Deliciae Fictiles V: Networks and Workshops, Architectural Terracottas and Decorative Roof Systems in Italy and Beyond, 2019
Within the scope of my thesis study titled “Architectural Terracottas of Archaic Architecture in ... more Within the scope of my thesis study titled “Architectural Terracottas of Archaic Architecture in the Aiolis Region”, which I conducted at Istanbul University, Department of Classical Archaeology, I tried to evaluate all of the architectural terracottas of Aeolian buildings that I could identify. The finds at Larisa (Buruncuk-Turkey) have also been reexamined and discussed. In this article, I will try to provide suggestions about the connections between the working system of the manufacturer workshop/workshops and the workshops in the Aiolis region, starting from the technical features of the Larisa finds examined within the scope of my dissertation. As a result of these investigations, readers will be informed about the working principles of the workshops, the specialization, the branding, and the commercial relations between the buyers and the producers.
The Northern District of Olympos (Lycia) in the Roman Period (Roma Dönemi’nde Olymops (Lykia) Kuzey Kent), 2021
Excavations and research focused on the northern side of the city has been ongoing for some time ... more Excavations and research focused on the northern side of the city has been ongoing for some time in Lycian Olympos. Concentrated on the temple and its surroundings, where one of the most comprehensive construction programs of the city was carried out during the Roman Period, subject studies yielded finds that are promising for the development of new perspectives on the reconstruction program of the Roman Period to the northern part of the Olympos Stream, termed the Olympos Northern District. While sharing the incentive data regarding a strong claim such as the 'zoning program', presenting a holistic view on the urban plan rather than addressing the elements of the city individually, forms the backbone of this article. Taking into account the fact that some research results on the subject are published here for the first time, evaluations are conducted on the functions and definitions of the structures at some points affecting the content. The research method principally consists of evaluating the data obtained by documenting the finds revealed as a result of these excavations. Further, numerous data gathered as a result of work conducted over a 20-year period, is included. This article presents a thesis concerning the Roman Period development of the Olympos Northern District. In addition, certain questions are raised at the end of this article concerning the situation of this part of the city prior to the Roman Period, as it may enable the development of new perspectives and contribute to future research at Olympos.
Olympos is located on the eastern coast of Lycia, one of the ancient regions of Western Anatolia.... more Olympos is located on the eastern coast of Lycia, one of the ancient regions of Western Anatolia. It was one of the principal cities in the Lycian League, along with five others, and entitled to three votes. Archaeological excavations and surveys that started in 1998 and continued until today have unearthed much scientific data that illuminate the unknowns of the city and increase our knowledge of the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods of Olympos. Particular examples of archaeological and epigraphic data, which will most contribute to the debate regarding the localization of Olympos in Lycia, will be discussed in this article.
Animal skeletal remains were discovered in the entrance of the gasilhane (a place where the decea... more Animal skeletal remains were discovered in the entrance of the gasilhane (a place where the deceased were washed and prepared for burial) of the Harem (Concubine's) Hospital and the Black Eunuchs' ward during the renovations in the Harem of the Topkapı Palace (Istanbul, Turkey) in 2015. The bones/specimens found in the hospital (the Concubine's hospital) were the post-consumption remains of the sheep (Ovis aries) and chicken (Gallus sp.) while the bones found in the Black Eunuchs' ward belonged to sheep (Ovis aries), rats (Rattus sp.) and cat (Felis catus). These remains constitute the first zooarchaeological evidence of the meat products of the Ottoman Palace cuisine that appeared as sheep and chicken livestock purchases in the logbooks of the palace kitchen known as "Matbah-ı Amire". The bones with extensive butchery marks revealed boiling process-related impressions and were considered the post-consumption leftovers found in the Gasilhane section of the Harem hospital, which had outside access only through the Meyyit gate.
