XII Corps (United Kingdom)

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This article is about the United Kingdom Army unit. For other units of the same name, see XII Corps.
XII Corps
Active 1915-19; 1940-45
Country  United Kingdom
Branch Flag of the British Army.svg British Army
Type Field Corps (infantry)
Size Around 60,000 men (WWII).
Engagements World War I[1]

World War II
Commanders
Notable
commanders		 Lt-Gen Sir Henry Fuller Maitland Wilson
Lt-Gen Bernard Montgomery
Lt-Gen Neil Ritchie

XII Corps was an army corps of the British Army in World War I and World War II. In World War I, it formed part of the British Salonika Force on the Macedonian front. In World War II, it formed part of Second Army during the Normandy and North-West Europe campaigns of 1944-45.

World War I

XII Corps was formed in France on 8 September 1915 under the command of Lt-Gen Sir Henry Fuller Maitland Wilson.[1][2] In November 1915, XII Corps was sent from France with 22nd, 26th and 28th Divisions under command to reinforce Allied forces on the Macedonian front. Wilson and his corps headquarters (HQ) arrived at the port of Salonika on 12 November, but the commander of the British Salonika Force (BSF) took XII Corp’s staff to establish his own HQ.[3] On 14 December 1915, the War Office sanctioned the establishment of two corps within the BSF and Wilson reformed XII Corps.[4]

After a period holding the defensive position known as ‘the Birdcage’ around Salonika, XII Corps moved up-country in July 1916, taking over former French positions, but only part was involved in the fighting during the summer and autumn.[5] XII Corps was selected to attack the Bulgarian positions west of Lake Doiran in April 1917.[6] The area to be attacked was ‘a defender’s dream, being a tangled mass of hills cut by numerous ravines’.[7] Wilson planned a three-stage operation to capture the three lines of defences, preceded by a short intense bombardment. The BSF’s commander, Sir George Milne decided that his manpower was too limited, and reduced this to a smaller assault on the first defence line only, preceded by a three-day bombardment to neutralise enemy batteries and destroy trenches and barbed wire. This, of course, lost the element of surprise and the Bulgarians were well aware of what was coming. Only three brigades were engaged, but the casualties were high and little ground was gained. In a second attack two weeks later, the assault troops managed to cross no man’s land, but it was difficult to get information back to HQs, and some companies simply disappeared.[8]

This 1st Battle of Doiran (second battle by Bulgarian reckoning) had been a failure and, with many troops being withdrawn to other theatres, XII Corps did not get another opportunity to launch a major attack until 18 September 1918. On that day, with two brigades of 22nd Division and the Greek Seres Division, XII Corps failed to take ‘Pip Ridge’ and the ‘Grande Couronne’. The following day, the attack was renewed with a brigade from 27th Division supported by the remnants of 22nd Division, the Seres Division, and the French 2nd Regiment of Zouaves. Once more the attack failed with heavy casualties.[9] However, the 2nd Battle of Doiran had served its purpose by drawing Bulgarian attention away from Gen Franchet d’Esperey’s main Franco-Serbian thrust, which broke through the Bulgarian lines further west. On 21 September, the BSF was ordered to pursue the retreating Bulgarians, with XII Corps in the lead. Bulgaria signed an armistice with the Allies on 29 September, but XII Corps continued to advance across Bulgaria towards the Turkish frontier, until the Ottoman Turks also signed the Armistice of Mudros on 31 October.[10]

XII Corps occupied parts of European Turkey and Wilson was appointed GOC Allied Forces Gallipoli and Bosporus. On 11 February 1919, XII Corps ceased to exist, Wilson becoming Commander, Allied Forces Turkey in Europe, British Salonika Army, and British Army of the Black Sea.[11][12]

Composition of XII Corps in World War I

Order of Battle (March 1917)[13]

Corps Troops:

World War II

Home defence

XII Corps, which was formed in 1940, was part of the United Kingdom's Home Forces in the early part of World War II. Lieutenant-General Sir Bernard Montgomery was its commander from 27 April 1941 until 13 August 1942, when he was sent to Egypt to take command of the British Eighth Army.[14]

Order of Battle, June - October 1940[15]

North West Europe

XII Corps, now commanded by Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie, was designated as one of the follow-up corps of the British Second Army and was sent to Normandy, France as part of Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944. In July, it took over command of the troops holding the Odon Valley area in July 1944 (previously under command of the British VIII Corps). It took part in a diversionary action in the area prior to Operation Goodwood (18–20 July 1944), and was then involved in the fighting southwards out of this area in August. XII Corps was the last assignment of the 59th (Staffordshire) Infantry Division prior to the division's disbandment in August.

