Department of Economics

The study is conducted in 2013 to see the impact of area under cotton crop and fertilizers off-take on its productivity in Pakistan by considering time series data rsince1980 till 2010 by evaluating econometric techniques. The finding showed that one hectare increase in area under cotton cultivation brings about 0.87 tones increase in total cotton production while 1 percent increase in fertilizer off-take for cotton bring about 0.63 tones increase in cotton production. Due to positive, statistically significant at 5 percent and high value of R-squared (0.82) of the explanatory variables, it is recommended that more and more area under cotton cultivation, suitable and proper amount of fertilizers off-take should be managed to increase cotton production.

This paper attempts to examine the impact of trade liberalization over the macro economic structure of four SAARC member countries-Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Srilanka during1985 to 2006. The data set consists of a 21 years (1985-2006) time series data of trade variables of four countries of SAARC named as Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Srilanka. The data provides the substantial evidence, which shows the benefits of intra regional trade expansion: larger markets and fuller utilization of production capabilities, transfer of suitable production technologies, comparative advantage and complementarities, economies of scale due to expanded markets and better utilization of entrepreneurial capabilities, capital, manpower and natural resources. In addition to that such an arrangement is also expected to foster closer economic ties among member countries and enhance their bargaining power with respect to other countries and economic blocs.

This paper focuses on the casual relationship between Intra industry trade (IIT) of Pakistan and Its determinants. The data for estimating intra industry trade, using G-L index technique, is extracted from United Nation Commodity Trade (UN Comtrade) and data for its determinants, is taken from World Development Index. The data set is from 1980 to 2012. The data set is been tested through UNIT ROOT test for Stationarity, Cointegration and in end Ganger Causality test. This paper is an extension to the previous work of the authors. The extracted data is found to be stationary at 1 st difference and is tested through IPS and ADF fisher unit root tests. The result shows that there is only uni-directional causality between IIT and absolute difference between per capita GDP of Pakistan and its trading partners. While the geographical distance between Pakistan its partners have two-way causality with difference between the market size of the Pakistan and its trading countries. On the other hand the determinants have uni-directional causality between them.

This study investigates intra-industry trade (IIT) of Pakistan for 31 years with eleven selective major trading economies and country-specific determinants of IIT of Pakistan using gravity model. OLS technique is used on panel data of 341 observation and UN COMTRADE and World Development Indicator (WDI) as data source the result shows 24.93% of IIT of Pakistan with its selective trading partners and R-square is 88%. This study provides 31 years average levels of IIT of Pakistan, both one-digit SITC commodity wise and country wise.

Domestic investment performs a significant role to influence the economic growth in the society of Pakistan. The enhancement of economic development depends on domestic investment of the society. Labor force and investment show the productivity of an economy. Secondary data has been accumulated from the World Development Indicators (WDI) during of 1980 to 2016 to trace out the effect of the domestic investment on economic growth. The stationarity of data of domestic investment, exports, labor force, and economic growth are examined by applying Augment Dicky Fuller (ADF) test. Moreover, Johansen Co-integration test is used to determine the long-run association between domestic investment and economic growth. Error Correction Model (ECM) test was employed to scrutinize the short-run relationship between economic growth and domestic investment. The findings showed that exports positively influence on economic growth. Besides this, domestic investment and labor force negatively affect the economic growth. So, due to lack of skilled labor force and deficiency of proper investment, the share of the labor force and domestic investment have an insignificant impact on the economic growth in the society.

Although it is very common to argue that the foreign direct investment is beneficial for the economic development of a nation. This exploration investigates the connection amongst FDI and economic development in case of Pakistan. In this study secondary data from 1985 to 2016 is taken to examine the relationship. The investigation included GDP as explained and exports and FDI as explanatory variables. To check data either it is stationary or not the study used Augmented Dickey Fuller test in our study. After making data stationary we have used OLS method to investigate the nature of relationship between the variables. Our results show that there is direct link amongst explained and explanatory variable. The findings also show that there is significant relationship between FDI and economic growth. After analyzing the calculations we came to know that foreign direct investment is a significant element for the economic development because it has positive impact and have significant rel...