In 2016, the Directorate of İstanbul Archaeology Museums unearthed an extensive jetty within the ... more In 2016, the Directorate of İstanbul Archaeology Museums unearthed an extensive jetty within the eastern portion of the Byzantine harbor excavated at Yenikapı, İstanbul. The purpose of the paper is to present the results obtained from the dating and dendroprovenancing of the wooden timbers from this historical jetty. A total of 145 oak and fir samples were collected for dating. The cutting dates of the oak timbers were determined to be from AD 1762-1763, which has also been confirmed by archaeological documents. The best statistical values (Gleichläufigkeit value 76%, TV BP 10.0 and CDI 82) were obtained using the oak chronology for Vezneciler from the Asian side of the Bosporus, which represents construction phases dating to AD 1762-1763. The highest statistical matches for the oak tree-ring series from both Yenikapı and Vezneciler were obtained using reference chronologies from northern Greece and Kosovo. Three site chronologies from the forests of Bolu, Karabük and Kastamonu were used to date the fir samples, and the cutting date was determined to be AD 1906. The best statistical results were obtained from the site chronology for Kastamonu (Gleichläufigkeit value 72%, TV BP 10.3 and CDI 79). Due to the significant correlation with this site chronology, the origin of the fir samples may be from the forests of Kastamonu, which is the nearest fir forest along the Black Sea. Because roads and railways were not common during this period, the fir timbers may have been transported via the Black Sea to Yenikapı located near the Marmara Coast. We can conclude from this evidence that construction near the Byzantine harbor continued to utilize imported timbers into the Ottoman period.
In the 2015 excavation season, an east–west oriented burial (2015-Grave-14) built with large dime... more In the 2015 excavation season, an east–west oriented burial (2015-Grave-14) built with large dimension stone blocks was unearthed on the south edge of “Area IVi” at the Balatlar Church in Sinop, on the northeastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. In this grave, which is dated between the end of the 6th century AD and the first half of the 7th century AD, a human skeleton was found with the head to the west and a cat skeleton was carefully placed next to the right femur. This study on the burial and the cat skeleton within it shows that, compared to the Roman period, the status of cats reached a higher level during the Byzantine period. It was found that alongside of being a pet, the Balatlar cat was a young healthy female individual that instinctively hunted rodents and birds, given that the remains of a rat and a sparrow were found in the region of the abdominal cavity, corresponding with the stomach location in the living animal. The grave presents the most significant direct archaeolo...
Asymmetry, the abnormality of an organism or a part of it from its perfect symmetry, is represent... more Asymmetry, the abnormality of an organism or a part of it from its perfect symmetry, is represented by three different categories: fluctuating asymmetry, directional asymmetry, and antisymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry attributes to random developmental variation of a morphological character, whereas directional asymmetry attributes one of the body sides to be more prominent than the other. Antisymmetry appears whenever one body side of a biological body shows greater morphological appearance than the other. Since more environmental stress often produces greater effect of fluctuating asymmetry, it can be a good indicator of physiological stress in the morphological characteristic of a biological being. Applying, so far, the first geometric morphometric methods on any Byzantine fauna, this study aimed to determine the kind and direction of skull asymmetry occurred in Byzantine dog skulls. Aiming this, asymmetries in 16 adult Byzantine dog skulls unearthed form Yenikapı-Marmaray excavation (ancient Theodosius Harbor) in İstanbul, were compared with 39 adult skulls of modern pet dog breeds. Seventeen landmarks (3 midline and 14 bilateral) were selected on the digital pictures of the ventral aspect of each skull, and used for detailed analysis. The results showed a greater percentage of fluctuating asymmetry in the Byzantine dog skulls, suggesting them not to be the remains of pets or housed dogs but perhaps the labor or stray dogs in the Byzantine capital Constantinople.