XII Corps supported the left flank of XXX Corps during Operation Market Garden in September 1944; but, like VIII Corps on the right flank, struggled to match the pace of XXX Corps' rapid advance. This left XXX Corps' flanks exposed to German counter-attacks on its lines of communication, and was one of the major factors in the British failure at the Battle of Arnhem. XII Corps later went on to fight in the rest of the campaign, during Operation Blackcock, and later in the invasion of Germany.

Order of battle, June 1944
General Officer Commanding Lieutenant-General Neil Ritchie
Corps Troops[18]

Attached formations:

Divisions attached at other times:

Order of Battle, January 14–26, 1945 (Operation Blackcock)[30]

General Officers Commanding

Commanders included:[31]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 The British Corps of 1914-1918
  2. ↑ Official History: France and Belgium 1915, Vol. II, p. 87.
  3. ↑ Official History: Macedonia, Vol. I, p. 58.
  4. ↑ Wakefield & Moody, p.45; Official History: Macedonia, Vol. I, p. 95.
  5. ↑ Wakefield & Moody, pp. 48–58; Official History: Macedonia, Vol. I, pp. 155, 188.
  6. ↑ Official History, Macedonia, Vol I, p. 295.
  7. ↑ Wakefield & Moody p. 65.
  8. ↑ Wakefield & Moody, pp. 65–98;Official History: Macedonia, Vol I, pp. 306–319.
  9. ↑ Wakefield & Moody pp. 196–219; Official History: Macedonia, Vol II, pp. 163–178.
  10. ↑ Wakefield & Moody pp. 220–227.
  11. ↑ Army List.
  12. ↑ Official History: Macedonia, Vol II, pp. 268–70.
  13. ↑ Wakefield & Moody, Appendix.
  14. ↑ Michael Carver, 'Montgomery', in John Keegan (ed), Churchill's Generals, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Forty p. 346.
  19. ↑ 86 Anti-Tank Regiment RA (TA)
  20. ↑ 112 (Durham Lt Inf) Light AA Regiment RA (TA)
  21. ↑ 7 Survey Regiment RA (TA)
  22. ↑ 3rd Army Group RA
  23. ↑ 6 Field Regiment RA
  24. ↑ 13 Medium Regiment RA
  25. ↑ 59 (4th W Lancs) Medium Regiment RA (TA)
  26. ↑ 67 Medium Regiment RA (TA)
  27. ↑ 72 Medium Regiment RA (TA)
  28. ↑ 59 (Newfoundland) Heavy Regiment RA (TA)
  29. ↑ Regiments.org
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Army Commands

References

  • Brig-Gen Sir James E. Edmonds, Official History of the Great War, Military Operations: France and Belgium 1915, Volume II, Battle of Aubers Ridge, Festubert, and Loos, London: Macmillan (1928).
  • Capt Cyril Falls, Official History, Military Operations: Macedonia, Volume I: From the Outbreak of War to Spring 1917, London: HMSO (1933).
  • Capt Cyril Falls, Official History, Military Operations: Macedonia, Volume II: From the Spring of 1917 to the End of the War, London: HMSO (1935).
  • George Forty, British Army Handbook 1939-1945, Stroud: Sutton (1998) (ISBN 0-7509-1403-3).
  • Peter Harclerode, Arnhem: A Tragedy of Errors, Caxton Editions (1994).
  • Alan Wakefield & Simon Moody, Under the Devil's Eye: Britain's Forgotten Army at Salonika 1915-1918', Stroud; Sutton Publishing (2004) (ISBN 0-7509-3537-5).

External links

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