea	NI	NI	NI	NI	P Wood	P Bartley	P Nuttall
5 June	UK	BBC (Question Time)	Edinburgh	NI	NI	P Sturgeon	P Farron	NI	NI	NI
5 June	Northern Ireland	UTV	Belfast	Nigel Dodds (DUP), Michelle O'Neill (SF), Robin Swann (UUP), Colum Eastwood (SDLP) and Naomi Long (APNI)
6 June	Scottish	STV	Glasgow	P Davidson	P Dugdale	P Sturgeon	P Rennie	NI	NI	NI
6 June	UK	BBC	Manchester	S Zahawi	S Champion	S Forbes	S Paddick	S Elin	P Bartley	S Kurten
6 June	Northern Ireland	BBC	Belfast	Jeffrey Donaldson (DUP), John O'Dowd (SF), Robin Swann (UUP), Colum Eastwood (SDLP) and Naomi Long (APNI)

Endorsements

Main article: Endorsements in the United Kingdom general election, 2017

Newspapers, organisations and individuals have endorsed parties or individual candidates for the election.

Politicians not standing

Members of Parliament not standing for re-election

Members of Parliament not standing for re-election

MP	Seat	First elected	Party		Date announced
Graham Allen	Nottingham North	1987		Labour	22 April 2017
Dave Anderson	Blaydon	2005		Labour	20 April 2017
Tom Blenkinsop	Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland	2010		Labour	18 April 2017
Andy Burnham	Leigh	2001		Labour	19 April 2017
Sir Simon Burns	Chelmsford	1987		Conservative	8 January 2016
Douglas Carswell	Clacton	2005		Independent (UKIP in 2015)	20 April 2017
Pat Doherty	West Tyrone	2001		Sinn Féin	3 May 2017
Jim Dowd	Lewisham West and Penge	1992		Labour	19 April 2017
Michael Dugher	Barnsley East	2010		Labour	20 April 2017
Sir Edward Garnier	Harborough	1992		Conservative	27 April 2017
Pat Glass	North West Durham	2010		Labour	28 June 2016
Sir Alan Haselhurst	Saffron Walden	1977		Conservative	25 April 2017
Sir Gerald Howarth	Aldershot	1983		Conservative	20 April 2017
Alan Johnson	Hull West and Hessle	1997		Labour	18 April 2017
Peter Lilley	Hitchin and Harpenden	1983		Conservative	26 April 2017
Karen Lumley	Redditch	2010		Conservative	28 April 2017
David Mackintosh	Northampton South	2015		Conservative	27 April 2017
Fiona Mactaggart	Slough	1997		Labour	20 April 2017
Rob Marris	Wolverhampton South West	2001		Labour	19 April 2017
Natalie McGarry	Glasgow East	2015		Independent (SNP in 2015)	25 April 2017
George Osborne	Tatton	2001		Conservative	19 April 2017
Sir Eric Pickles	Brentwood and Ongar	1992		Conservative	22 April 2017
John Pugh	Southport	2001		Liberal Democrats	19 April 2017
Steve Rotheram	Liverpool Walton	2010		Labour	7 May 2017
Andrew Smith	Oxford East	1987		Labour	19 April 2017
Gisela Stuart	Birmingham Edgbaston	1997		Labour	19 April 2017
Michelle Thomson	Edinburgh West	2015		Independent (SNP in 2015)	22 April 2017
Andrew Turner	Isle of Wight	2001		Conservative	28 April 2017
Andrew Tyrie	Chichester	1997		Conservative	25 April 2017
Dame Angela Watkinson	Hornchurch and Upminster	2001		Conservative	19 April 2017
Iain Wright	Hartlepool	2004		Labour	19 April 2017

Other politicians

Former UKIP leader Nigel Farage announced that he would not stand, saying he could be more effective as an MEP. UKIP major donor Arron Banks, who had earlier indicated his intention to stand in Clacton to defeat Douglas Carswell, withdrew in favour of the UKIP candidate after Carswell announced he would be standing down.