Hem Osmanlı İmparatorluğu hem de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk müzesi, aynı
zamanda dünyanın da i... more Hem Osmanlı İmparatorluğu hem de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk müzesi, aynı zamanda dünyanın da ilk müzelerinden biri olan İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri, kurulduğu günden bu yana ülkemizin hem müzecilik hem de arkeoloji alanındaki ilklerini gerçekleştiren önemli bir kurum olmuştur. Müze tarafından geçtiğimiz yıllarda gerçekleştirilen İstanbul kent arkeolojisi çalışmaları, kent tarihi ana başlığı altında kayda değer bilgilerin bilim dünyası ve kamuoyuna sunulmasında önemli bir rol üstlenmiştir. İstanbul’un farklı noktalarında sürdürülen arkeolojik kazı ve araştırmalarda elde edilen mesleki tecrübeler, kent arkeolojisi ihtisas alanında yeni yaklaşımlar geliştirilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Bu yaklaşımlar bilim dünyası ve kamuoyuyla defalarca paylaşılmış ve sonuçları takdir toplamıştır. Bu paylaşımların gerçekleştirildiği toplantılar sırasında, günümüze değin “kent arkeolojisi” üst teması altında sunulan bu çalışmaların, “İstanbul Arkeolojisi” başlığı altında değerlendirilmesinin, bu ihtisas alanının geleceği açısından daha yapıcı sonuçlar doğuracağı düşüncesi zihinlerimizde belirginleşti. Bu düşünceyle İstanbul’da, konuyla ilgili tüm kurumların önümüzdeki yıllarda ortaklıkları artırarak daha kapsamlı çalışmaların gerçekleştirilmesinde rol üstlenmelerini temenni etmekteyiz.
Larisa, Different Lives Different Colours / Larisa, Farklı Hayatlar Farklı Renkler, 2018
This paper is about the architectural terracottas from Larisa in Archaic period. Today, all findi... more This paper is about the architectural terracottas from Larisa in Archaic period. Today, all findings from Larisa are in Istanbul and Stockholm. All of them have been reviewed. Here, some fragments are evaluated according to their usage areas in architecture with their technical details.
Özet MÖ 4. yüzyılda Karia'da, Batı Anadolu'daki diğer bölgelerden farklı biçimde, ekonomik ve kül... more Özet MÖ 4. yüzyılda Karia'da, Batı Anadolu'daki diğer bölgelerden farklı biçimde, ekonomik ve kültürel yükseliş yaşanmıştır. Bunun temel nedeni Hekatomnid Sülale yönetimidir. Maussollos ve kardeşi Idrieus Dönemleri'nde, sayıları azımsanmayacak kadar çok anıtsal yapılar inşa edilir. Bu yapılar arasındaki Halikarnassos Maussolleionu, Labraunda Zeus ve Priene Athena Tapınakları, Labraunda'daki Andronlar ve Kaunos kaya mezarlarından bazıları arasında mimari benzerlikler gözlemlenir. Farklı bölgelerde yaklaşık aynı tarihlerde inşa edilen bu yapılarda grid sistem, arşitrav soffiti kullanımı ve çatı mimarilerinde yakın tasarımlar uygulanmıştır. Bu detaylar mimari bakımdan yapılacak dikkatli incelemelerde açıkça görülmektedir. Bu makalede, yukarıda belirtilen yapılar bu gözle incelenerek, aralarındaki bağlantılar tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlantılar üzerinden, Karia'da yaklaşık MÖ 390-340 yılları arasındaki kısa sürede inşa edilen anıtsal binaların mimarları ve mimari atölyeleri üzerine bir tez sunulmuştur. Burada ortaya koymaya çalışacağımız önerimizin kısa bir özeti MÖ 4. yüzyılda yaşamış ünlü mimarlar Pytheos ve Satyros'un bu yapıların hepsinde çalıştığı şeklinde sunulabilir. Tarihsel kayıtlar, bu mimarların Maussolleion ve Priene Athena tapınağı ile doğrudan ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Moussolleion ve Athena tapınağı ile aynı zaman diliminde bölgede inşa edilen diğer anıtsal yapıların mimari benzerlikleri, Pytheos ve Satyros'un bölgede yürütülen tüm büyük projelerde aktif olduğunu düşünmemize neden olmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, " Hekatomnid Sülale yönetimi altında Karia imar programı " olarak tanımlanabilecek süreci açıklarken, aynı zamanda mimari atölyelerin çalışma organizasyonu üzerine yorumlarımız okuyucunun ilgisine sunulacaktır. Abstract Caria had a rapid economic and cultural rise different from other regions in Western Anatolia in the 4th c. B.C. The main reason for this was the rule of Hekatomnid dynasty. There were numerous monumental structures that were constructed during the reigns of Maussollos and his brother Idrieus. Among them are the Halikarnassos Maussolleion, Labraunda Zeus and Priene Athena temples, Androns in Labraunda and the rock tombs of Kaunos that feature similar architectural characteristics. The buildings which were constructed in different places at about the same time display architectural similarities in grid system, plan types, use of architrave soffits and their entablatures. These details are evident when they are carefully examined from an architectural point of view. In this article, the above mentioned structures have been evaluated in this framework and the link between them has been identified. With the help of the data obtained, a thesis is proposed on the architects and architectural workshops of monumental buildings in Caria in the period between the years 390 and 340 B.C., a relatively short period of time for such a zoning program. A brief summary of our proposal is that the famous architects Pytheos and Satyros, who lived in the 4th c. B.C. worked on all of these constructions. Historical records show that these architects were directly related to the Maussolleion and Priene Athena temple. Other monumental buildings which were built in the same time frame with the Moussolleion and Athena temple lead us to think that Pytheos and Satyros were active in all major projects carried out in the region. As a result, I will explain the process that is defined as " the new reconstruction program of Caria under the Hekatomnid Dynasty " while at the same time presenting my interpretations on the working organization of architectural workshops.
