War bride

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War bride is a term used in reference to military personnel who married foreign women in times of war or during military occupations of foreign countries, especially–but not exclusively–during World War I and World War II.

One of the largest and best documented war bride phenomenons is American servicemen marrying German "Fräuleins" after World War II. By 1949, over 20,000 German war brides had emigrated to the United States.[1] Furthermore, it is estimated that there are "... 15,000 Australian women who married American servicemen based in Australia during World War II and moved to the US to be with their husbands".[2] Allied servicemen also married many women in other countries where they were stationed at the end of the war, including France, Luxembourg, Philippines, and Japan. This also occurred in Korea and Vietnam with the later wars in those countries involving U.S. troops and other anti-communist soldiers. As many as 100,000 GI war brides left the United Kingdom, 150,000 to 200,000 hailed from continental Europe, 15,500 from Australia and 1,500 from New Zealand, between the years 1942 and 1952.[3]

In 2008 the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria, B.C., Canada, had as its major exhibit paintings by Calgary artist Bev Tosh.[4] The exhibit chronicled the warbride experience in Canada and New Zealand via a painting medium.

File:Bud Neill's G I Bride.jpg
The many Scots who emigrated as war brides were celebrated in Bud Neill's Lobey Dosser series by the G.I. Bride character (with her baby Ned), forever trying to thumb a lift from the fictional Calton Creek in Arizona back to Partick. The statue was erected in Partick station in 2011.[5]

Philippine-American War

Due to the Philippine Insurrection, a few U.S. servicemen would take Filipinas as their wives, with documentation as early as 1902 of one immigrating with their servicemember husband to the UK. These Filipinas were already U.S. nationals, when immigrating to the United States, making their legal status significantly different from previous Asian immigrants to the UK.[6]

War brides in World War II

United States

During and immediately after World War II, more than 60,000 U.S. servicemen married women overseas and they were promised that their wives and children would receive free passage to the U.S. The U.S. Army's "Operation War Bride", which eventually transported more than 70,000 women and children, began in Britain in early 1946. The first batch of war brides (455 British women and their 132 children) arrived in the U.S. on 4 February 1946. Over the years, an estimated 300,000 foreign war brides moved to the United States following the passage of the War Brides Act of 1945 and its subsequent amendments, of which 51,747 were Filipinos[7] and an estimated 50,000 were Japanese.[8]

Australia

About 650 Japanese war brides migrated to Australia after the ban on Japanese migration, imposed at the outbreak of the Pacific War, was lifted in 1952 when the San Francisco Peace Treaty came into force. They had married Australian soldiers involved in the occupation of Japan.[9]

Canada

Nearly 43,454 British war brides arrived in Canada accompanied by some 20,997 children.[10] Since 1939, most Canadian soldiers were stationed in Britain. As such, about 93% of all war brides arriving in Canada were of British origin.[11] The first marriage between a Canadian serviceman and a British bride was registered at Farnborough Church in the Aldershot area in December 1939, just 43 days after the first Canadian soldiers arrived.[11]

Many of these war brides emigrated to Canada, beginning in 1944 and peaking in 1946. A special Canadian agency, the Canadian Wives' Bureau was set up the Canadian Department of Defence to arrange transport and assist war brides in the transition to Canadian life. The majority of Canadian war brides landed at Pier 21 in Halifax, Nova Scotia, most commonly on the following troop and hospital ships: Queen Mary, Lady Nelson, Letitia, Mauretania, and Île de France.[12]

A small number of war brides originated from Ireland, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Italy, and Germany, as well.

The Canadian Museum of Immigration at Pier 21 has exhibits and collections dedicated to war brides.[13] There is a National Historic Site marker located at Pier 21, as well.[14]

Japan

Several thousand Japanese who were sent as colonizers to Manchukuo and Inner Mongolia were left behind in China. The majority of Japanese left behind in China were women, and these Japanese women mostly married Chinese men and became known as "stranded war wives" (zanryu fujin).[15][16] Because they had children fathered by Chinese men, the Japanese women were not allowed to bring their Chinese families back with them to Japan so most of them stayed. Japanese law only allowed children fathered by Japanese fathers to become Japanese citizens. However Japan lifted the restrictions on the women and citizenship for children born to foreign men recently and they have been migrating back to Japan with their Chinese husbands and children.

Korean War

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Further information: Western princess

6,423 Korean women married U.S. military personnel as war brides during and immediately after the Korean War.[17]

Vietnam War

8,040 Vietnamese women came to the United States as war brides between 1964 and 1975.[18]

2003 Iraq War

War brides from wars subsequent to Vietnam became less common due to differences in religion and culture, shorter durations of wars, and direct orders. As of 2006, about 1,500 visa requests had been made by U.S. military personnel for Iraqi spouses and fiancées.[19] There have been several well-publicized cases of American soldiers marrying Iraqi women.[20][21]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ http://www.americainwwii.com/stories/warbrides.htm
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ James Jupp, The Australian people: an encyclopedia of the nation, its people and their origins, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p 523.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Left Behind: Japan's Wartime Defeat and the Stranded Women of Manchukuo
  16. ↑ Mackerras 2003, p. 59.
  17. ↑ Eui-Young Yu and Earl H. Phillips, Korean women in transition: at home and abroad, Center for Korean-American and Korean Studies, California State University, Los Angeles, 1987, p185.
  18. ↑ Linda Trinh Võ and Marian Sciachitano, Asian American women: the Frontiers reader, University of Nebraska Press, 2004, p144.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

References

  • "The Meeting of Anni Adams: The Butterfly of Luxembourg" by Lonnie D. Story (ISBN 1932124268)
  • Love & War: stories of war brides from the Great War to Vietnam by Carol Fallows (ISBN 1863252673)
  • Michi's memories: the story of a Japanese war bride by Keiko Tamura (ISBN 1740760018)

External links

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