Plaid Cymru leader Leanne Wood chose not to contest a Westminster seat, nor did former Labour MP and shadow chancellor Ed Balls.

Opinion polling and seat projections

Main article: Opinion polling for the United Kingdom general election, 2017

In the 2015 general election, polling companies underestimated the Conservative Party vote and overestimated the Labour Party vote and so failed to predict the result accurately. Afterwards they started making changes to polling practices; recommendations from a review by the British Polling Council are likely to result in further changes.

UK opinion polling for the 2017 election; moving average is calculated from the last ten polls. Final point is actual result.

4

Predictions three weeks before the vote

The first-past-the-post system used in UK general elections means that the number of seats won is not directly related to vote share. Thus, several approaches are used to convert polling data and other information into seat predictions. The table below lists some of the predictions.

Parties		Election Forecast as of 15 May 2017	Electoral Calculus as of 20 May 2017	Lord Ashcroft as of 12 May 2017	Elections Etc. as of 12 May 2017
	Conservatives	414	391	406–415	391
	Labour Party	155	185	152–164	170
	SNP	54	47	45–48	49
	Liberal Democrats	6	5	8–14	13
	Plaid Cymru	2	3	4–5	3
	Green Party	1	1	1	1
	UKIP	0	0	0	0
	Others	1	18	19	N/A
Overall result (probability)		Conservative majority (100%)	Conservative majority (76%)	Conservative majority	Conservative majority (91%)

Predictions two weeks before the vote

Parties		Election Forecast as of 26 May 2017	Electoral Calculus as of 28 May 2017	Lord Ashcroft as of 26 May 2017	Elections Etc. as of 26 May 2017	New Statesman as of 26 May 2017
	Conservatives	364	383	396	375	371
	Labour Party	212	196	180	188	199
	SNP	45	49	47	50	55
	Liberal Democrats	8	2	6	10	5
	Plaid Cymru	2	1	2	3	—
	Green Party	0	1	0	1	—
	UKIP	0	0	0	0	—
	Others	1	18	19	—	—
Overall result (probability)		Conservative majority (94%)	Conservative majority (73%)	Conservative majority	Conservative majority (87%)	Conservative majority

Predictions one week before the vote

Parties		Election Forecast as of 1 June 2017	Electoral Calculus as of 31 May 2017	New Statesman as of 31 May 2017	YouGov as of 1 June 2017	Britain Elects as of 1 June 2017
	Conservatives	379	368	359	317	362
	Labour Party	195	208	209	253	206
	SNP	46	50	54	47	47
	Liberal Democrats	7	3	7	9	11
	Plaid Cymru	2	2	—	3	4
	Green Party	1	1	—	1	1
	UKIP	1	0	—	0	0
	Others	1	18	—	2	19
Overall result (probability)		Conservative majority (98%)	Conservative majority (71%)	Conservative majority	Hung parliament	Conservative majority

Predictions on polling day

The UK's first-past-the-post electoral system means that national shares of the vote do not give an exact indicator of how the various parties will be represented in Parliament. Different commentators and pollsters currently provide a number of predictions, based on polls and other data, as to how the parties will be represented in Parliament:

Parties		2015 election result	Election Forecast as of 8 June 2017	Electoral Calculus as of 8 June 2017	Lord Ashcroft as of 8 June 2017	Elections Etc. as of 8 June 2017	New Statesman as of 8 June 2017	YouGov as of 8 June 2017	Britain Elects as of 8 June 2017
	Conservatives	330	366	358	357	358	337	302	356
	Labour Party	232	207	218	217	214	227	269	219
	SNP	56	46	49	44	47	54	44	43
	Liberal Democrats	8	7	3	5	9	10	12	9
	Plaid Cymru	3	3	3	1	3	—	2	3
	Green Party	1	1	1	0	1	—	1	1
	UKIP	1	1	0	0	0	—	0	0
	Others	19	1	19	—	—	—	20	19
Overall result		Conservative majority of 10	Conservative majority of 82	Conservative majority of 66	Conservative majority of 64	Conservative majority of 66	Conservative majority of 24	Hung Parliament (Con 24 seats short)	Conservative majority of 62