Deliciae Fictiles V: Networks and Workshops, Architectural Terracottas and Decorative Roof Systems in Italy and Beyond, 2019
Within the scope of my thesis study titled “Architectural Terracottas of Archaic Architecture in ... more Within the scope of my thesis study titled “Architectural Terracottas of Archaic Architecture in the Aiolis Region”, which I conducted at Istanbul University, Department of Classical Archaeology, I tried to evaluate all of the architectural terracottas of Aeolian buildings that I could identify. The finds at Larisa (Buruncuk-Turkey) have also been reexamined and discussed. In this article, I will try to provide suggestions about the connections between the working system of the manufacturer workshop/workshops and the workshops in the Aiolis region, starting from the technical features of the Larisa finds examined within the scope of my dissertation. As a result of these investigations, readers will be informed about the working principles of the workshops, the specialization, the branding, and the commercial relations between the buyers and the producers.
The Northern District of Olympos (Lycia) in the Roman Period (Roma Dönemi’nde Olymops (Lykia) Kuzey Kent), 2021
Excavations and research focused on the northern side of the city has been ongoing for some time ... more Excavations and research focused on the northern side of the city has been ongoing for some time in Lycian Olympos. Concentrated on the temple and its surroundings, where one of the most comprehensive construction programs of the city was carried out during the Roman Period, subject studies yielded finds that are promising for the development of new perspectives on the reconstruction program of the Roman Period to the northern part of the Olympos Stream, termed the Olympos Northern District. While sharing the incentive data regarding a strong claim such as the 'zoning program', presenting a holistic view on the urban plan rather than addressing the elements of the city individually, forms the backbone of this article. Taking into account the fact that some research results on the subject are published here for the first time, evaluations are conducted on the functions and definitions of the structures at some points affecting the content. The research method principally consists of evaluating the data obtained by documenting the finds revealed as a result of these excavations. Further, numerous data gathered as a result of work conducted over a 20-year period, is included. This article presents a thesis concerning the Roman Period development of the Olympos Northern District. In addition, certain questions are raised at the end of this article concerning the situation of this part of the city prior to the Roman Period, as it may enable the development of new perspectives and contribute to future research at Olympos.
Olympos is located on the eastern coast of Lycia, one of the ancient regions of Western Anatolia.... more Olympos is located on the eastern coast of Lycia, one of the ancient regions of Western Anatolia. It was one of the principal cities in the Lycian League, along with five others, and entitled to three votes. Archaeological excavations and surveys that started in 1998 and continued until today have unearthed much scientific data that illuminate the unknowns of the city and increase our knowledge of the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods of Olympos. Particular examples of archaeological and epigraphic data, which will most contribute to the debate regarding the localization of Olympos in Lycia, will be discussed in this article.
