Voice flute

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The voice flute (also the Italian flauto di voce and the French flûte de voix are found in English-language sources) is a recorder with the lowest note of D₄, and is therefore intermediate in size between the alto and tenor recorders.

Although sometimes regarded as a small tenor, a tone higher than the usual one in C₄ (Montagu 2007, 56; Rowland-Jones 1995b, 51), it was treated historically and is most often in modern times described as a large alto (Bergmann 1961, 228; Hunt 1983, 227; Maclagan 2009; O'Kelly 1990, 24; Seyfrit 2003). Though it has been speculated that the name might refer to the instrument's range, which is roughly equivalent to that of the soprano voice, the origin of the term "voice flute" is obscure (Hunt 1957, 86; Maclagan 2009).

Revived in the early twentieth century along with other sizes of recorder, it is used today as it was in the eighteenth century—as a substitute for the transverse flute—though it also has a small repertory of music composed specially for it, from both the Baroque and modern periods.

History

The voice flute was a popular size of recorder in the eighteenth century, especially in England. It offered an alternative instrument for amateurs to play music written for the transverse flute, since both instruments are at the same pitch. The usual clef used for recorder parts was the French violin clef, with G on the bottom line of the staff. Imagining this clef in place of the treble clef and using the normal F-alto fingerings on a voice flute renders music composed for flute or violin in the original key (Rowland-Jones 1995b, 51). Although the rather large number of surviving eighteenth-century voice flutes suggests this may have been a common practice at that time, there is little documentary evidence to support the idea (Davis 1983, 63; Montagu 2007, 56). Parts intended for this instrument were also often written in transposed notation, so the player could imagine he was playing an ordinary alto in F (Montagu 2007, 56; Seyfrit 2003).

Baroque repertoire

Important Baroque works composed specifically for the voice flute include the first four suites (in A major, D major, E minor, and B minor) from a set of six with accompaniment of archlute and viola da gamba, published in 1701 by Francis (Charles) Dieupart (Fuller and Holman 2001), a Quintet in B minor for the unusual combination of two voice flutes and two transverse flutes with continuo, attributed to one of the Loeillets in a Rostock manuscript (Hunt 1983, 227–28, though the precise authorship is disputed, see Lasocki and Neate & 1988 104n66), and the two obbligato recorder parts in Bach's Cantata Komm, du süße Todesstunde, BWV 161 (Linde 1991, 94). It is also probable that the voice flute is the type of recorder Bach intended for the obbligato part in Cantata 152, Tritt auf die Glaubensbahn, where the pitch of Bach's organ (the Chorton or choir pitch) was a minor third higher than the Cammerton (chamber pitch) of the other instruments (Hunt 1957, 86).

Eighteenth-century instruments and makers

A significant number of historical voice flutes survive in museums and private collections. The largest number by a single maker are the ten voice flutes (at a conservative count) by the London maker P. I. (Peter) Bressan, accounting for more than a fifth of the total of 48 surviving recorders from his workshop (Byrne 2001; Halfpenny 1964, 107). A more liberal count, including instruments possibly but not certainly by Bressan puts the number of voice flutes at sixteen, out of a total of 77 surviving recorders (Lander 1996–2014b). At least two of these instruments appear to be "left handed"—that is, they are meant to be played with the right hand uppermost (Higbee 1985a). There are other surviving English voice flutes from Thomas Stanesby, Sr., Joseph Bradbury, Thomas Cahusac, and a very late example by (probably) Valentine Metzler, as well as one by the Dublin maker John Neale (Halfpenny 1960, 65; Beaudin 1986; Folkers and Turner 1984; Lander 1996–2014c; Lander 1996–2014f; Montagu 2002, 152).

Continental examples also exist, from the Nuremberg families of Denner (one each by Jacob and Johann Christoph Denner) and Oberlender (Halfpenny 1968; Sayers 1975, 20), and three instruments by one or the other of the father-and-son Amsterdam makers Willem Beukers, Sr. and Jr. (Bouterse 2013; Lander 1996–2014a; Montagu 1995, 179; Montagu 1996, 530; Montagu 1997, 340). French instruments are scarcer, but one voice flute survives from the Paris workshop of Pierre Naust (Lander 1996–2014g), and an instrument in the Bate collection in Oxford, which formerly belonged to Edgar Hunt, bears the maker's name Hail, who may have been French (Lander 1996–2014e). Italian instruments are also infrequent, but two surviving voice flutes from Venice bear the maker's name "Castel", one apparently with the initial "W" (Lander 1996–2014d).

Modern use

The revival of interest in the recorder in the twentieth century was stimulated by Arnold Dolmetsch, who began making copies of surviving early recorders in 1919. Shortly after founding the Haslemere Festival in 1925, he put his son Carl (then aged 15) in charge of recorder development. In addition to the descant (soprano), treble (alto), tenor, and bass sizes of recorders (usually tuned at A = 415 Hz) he produced for the needs of the Festival low alto recorders in E♭ for Bach's cantata Gottes Zeit ist die allerbeste Zeit, BWV 106, sixth flutes for concertos by Woodcock and other eighteenth-century English composers, and voice flutes. The latter were used to play parts written for transverse flutes since, before 1930, there was no one in the Haslemere circle who had mastered the embouchure of the Baroque one-keyed flute (Hunt 1998, 11–12).