• Lord Ashcroft Polls has announced an estimate for the election result. He updates it at intervals on his website.
• Electoral Calculus maintains a running projection of seats according to latest polls on its website. It also maintains a seat-by-seat projection for Scotland.
• Election Forecast also maintains a projection of seats based on current opinion poll averages on their website.
• Elections Etc. issues regular forecasts based on current opinion poll averages, Betting Markets, expert predictions and other sources on their website.
• YouGov issue daily seat estimates using their aggregated statistical election model.
• Britain Elects maintains a 'nowcast' – a projection showing what the result would be if held today – of seats based on historical data as well as national and regional polling.

Exit poll

An exit poll, conducted by GfK and Ipsos MORI on behalf of the BBC, ITV and Sky News, was published at the end of voting at 10 pm, predicting the number of seats for each party, with the Conservatives being the largest party, but short of an overall majority: Actual results were close to the prediction.

Parties		Seats	Change
	Conservative Party	314	17
	Labour Party	266	34
	Scottish National Party	34	22
	Liberal Democrats	14	6
	Plaid Cymru	3
	Green Party	1
	UK Independence Party	0	1
	Others	18
Conservatives 12 short of a majority

Results

For results by county/region and analysis, see Results breakdown of the United Kingdom general election, 2017.

For complete results by individual constituency, see Results of the United Kingdom general election, 2017, by parliamentary constituency.

Results for all constituencies except Kensington were reported by the morning after the election. The Conservatives remained the largest single party in terms of seats and votes, but were short of a parliamentary majority. The Conservatives won 317 seats with 42.4% of the vote while the Labour Party won 262 seats with 40.0% of the vote. The election resulted in the third hung parliament since the Second World War, with elections in February 1974 and 2010 resulting in hung parliaments. YouGov correctly estimated the result after employing "controversial" methodology.

In England, Labour made a net gain of 21 seats, taking 25 constituencies from the Conservatives and two from the Liberal Democrats. Their gains were predominantly in London and university towns and cities, most notably achieving victories in Battersea, Canterbury, Kensington and Ipswich from the Conservatives by narrow margins; they also lost five seats to the Conservatives, largely in the Midlands, and were unable to regain Copeland which had been lost in a February by-election. The Conservatives experienced a net loss of 22 seats, the first time since 1997 that the party suffered a net loss of seats. They gained Clacton from UKIP and Southport from the Liberal Democrats in addition to the six gains from Labour. The Liberal Democrats took five seats from the Conservatives, including Twickenham, won back by Vince Cable, and Kingston and Surbiton, won by Ed Davey, but lost two seats to Labour: Leeds North West and Sheffield Hallam, the seat of former party leader Nick Clegg. Richmond Park, which the Liberal Democrats had won in a 2016 by-election, was narrowly lost to the Conservatives. Caroline Lucas remained the sole Green Party MP, retaining Brighton Pavilion.

In Scotland, the Conservatives, Labour and the Liberal Democrats all gained seats from the SNP, whose losses were attributed to opposition to a second Scottish independence referendum, contributing to tactical voting for unionist parties. The Conservatives placed second in Scotland for the first time since 1992, won their largest number of seats in Scotland since 1983 and recorded their highest share of the vote there since 1979. With thirteen seats, the Scottish Conservatives became the largest unionist party in Scotland for the first time since 1955. Labour gained six seats from the SNP while the Liberal Democrats gained three. Having won 56 of 59 Scottish seats at the last general election, the SNP lost a total of 21 seats, and majorities in their remaining seats were greatly reduced. High-profile losses included SNP Commons leader Angus Robertson in Moray and former party leader and First Minister Alex Salmond in Gordon.

In Wales, Labour held 25 seats and gained Cardiff North, Gower and Vale of Clwyd from the Conservatives, leaving the Welsh Tories with eight seats. Plaid Cymru retained their three existing seats and gained Ceredigion, the Lib Dems' only seat in Wales.