Animal skeletal remains were discovered in the entrance of the gasilhane (a place where the decea... more Animal skeletal remains were discovered in the entrance of the gasilhane (a place where the deceased were washed and prepared for burial) of the Harem (Concubine's) Hospital and the Black Eunuchs' ward during the renovations in the Harem of the Topkapı Palace (Istanbul, Turkey) in 2015. The bones/specimens found in the hospital (the Concubine's hospital) were the post-consumption remains of the sheep (Ovis aries) and chicken (Gallus sp.) while the bones found in the Black Eunuchs' ward belonged to sheep (Ovis aries), rats (Rattus sp.) and cat (Felis catus). These remains constitute the first zooarchaeological evidence of the meat products of the Ottoman Palace cuisine that appeared as sheep and chicken livestock purchases in the logbooks of the palace kitchen known as "Matbah-ı Amire". The bones with extensive butchery marks revealed boiling process-related impressions and were considered the post-consumption leftovers found in the Gasilhane section of the Harem hospital, which had outside access only through the Meyyit gate.
In 2016, the Directorate of İstanbul Archaeology Museums unearthed an extensive jetty within the ... more In 2016, the Directorate of İstanbul Archaeology Museums unearthed an extensive jetty within the eastern portion of the Byzantine harbor excavated at Yenikapı, İstanbul. The purpose of the paper is to present the results obtained from the dating and dendroprovenancing of the wooden timbers from this historical jetty. A total of 145 oak and fir samples were collected for dating. The cutting dates of the oak timbers were determined to be from AD 1762-1763, which has also been confirmed by archaeological documents. The best statistical values (Gleichläufigkeit value 76%, TV BP 10.0 and CDI 82) were obtained using the oak chronology for Vezneciler from the Asian side of the Bosporus, which represents construction phases dating to AD 1762-1763. The highest statistical matches for the oak tree-ring series from both Yenikapı and Vezneciler were obtained using reference chronologies from northern Greece and Kosovo. Three site chronologies from the forests of Bolu, Karabük and Kastamonu were used to date the fir samples, and the cutting date was determined to be AD 1906. The best statistical results were obtained from the site chronology for Kastamonu (Gleichläufigkeit value 72%, TV BP 10.3 and CDI 79). Due to the significant correlation with this site chronology, the origin of the fir samples may be from the forests of Kastamonu, which is the nearest fir forest along the Black Sea. Because roads and railways were not common during this period, the fir timbers may have been transported via the Black Sea to Yenikapı located near the Marmara Coast. We can conclude from this evidence that construction near the Byzantine harbor continued to utilize imported timbers into the Ottoman period.
In the 2015 excavation season, an east–west oriented burial (2015-Grave-14) built with large dime... more In the 2015 excavation season, an east–west oriented burial (2015-Grave-14) built with large dimension stone blocks was unearthed on the south edge of “Area IVi” at the Balatlar Church in Sinop, on the northeastern Black Sea coast of Turkey. In this grave, which is dated between the end of the 6th century AD and the first half of the 7th century AD, a human skeleton was found with the head to the west and a cat skeleton was carefully placed next to the right femur. This study on the burial and the cat skeleton within it shows that, compared to the Roman period, the status of cats reached a higher level during the Byzantine period. It was found that alongside of being a pet, the Balatlar cat was a young healthy female individual that instinctively hunted rodents and birds, given that the remains of a rat and a sparrow were found in the region of the abdominal cavity, corresponding with the stomach location in the living animal. The grave presents the most significant direct archaeolo...
Asymmetry, the abnormality of an organism or a part of it from its perfect symmetry, is represent... more Asymmetry, the abnormality of an organism or a part of it from its perfect symmetry, is represented by three different categories: fluctuating asymmetry, directional asymmetry, and antisymmetry. Fluctuating asymmetry attributes to random developmental variation of a morphological character, whereas directional asymmetry attributes one of the body sides to be more prominent than the other. Antisymmetry appears whenever one body side of a biological body shows greater morphological appearance than the other. Since more environmental stress often produces greater effect of fluctuating asymmetry, it can be a good indicator of physiological stress in the morphological characteristic of a biological being. Applying, so far, the first geometric morphometric methods on any Byzantine fauna, this study aimed to determine the kind and direction of skull asymmetry occurred in Byzantine dog skulls. Aiming this, asymmetries in 16 adult Byzantine dog skulls unearthed form Yenikapı-Marmaray excavation (ancient Theodosius Harbor) in İstanbul, were compared with 39 adult skulls of modern pet dog breeds. Seventeen landmarks (3 midline and 14 bilateral) were selected on the digital pictures of the ventral aspect of each skull, and used for detailed analysis. The results showed a greater percentage of fluctuating asymmetry in the Byzantine dog skulls, suggesting them not to be the remains of pets or housed dogs but perhaps the labor or stray dogs in the Byzantine capital Constantinople.