In Germany between the two world wars both soprano and alto recorders were made in different sizes, in part because of the difficulty of playing the cross-fingered flats and sharps on instruments using so-called German fingering, but also to exploit differences in timbre and response. In addition to the soprano in C₅, there were instruments made in D₅, B₄, B♭₄, and A₄; in addition to the usual alto in F₄, there were also instruments in G₄, E₄, E♭₄ and D₄, the last corresponding to the 18th-century voice flute. A conference to discuss these differences in size, held in 1931, concluded that the larger instruments in A and D were to be preferred, though this position was later partially countermanded by the Hitler Youth leadership, who permitted the D and A instruments "only for the purposes of chamber music; for folk music, for the sake of uniformity throughout the German Reich, it considers only the pitches C and F" (Moeck 1982, 66–67; O'Kelly 1990, 43).

Music was composed specifically for the alto in D, such as Johann Nepomuk David's Variations on an Original Theme for recorder and lute, Op. 32, No. 2 (1943), which is also cited as a rare pre-1960 example of the use of flutter-tongue on the recorder (Vetter 1969, 56). A much better-known piece is the Trio from Paul Hindemith's Plöner Musiktag (1932), which originally was for one soprano in A and two altos in D, though when eventually published it was transposed (with the composer's blessing) by the editor, Walter Bergmann, for soprano in C and two altos in F (O'Kelly 1990, 41–42).

The first notable avant-garde work for the tenor recorder, Makoto Shinohara's Fragmente (1968), has come to be performed by many players on the voice flute by preference (O'Kelly 1995, 159).

More recently, Australian composer Zana Clarke has written two works for the instrument: Cold Honey (1997) for either voice flute or tenor recorder, and Gentle Walker (1998) for both voice flute and tenor recorder, composed for and dedicated to Ben Ayre (Pleskun 2012, 693).