In Northern Ireland the SDLP lost its three seats (Foyle and South Down to Sinn Féin and Belfast South to the DUP) while the UUP lost its two seats (Fermanagh and South Tyrone to Sinn Féin and South Antrim to the DUP). With the Alliance Party failing to win any seats or regain Belfast East, this left the DUP with ten seats (up from eight), Sinn Féin with seven (up from four), and independent unionist Sylvia Hermon held North Down. Recording their best result since partition, Sinn Féin confirmed it would continue its abstentionist policy, leaving no nationalist representation in the House of Commons.

UKIP failed to win any seats, with its vote share falling from 12.9% at the previous general election to just 1.8%; party leader Paul Nuttall came third in Boston and Skegness. The Greens' vote share dropped from 3.8% to 1.6%.

Analysis

The result was noted for increased vote shares for Labour (up 9.6 percentage points) and the Conservatives (up 5.5 percentage points), with a combined 82.3% share of the vote, up from 67.2% in 2015. This was the highest combined share of the vote for the two main parties since 1970. It was suggested this indicated a return to two-party politics. The election was characterised by higher turnout, possibly among younger voters, which may have contributed to Labour's increased vote share. Research company Ipsos Mori considered age to be one of the most significant factors behind the result; compared to the 2015 general election under-45s tended to opt more for Labour and over-54s for the Conservatives. It found 60% of those aged 18-24 voted Labour while 61% of over-64s voted Conservative. The swing to Labour was high in those seats with large numbers of young people.

In terms of social grade, Labour increased its share of middle-class voters (defined as ABC1) by 12 percentage points compared to the previous election while the Conservatives increased their share of working-class voters (C2DE) by 12 percentage points. Political scientist John Curtice found that the Conservatives tended to experience a greater increase in vote share in seats with a higher proportion of working-class voters, particularly those that voted for Leave in the EU referendum. Many of Labour's most successful results occurred in seats that voted Remain by a large margin in 2016.

Compared to previous elections, turnout for private renters increased (from 51% in 2010 to 65%) and favoured Labour to a greater degree, with the party achieving a 23-point lead over the Conservatives among private renters; the Conservatives maintained a 14-point lead among homeowners. In terms of education, YouGov found a one-point lead for the Conservatives among university graduates in 2015 had flipped to a 17-point lead for Labour in 2017. For those with low educational qualifications, the Conservatives led by 22 points, up from 8 points in 2015.

It was suggested that UKIP's decline boosted both main parties, but tended to help Labour retain seats in the North of England and the Midlands against the Conservatives, though it may have also benefited the Conservatives in predominantly working-class seats. Ipsos Mori found that UKIP's collapse was consistent across all age groups.

Published in August 2017, the British Election Study (BES), which surveyed 30,000 voters, found that despite a relatively low profile in the campaign, Brexit was considered to be the single most important issue facing the country by over a third of respondents. It found more than half of UKIP voters in 2015 went to the Conservatives, while 18% went to Labour. Remain voters tended to favour Labour, with the party particularly gaining among Remain voters who previously supported other parties, despite perceived uncertainty over its position on the single market. There was a strong correlation between those who prioritised controlling immigration and the Conservatives, while the same was true for supporting single market access and those who opted for Labour or the Liberal Democrats.

The BES study indicated the importance of the campaign period. A pre-election survey found 41% for the Conservatives and 27% for Labour, but by the election 19% of voters had switched party. Unlike the previous election where both main parties achieved similar shares of late-switchers, Labour won 54% while the Conservatives won 19%. Likeability of party leaders also narrowed over the course of the campaign.