Hem Osmanlı İmparatorluğu hem de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk müzesi, aynı
zamanda dünyanın da i... more Hem Osmanlı İmparatorluğu hem de Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin ilk müzesi, aynı zamanda dünyanın da ilk müzelerinden biri olan İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri, kurulduğu günden bu yana ülkemizin hem müzecilik hem de arkeoloji alanındaki ilklerini gerçekleştiren önemli bir kurum olmuştur. Müze tarafından geçtiğimiz yıllarda gerçekleştirilen İstanbul kent arkeolojisi çalışmaları, kent tarihi ana başlığı altında kayda değer bilgilerin bilim dünyası ve kamuoyuna sunulmasında önemli bir rol üstlenmiştir. İstanbul’un farklı noktalarında sürdürülen arkeolojik kazı ve araştırmalarda elde edilen mesleki tecrübeler, kent arkeolojisi ihtisas alanında yeni yaklaşımlar geliştirilmesine olanak sağlamıştır. Bu yaklaşımlar bilim dünyası ve kamuoyuyla defalarca paylaşılmış ve sonuçları takdir toplamıştır. Bu paylaşımların gerçekleştirildiği toplantılar sırasında, günümüze değin “kent arkeolojisi” üst teması altında sunulan bu çalışmaların, “İstanbul Arkeolojisi” başlığı altında değerlendirilmesinin, bu ihtisas alanının geleceği açısından daha yapıcı sonuçlar doğuracağı düşüncesi zihinlerimizde belirginleşti. Bu düşünceyle İstanbul’da, konuyla ilgili tüm kurumların önümüzdeki yıllarda ortaklıkları artırarak daha kapsamlı çalışmaların gerçekleştirilmesinde rol üstlenmelerini temenni etmekteyiz.
Larisa, Different Lives Different Colours / Larisa, Farklı Hayatlar Farklı Renkler, 2018
This paper is about the architectural terracottas from Larisa in Archaic period. Today, all findi... more This paper is about the architectural terracottas from Larisa in Archaic period. Today, all findings from Larisa are in Istanbul and Stockholm. All of them have been reviewed. Here, some fragments are evaluated according to their usage areas in architecture with their technical details.
Özet MÖ 4. yüzyılda Karia'da, Batı Anadolu'daki diğer bölgelerden farklı biçimde, ekonomik ve kül... more Özet MÖ 4. yüzyılda Karia'da, Batı Anadolu'daki diğer bölgelerden farklı biçimde, ekonomik ve kültürel yükseliş yaşanmıştır. Bunun temel nedeni Hekatomnid Sülale yönetimidir. Maussollos ve kardeşi Idrieus Dönemleri'nde, sayıları azımsanmayacak kadar çok anıtsal yapılar inşa edilir. Bu yapılar arasındaki Halikarnassos Maussolleionu, Labraunda Zeus ve Priene Athena Tapınakları, Labraunda'daki Andronlar ve Kaunos kaya mezarlarından bazıları arasında mimari benzerlikler gözlemlenir. Farklı bölgelerde yaklaşık aynı tarihlerde inşa edilen bu yapılarda grid sistem, arşitrav soffiti kullanımı ve çatı mimarilerinde yakın tasarımlar uygulanmıştır. Bu detaylar mimari bakımdan yapılacak dikkatli incelemelerde açıkça görülmektedir. Bu makalede, yukarıda belirtilen yapılar bu gözle incelenerek, aralarındaki bağlantılar tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu bağlantılar üzerinden, Karia'da yaklaşık MÖ 390-340 yılları arasındaki kısa sürede inşa edilen anıtsal binaların mimarları ve mimari atölyeleri üzerine bir tez sunulmuştur. Burada ortaya koymaya çalışacağımız önerimizin kısa bir özeti MÖ 4. yüzyılda yaşamış ünlü mimarlar Pytheos ve Satyros'un bu yapıların hepsinde çalıştığı şeklinde sunulabilir. Tarihsel kayıtlar, bu mimarların Maussolleion ve Priene Athena tapınağı ile doğrudan ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Moussolleion ve Athena tapınağı ile aynı zaman diliminde bölgede inşa edilen diğer anıtsal yapıların mimari