References

• Beaudin, Jean-François. 1986. Voice Flute by Joseph Bradbury (England, ca. 1720). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University (Collection of Historic Musical Instruments).
• Benedikt, Erich. 1972. "Ungewohnte Stimmlagen der Blockflote und ihre Bedeutung". Musikerziehung: Zeitschrift der Musikerzieher Österreichs 25, nos. 4–5 (March–May): 156–59, 210–12.
• Bergmann, Walter. 1961. "Henry Purcell’s Use of the Recorder". In Music Libraries and Instruments, 227–33. Hinrichsen’s 11th Music Book. London: Hinrichsen Edition. Reprinted in Recorder and Music 7, no. 12 (December): 310–13.
• Bouterse, Jan. 2013. "Willem Beukers Senior (Utrecht 1666 – Amsterdam 1750) and Willem Beukers Junior (Amsterdam 1703–1781)". Jan Bouterse website (accessed 3 December 2014).
• Byrne, Maurice. 2001. "Bressan, P(eter)". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Davis, Alan. 1987. Treble Recorder Technique. [London]: Novello & Company Limited. ISBN 0-85360-117-8.
• Folkers, Catherine, and Bob Turner. 1984. Tenor Recorder (Voice Flute) by John Neale (Dublin, ca. 1730). Boston: Museum of Fine Arts.
• Fuller, David, and Peter Holman. 2001. "Dieupart, Charles [François]". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
• Halfpenny, Eric. 1960. Further Light on the Stanesby Family. The Galpin Society Journal 13 (July): 59–69.
• [Halfpenny, Eric]. 1964. "Woodwind Instruments by P-I Bressan". The Galpin Society Journal 17 (February): 106–107.
• [Halfpenny, Eric]. 1967. "Current Register of Historic Instruments". The Galpin Society Journal 20 (March): 99.
• [Halfpenny, Eric]. 1968. "Current Register of Historic Instruments". The Galpin Society Journal 21 (March): 184.
• Higbee, Dale. 1985a. "A Left-handed 'Voice Flute' by Bressan". The Galpin Society Journal 38 (April): 143.
• Higbee, Dale. 1985b. "On Playing Recorders in D: Being a Short History of the Odd-Sized Recorders and Concerning the Revival of the Voice Flute & Sixth Flute". The American Recorder 26, no. 1 (February): 16–21.
• Higbee, Dale. 1991. "Recorders in Bach Cantata 161, Komm, du süsse Todesstunde". Journal of the American Musical Instrument Society 17:83–84.
• Higbee, Dale. 1999. On Playing the Baroque Treble Recorder in G Today. The Galpin Society Journal 52 (April): 387–88.
• Hunt, Edgar. 1957. "The Voice Flute". The Galpin Society Journal 10 (May): 86–87.
• Hunt, Edgar. 1983. "Fitting the Instrument to the Music". Recorder and Music 7, no. 9 (March): 227–28.
• Hunt, Edgar. 1998. "Carl Frédéric Dolmetsch CBE, Dr (Honoris Causa, Exeter), Hon. F. T. C. L., Hon. F. L. C. M." The Galpin Society Journal 51 (July): 11–15.
• Lander, Nicholas S. 1996–2014a. "Recorders by Willem Beukers, Sr & Jr". Recorder Home Page: Historic makers, instruments & collections. (accessed 4 December 2014).
• Lander, Nicholas S. 1996–2014b. "Recorders by Peter Bressan". Recorder Home Page: Historic makers, instruments & collections (accessed 4 December 2014).
• Lander, Nicholas S. 1996–2014c. "Recorders by Cahusac". Recorder Home Page: Historic makers, instruments & collections (accessed 4 December 2014).
• Lander, Nicholas S. 1996–2014d. "Recorders by Castel". Recorder Home Page: Historic makers, instruments & collections (accessed 4 December 2014).
• Lander, Nicholas S. 1996–2014e. "Recorders by Hail". Recorder Home Page: Historic makers, instruments & collections (accessed 4 December 2014).
• Lander, Nicholas S. 1996–2014f. "Recorders by Metzler". Recorder Home Page: Historic makers, instruments & collections (accessed 4 December 2014).
• Lander, Nicholas S. 1996–2014g. "Recorders by Naust". Recorder Home Page: Historic makers, instruments & collections (accessed 4 December 2014).
• Lander, Nicholas S. 1996–2014h. "Recorders by Rottenburgh". Recorder Home Page: Historic makers, instruments & collections (accessed 4 December 2014).
• Lasocki, David, and Helen Neate. 1988. "The Life and Works of Robert Woodcock, 1690-1728". The American Recorder (August): 92–104.
• Linde, Hans-Martin. 1991. The Recorder Player’s Handbook, second edition, translated by James C. Haden. Mainz: Schott. ISBN 9780946535170.
• Maclagan, Susan J. 2009. "Voice Flute". A Dictionary for the Modern Flutist, edited by Susan Maclagan. Lanham, MD. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6711-6 (cloth); ISBN 978-0-8108-6728-4 (ebook).
• MacMillan, Douglas. 1991. "The Voice Flute: An Historical Survey". The Consort 47:5–7.
• MacMillan, Douglas. 2007. "An Organological Overview of the Recorder 1800–1905". The Galpin Society Journal 60 (April): 191–202.
• Moeck, Hermann. 1982. "The Twentieth-Century Renaissance of the Recorder in Germany", translated by Friedrich and Ingeborg von Huene, edited by Jean Seiler and William Hettrick. The American Recorder23, no. 2 (May): 61–68.
• Montagu, Jeremy. 1995. "Salesrooms: Instruments". Early Music 23, no. 1 (February): 175–76, 179–80.
• Montagu, Jeremy. 1996. "Salesrooms: Instruments". Early Music 24, no. 3 (August): 529–30, 533–34.
• Montagu, Jeremy. 1997. "Salesrooms: Instruments". Early Music 25, no. 2 (May): 339–42.
• Montagu, Jeremy. 2002. "Salesrooms: Instruments". Early Music 30, no. 1 (February): 149–52.
• Montagu, Jeremy. 2007. Origins and Development of Musical Instruments. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5657-8.
• O'Kelly, Eve. 1990. The Recorder Today. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-36681-6.
• O'Kelly, Eve. 1995. "The Recorder Revival II: The Twentieth Century". In The Cambridge Companion to the Recorder, edited by John Mansfield Thomson and Antony Rowland-Jones, 152–65. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35816-3.
• Pleskun, Stephen. 2012. A Chronological History of Australian Composers and Their Compositions (Vol. 3: 1985–1998). [Australia]: Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-1-4797-8883-5 (cloth); ISBN 978-1-4797-8882-8 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-4797-8884-2 (ebook).
• Rowland-Jones, Anthony. 1995a. "The Recorder's Medieval and Renaissance Repertoire: A Commentary". In The Cambridge Companion to the Recorder, edited by John Mansfield Thomson and Antony Rowland-Jones, 26–50. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35816-3.
• Rowland-Jones, Anthony. 1995b. "The Baroque Recorder Sonata". In The Cambridge Companion to the Recorder, edited by John Mansfield Thomson and Antony Rowland-Jones, 51–73. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35816-3.
• Rowland-Jones, Anthony. 1995c. "The Baroque Chamber-Music Repertoire". In The Cambridge Companion to the Recorder, edited by John Mansfield Thomson and Antony Rowland-Jones, 74–90. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-35816-3.
• Sayers, K. J. 1975. "The Roessler Recorder". Early Music 3, no. 1 (January): 19–20.
• Seyfrit, Michael. 2003. "Recorder". The Harvard Dictionary of Music, fourth edition, edited by Don Michael Randel. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01163-5.
• Vetter, Michael. 1969. Il flauto dolce ed acerbo I: Anweisungen un Übungen für Spieler Neuer Blockflötenmusik / Instructions and Exercises for Players of New Recorder Music. Celle: Moeck Verlag.