Overall

After all 650 constituencies had been declared, the results were:

↓

317	10					7	12	35	262
Conservative	D U P					S F	L D	S N P	Labour

Seats, of total, by party

  Conservative (48.8%)

  Labour (40.3%)

  SNP (5.4%)

  Liberal Democrats (1.8%)

  DUP (1.5%)

  Sinn Féin (1.1%)

  Plaid Cymru (0.6%)

  Green (0.2%)

  Speaker (0.2%)

  Independent (0.2%)

Votes, of total, by party

  Conservative (42.3%)

  Labour (40.0%)

  Liberal Democrats (7.4%)

  SNP (3.0%)

  UKIP (1.8%)

  Green (1.6%)

  DUP (0.9%)

  Sinn Féin (0.7%)

  Plaid Cymru (0.5%)

  Other (1.8%)

Party		Leader	MPs				Votes
				Of total		±		Of total		±
Conservative Party		Theresa May	317	48.8%	317 / 650	13	13,635,584	42.3%		5.5
Labour Party		Jeremy Corbyn	262	40.3%	262 / 650	30	12,878,460	40.0%		9.6
Scottish National Party		Nicola Sturgeon	35	5.4%	35 / 650	21	977,569	3.0%		1.7
Liberal Democrats		Tim Farron	12	1.8%	12 / 650	4	2,371,910	7.4%		0.5
Democratic Unionist Party		Arlene Foster	10	1.5%	10 / 650	2	292,316	0.9%		0.3
Sinn Féin		Gerry Adams	7	1.1%	7 / 650	3	238,915	0.7%		0.2
Plaid Cymru		Leanne Wood	4	0.6%	4 / 650	1	164,466	0.5%		0.1
Green Party of England and Wales		Jonathan Bartley Caroline Lucas	1	0.2%	1 / 650		525,435	1.6%		2.2
Speaker		John Bercow	1	0.2%	1 / 650		34,299	0.1%
Independent		Sylvia Hermon	1	0.2%	1 / 650		16,148	0.1%
UK Independence Party		Paul Nuttall	0	0.0%	0 / 650	1	594,068	1.8%		10.8
Social Democratic & Labour Party		Colum Eastwood	0	0.0%	0 / 650	3	95,419	0.3%
Ulster Unionist Party		Robin Swann	0	0.0%	0 / 650	2	83,280	0.3%		0.1
Alliance Party of Northern Ireland		Naomi Long	0	0.0%	0 / 650		64,553	0.2%
Yorkshire Party	style="background:Template:Yorkshire Party/meta/color;" |	Stewart Arnold	0	0.0%	0 / 650		20,958	0.1%		0.1
National Health Action Party		Alex Ashman	0	0.0%	0 / 650		16,119	0.1%
Christian Peoples Alliance		Sid Cordle	0	0.0%	0 / 650		5,869	0.0%
People Before Profit Alliance		Collective leadership	0	0.0%	0 / 650		5,509	0.0%
British National Party		Adam Walker	0	0.0%	0 / 650		4,580	0.0%
Official Monster Raving Loony Party		Howling Laud Hope	0	0.0%	0 / 650		3,890	0.0%
Women's Equality Party		Sophie Walker	0	0.0%	0 / 650	N/A	3,580	0.0%		N/A
Traditional Unionist Voice		Jim Allister	0	0.0%	0 / 650		3,282	0.0%		0.1
North East Party		John Tait	0	0.0%	0 / 650		2,355	0.0%
Pirate Party UK		David Elston	0	0.0%	0 / 650		2,321	0.0%
English Democrats		Robin Tilbrook	0	0.0%	0 / 650		1,913	0.0%
Christian Party, Proclaiming Christ's Lordship		Unknown	0	0.0%	0 / 650		1,720	0.0%
Independent Save Withybush Save Lives		Unknown	0	0.0%	0 / 650		1,209	0.0%
Socialist Labour Party		Arthur Scargill	0	0.0%	0 / 650		1,154	0.0%
Animal Welfare Party		Vanessa Hudson	0	0.0%	0 / 650		995	0.0%
Justice and Anti-Corruption Party		Donald Jerrard	0	0.0%	0 / 650		842	0.0%
Southampton Independents		Unknown	0	0.0%	0 / 650		816	0.0%
Workers Revolutionary Party		Sheila Torrance	0	0.0%	0 / 650		771	0.0%
Workers Party		Collective leadership	0	0.0%	0 / 650		708	0.0%
Something New		Dr James Smith	0	0.0%	0 / 650		552	0.0%
Demos Direct Initiative Party		Unknown	0	0.0%	0 / 650		551	0.0%
Libertarian Party		Adam Brown	0	0.0%	0 / 650		524	0.0%
Social Democratic Party		Peter Johnson	0	0.0%	0 / 650		469	0.0%
The Peace Party		John Morris	0	0.0%	0 / 650		468	0.0%
Friends Party		Kane Khan	0	0.0%	0 / 650		435	0.0%
Better for Bradford		Unknown	0	0.0%	0 / 650		420	0.0%
Other Independents		N/A	0	0.0%	0 / 650		135,323	0.04%		N/A
Others		N/A	0	0.0%	0 / 650		5,447	0.0%		N/A
Total			650	100%			32,203,481