benzerlikleri, Pytheos ve Satyros'un bölgede yürütülen tüm büyük projelerde aktif olduğunu düşünmemize neden olmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, " Hekatomnid Sülale yönetimi altında Karia imar programı " olarak tanımlanabilecek süreci açıklarken, aynı zamanda mimari atölyelerin çalışma organizasyonu üzerine yorumlarımız okuyucunun ilgisine sunulacaktır. Abstract Caria had a rapid economic and cultural rise different from other regions in Western Anatolia in the 4th c. B.C. The main reason for this was the rule of Hekatomnid dynasty. There were numerous monumental structures that were constructed during the reigns of Maussollos and his brother Idrieus. Among them are the Halikarnassos Maussolleion, Labraunda Zeus and Priene Athena temples, Androns in Labraunda and the rock tombs of Kaunos that feature similar architectural characteristics. The buildings which were constructed in different places at about the same time display architectural similarities in grid system, plan types, use of architrave soffits and their entablatures. These details are evident when they are carefully examined from an architectural point of view. In this article, the above mentioned structures have been evaluated in this framework and the link between them has been identified. With the help of the data obtained, a thesis is proposed on the architects and architectural workshops of monumental buildings in Caria in the period between the years 390 and 340 B.C., a relatively short period of time for such a zoning program. A brief summary of our proposal is that the famous architects Pytheos and Satyros, who lived in the 4th c. B.C. worked on all of these constructions. Historical records show that these architects were directly related to the Maussolleion and Priene Athena temple. Other monumental buildings which were built in the same time frame with the Moussolleion and Athena temple lead us to think that Pytheos and Satyros were active in all major projects carried out in the region. As a result, I will explain the process that is defined as " the new reconstruction program of Caria under the Hekatomnid Dynasty " while at the same time presenting my interpretations on the working organization of architectural workshops.
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zamanda dünyanın da ilk müzelerinden biri
olan İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri, kurulduğu
günden bu yana ülkemizin hem müzecilik hem
de arkeoloji alanındaki ilklerini gerçekleştiren
önemli bir kurum olmuştur. Müze tarafından
geçtiğimiz yıllarda gerçekleştirilen İstanbul kent
arkeolojisi çalışmaları, kent tarihi ana başlığı
altında kayda değer bilgilerin bilim dünyası ve
kamuoyuna sunulmasında önemli bir rol üstlenmiştir. İstanbul’un farklı noktalarında sürdürülen arkeolojik kazı ve araştırmalarda elde edilen
mesleki tecrübeler, kent arkeolojisi ihtisas alanında yeni yaklaşımlar geliştirilmesine olanak
sağlamıştır. Bu yaklaşımlar bilim dünyası ve
kamuoyuyla defalarca paylaşılmış ve sonuçları
takdir toplamıştır. Bu paylaşımların gerçekleştirildiği toplantılar sırasında, günümüze değin
“kent arkeolojisi” üst teması altında sunulan bu
çalışmaların, “İstanbul Arkeolojisi” başlığı altında değerlendirilmesinin, bu ihtisas alanının
geleceği açısından daha yapıcı sonuçlar doğuracağı düşüncesi zihinlerimizde belirginleşti. Bu
düşünceyle İstanbul’da, konuyla ilgili tüm
kurumların önümüzdeki yıllarda ortaklıkları
artırarak daha kapsamlı çalışmaların gerçekleştirilmesinde rol üstlenmelerini temenni etmekteyiz.
Abstract
Caria had a rapid economic and cultural rise different from other regions in Western Anatolia in the 4th c. B.C. The main reason for this was the rule of Hekatomnid dynasty. There were numerous monumental structures that were constructed during the reigns of Maussollos and his brother Idrieus. Among them are the Halikarnassos Maussolleion, Labraunda Zeus and Priene Athena temples, Androns in Labraunda and the rock tombs of Kaunos that feature similar architectural characteristics. The buildings which were constructed in different places at about the same time display architectural similarities in grid system, plan types, use of architrave soffits and their entablatures. These details are evident when they are carefully examined from an architectural point of view. In this article, the above mentioned structures have been evaluated in this framework and the link between them has been identified. With the help of the data obtained, a thesis is proposed on the architects and architectural workshops of monumental buildings in Caria in the period between the years 390 and 340 B.C., a relatively short period of time for such a zoning program. A brief summary of our proposal is that the famous architects Pytheos and Satyros, who lived in the 4th c. B.C. worked on all of these constructions. Historical records show that these architects were directly related to the Maussolleion and Priene Athena temple. Other monumental buildings which were built in the same time frame with the Moussolleion and Athena temple lead us to think that Pytheos and Satyros were active in all major projects carried out in the region. As a result, I will explain the process that is defined as " the new reconstruction program of Caria under the Hekatomnid Dynasty " while at the same time presenting my interpretations on the working organization of architectural workshops.
zamanda dünyanın da ilk müzelerinden biri
olan İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri, kurulduğu
günden bu yana ülkemizin hem müzecilik hem
de arkeoloji alanındaki ilklerini gerçekleştiren
önemli bir kurum olmuştur. Müze tarafından
geçtiğimiz yıllarda gerçekleştirilen İstanbul kent
arkeolojisi çalışmaları, kent tarihi ana başlığı
altında kayda değer bilgilerin bilim dünyası ve
kamuoyuna sunulmasında önemli bir rol üstlenmiştir. İstanbul’un farklı noktalarında sürdürülen arkeolojik kazı ve araştırmalarda elde edilen
mesleki tecrübeler, kent arkeolojisi ihtisas alanında yeni yaklaşımlar geliştirilmesine olanak
sağlamıştır. Bu yaklaşımlar bilim dünyası ve
kamuoyuyla defalarca paylaşılmış ve sonuçları
takdir toplamıştır. Bu paylaşımların gerçekleştirildiği toplantılar sırasında, günümüze değin
“kent arkeolojisi” üst teması altında sunulan bu
çalışmaların, “İstanbul Arkeolojisi” başlığı altında değerlendirilmesinin, bu ihtisas alanının
geleceği açısından daha yapıcı sonuçlar doğuracağı düşüncesi zihinlerimizde belirginleşti. Bu
düşünceyle İstanbul’da, konuyla ilgili tüm
kurumların önümüzdeki yıllarda ortaklıkları
artırarak daha kapsamlı çalışmaların gerçekleştirilmesinde rol üstlenmelerini temenni etmekteyiz.
Abstract
Caria had a rapid economic and cultural rise different from other regions in Western Anatolia in the 4th c. B.C. The main reason for this was the rule of Hekatomnid dynasty. There were numerous monumental structures that were constructed during the reigns of Maussollos and his brother Idrieus. Among them are the Halikarnassos Maussolleion, Labraunda Zeus and Priene Athena temples, Androns in Labraunda and the rock tombs of Kaunos that feature similar architectural characteristics. The buildings which were constructed in different places at about the same time display architectural similarities in grid system, plan types, use of architrave soffits and their entablatures. These details are evident when they are carefully examined from an architectural point of view. In this article, the above mentioned structures have been evaluated in this framework and the link between them has been identified. With the help of the data obtained, a thesis is proposed on the architects and architectural workshops of monumental buildings in Caria in the period between the years 390 and 340 B.C., a relatively short period of time for such a zoning program. A brief summary of our proposal is that the famous architects Pytheos and Satyros, who lived in the 4th c. B.C. worked on all of these constructions. Historical records show that these architects were directly related to the Maussolleion and Priene Athena temple. Other monumental buildings which were built in the same time frame with the Moussolleion and Athena temple lead us to think that Pytheos and Satyros were active in all major projects carried out in the region. As a result, I will explain the process that is defined as " the new reconstruction program of Caria under the Hekatomnid Dynasty " while at the same time presenting my interpretations on the working organization of architectural workshops.