Vote share
Conservative			42.3%
Labour			40.0%
Liberal Democrat			7.4%
Scottish National			3.0%
UK Independence			1.8%
Green			1.6%
Democratic Unionist			0.9%
Sinn Féin			0.7%
Plaid Cymru			0.5%
Others			1.8%

Parliamentary seats
Conservative			48.8%
Labour			40.3%
Scottish National			5.4%
Liberal Democrat			1.8%
Democratic Unionist			1.5%
Sinn Féin			1.1%
Plaid Cymru			0.6%
Green			0.2%
Speaker			0.2%
Independent			0.2%

File:2017 UK General Election Gallagher Index.png

The disproportionality of parliament in the 2017 election was 6.45 using the Gallagher Index.

Diversity

Newly elected MPs included Britain's first turbaned Sikh MP, Tan Dhesi, the first woman Sikh MP, Preet Gill, and the first MP of Palestinian descent, Layla Moran.

A record number of woman and LGBTQ MPs were elected. 208 woman MPs were elected to Parliament; the first time more than 200 MPs were women and beating the previous high of 196 woman MPs in the last Parliament. For the first time, a majority of MPs were educated at state comprehensive schools. More MPs who are known to be disabled were elected in 2017 than in 2015.

Seats which changed allegiance

Main article: List of MPs who lost their seat in the United Kingdom general election, 2017

Conservative to Labour (28)

• Battersea
• Bedford
• Brighton Kemptown
• Bristol North West
• Bury North
• Canterbury
• Cardiff North
• Colne Valley
• Crewe and Nantwich
• Croydon Central
• Derby North
• Enfield Southgate
• Gower
• High Peak
• Ipswich
• Keighley
• Kensington
• Lincoln
• Peterborough
• Plymouth Sutton and Devonport
• Portsmouth South
• Reading East
• Stockton South
• Stroud
• Vale of Clwyd
• Warrington South
• Warwick and Leamington
• Weaver Vale

SNP to Conservative (12)

• Aberdeen South
• Aberdeenshire West & Kincardine
• Angus
• Ayr, Carrick and Cumnock
• Banff and Buchan
• Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk
• Dumfries and Galloway
• East Renfrewshire
• Gordon
• Moray
• Ochil and South Perthshire
• Stirling

SNP to Labour (6)

• Coatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill
• East Lothian
• Glasgow North East
• Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath
• Midlothian
• Rutherglen and Hamilton West

Labour to Conservative (6)

• Copeland
• Derbyshire North East
• Mansfield
• Middlesbrough South and Cleveland East
• Stoke-on-Trent South
• Walsall North

Conservative to Liberal Democrat (5)

• Bath
• Eastbourne
• Kingston and Surbiton
• Oxford West and Abingdon
• Twickenham

SNP to Liberal Democrat (3)

• Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross
• Dunbartonshire East
• Edinburgh West

Liberal Democrat to Labour (2)

• Leeds North West
• Sheffield Hallam

SDLP to Sinn Féin (2)

• Foyle
• South Down

Liberal Democrat to Conservative (1)

• Southport

UKIP to Conservative (1)

• Clacton

Ulster Unionist to Sinn Féin (1)

• Fermanagh and South Tyrone

SDLP to Democratic Unionist (1)

• Belfast South

Ulster Unionist to Democratic Unionist (1)

• South Antrim

Liberal Democrat to Plaid Cymru (1)

• Ceredigion

Aftermath

Government formation

Further information: Second May ministry and Conservative–DUP agreement

Corbyn and Farron called on May to resign. On 9 June, May apologised to candidates who lost their seats and confirmed she would continue as party leader and prime minister, with the intention of forming a minority government with support from the Democratic Unionist Party in order to ensure "certainty". May's joint chiefs of staff Nick Timothy and Fiona Hill resigned, replaced by Gavin Barwell, who had lost his seat in the election.

On 10 June, a survey of 1,500 ConservativeHome readers found that almost two thirds of Conservative Party members wanted Theresa May to resign. A YouGov poll of 1,720 adults for the Sunday Times had 48% saying Theresa May should resign, with 38% against. A Survation poll of 1,036 adults online for the Mail on Sunday had 49% of people wanting her resignation, with 38% against. On 11 June George Osborne, former Chancellor of the Exchequer, described May as a "dead woman walking".

In a post-election reshuffle carried out on 11 June, May promoted her close ally Damian Green to become First Secretary of State and brought Michael Gove into the cabinet as environment secretary, making Andrea Leadsom Leader of the House of Commons. Liz Truss, David Lidington and David Gauke changed roles, while eleven cabinet members including key figures such as Boris Johnson, Amber Rudd, Michael Fallon, Philip Hammond and David Davis remained in post.

Negotiations between the Conservatives and DUP started on 9 June. On 12 June it was reported that the State Opening of Parliament, scheduled for 19 June, could be delayed. DUP sources informed the BBC that the Grenfell Tower fire on 14 June would delay finalisation of an agreement. On 15 June it was announced that the Queen's Speech would occur on 21 June. A confidence and supply deal was reached on 26 June, with the DUP backing the Conservatives in key votes in the House of Commons over the course of the parliament. The agreement included additional funding of £1 billion for Northern Ireland, highlighted mutual support for Brexit and national security, expressed commitment to the Good Friday Agreement, and indicated that policies such as the state pension triple lock and winter fuel payments would be maintained.

Party leadership changes

After achieving just 1.8% of the popular vote, down from 12.7% in 2015, and failing to win any seats, Paul Nuttall resigned as UKIP leader on 9 June. A leadership election followed.

Ian Blackford became the new SNP leader in Westminster on 14 June following Angus Robertson's defeat.

On 14 June Brian Paddick resigned as home affairs spokesperson for the Liberal Democrats over concerns about Farron's "views on various issues" during the campaign. Later that day, Farron announced his resignation as leader of the Liberal Democrats, citing conflict between his Christian faith and serving as leader. He remained as leader until Sir Vince Cable was elected unopposed on 20 July.

Campaign post-mortems

The Conservative Party campaign was widely criticised by those within and outwith the party. Points of criticism included the initial decision to call the election (against which Lynton Crosby had advised); the control of the campaign by a small team of May's joint chiefs of staff Nick Timothy and Fiona Hill, who were more experienced with policy work than campaigning; the presidential style of the campaign focusing on the figure of Theresa May, while most of the Cabinet were sidelined (particularly the exclusion of Chancellor of the Exchequer Hammond, with reports that May would sack him after the election); and a poorly designed manifesto that offered little hope and the contents of which were not shared with Cabinet members until shortly before its release. In July, Prime Minister Theresa May admitted she had "shed a tear" upon seeing the election exit poll, and suggested the manifesto's lack of appeal to younger voters had played a part in Conservative shortcomings.

External links

Voting registration

• UK Government – Register to vote
• Electoral Commission – Your Vote Matters

Party manifestos

• Conservative Party
• Labour Party
• SNP
• Liberal Democrats
• DUP
• Sinn Féin
• Plaid Cymru
• SDLP
• UUP
• UKIP
• Green Party

News sites

• BBC News – Politics
• UK General Election 2017 British House of Commons, Results in Full