An endeavor has been made in this paper to ascertain the reasons behind the bleak performance of the economy of Pakistan in spite of the fact that the country possesses cheaper labor as compared to many countries of the world. With a big portion of our labor force – comprising of women has been neglected even from unemployment alleviation planning. The data used in this study was available from December 2007 to September 2010. Looking up to neighboring China and its economic progress as the most populated country of the world brought its population in the economic fold, Pakistani government also needs to come up with some similar strategy but related to its own society norms. Pakistan could also bring a big part of its population by strengthening microfinance sector and subsequently small sector of the country. There is great scope in the microfinance industry in Pakistan provided that the government objectively patronizes the activities of the microfinance banks and institutions.

There is an immense need for muslim countries to recognize the importance of women especially in education and their well-being in order to establish a prosperous society from economic perspective. A cross-section data of 1forty-nine muslim countries was analyzed along with theoretical and empirical explanation of few outlier muslim countries who were economically robust but paradoxically showed low gender-equality profile. The results in few cases showed very different results than expected however those cases in general belonged to oil-rich countries, where their strong economy stands only on the export of oil and its derivatives. The extreme case of Qatar, which has a big per-capita income however its gender inequality profile was comparable to Pakistan, whose per-capita income was only three percent as that of Qatar. Moreover, Saudi Arab’s per capita income is ten times more as that of Pakistan but its gender equality profile much less than Pakistan’s. Apart from these few cases...

Dairy industry of Pakistan encounters many improving measurements to ensure the acceptability of its products in international market. For the purpose Pakistan Dairy Development Council (PDDC) introduces many innovative measures. While discussing the implication of these measures the training and skills of labor force working in industry matters a lot. It is the feature of Pakistan's dairy industry that a prominent ratio of its labor force is from the always neglected strata of society, the rural women. Women play both the direct and indirect role in managing livestock in rural regions of Pakistan. While observing role of dairy industry in export earnings, the services of its major labor force (rural women) should not be neglected. This paper is an attempt to discuss the development and export earnings of Pakistan's dairy industry and correspondence potential role of rural women with special reference to food security and poverty eradication in country. It is the descriptive...

Globalization hampers the growth level of the countries, then this raising growth rate helps to improve the living standard and reduce inequalities among the masses, that finally downgrade the poverty level of the nations, is the way that global institutions favor it. The debate on rightness of the measures taken for globalization to the socioeconomic development of emerging economies is prolonged and still controversial too. This paper attempts to address the impacts of measures taken for globalization (trade liberalization)specially with reference to its benefits and harms associated to growth and poverty alleviation in Pakistan. In order to examine the effects of trade liberalization on output growth and poverty, Toda-Yamamoto Granger causality is used, by taking data of last 30 years i.e. 1985 to 2015. The empirical findings and review of literature done in the study is consistent with the judgment of prior studies as concluding the hybrid type effects of globalization to the so...

Pakistan aimed to achieve the target of 5.5% of GDP growth for the fiscal year 2015-16, of which 3.9% is expected to catch from the agricultural sector. In the economy, about 42.3% of the total employment is attributed by the agricultural sector, of which about 72.7% is contributed by the 48.96% of the total population, the WOMEN. Female as first-line labor force never receive the consideration of their actual contribution in the development on national basis. Like other developing economies of the world, Pakistan must to focus to expose and utilize the potential of the women labor force in agriculture. The discussion on the agricultural development of Pakistan with reference to women's self-employment is done in this study. Along review of literature and empirical studies, to facilitate the discussion and conclusion, annual time series data from the period of 1985 to 2015 under the regression analysis is taken. The variables taken, to discuss the strength and nature of associat...

The Objective of this manuscript is to inspect the role of ASEAN 3 in globalization process. To study it, FDI 4 inflows- have been taken as proxy variable for the measurement of globalization. In this connection, data of ASEAN pertaining to seven countries has extracted i . The time series data has been taken from World Development Indicator for the period of 1991 to 2013. It has been found that ASEAN has been playing vital role in the process of globalization, as their FDI graph is showing increasing trend. Moreover here Singapore is taken for checking the relationship of foreign direct investment with some other variables namely urban population, net trade and gross domestic product. For this purpose OLS method has been used, where the regression analysis has been done through the software Eviews 8. The results are showing that FDI is giving positive and significant relationship with GDP, net trade and also it is showing negative and significant relationship with population. 3

The paper aims to see the effect of Nominal, Real (External) and Effective Exchange rates (EER) of the U.S dollar on its Terms of Trade with two of its APEC trading partners Australia and New Zealand for the period 1991 to 2010. For analysis, the whole values, percentage changes and relationships between Nominal, Real, EER and Terms of Trade of U.S with the two countries has been taken into consideration. In order to fully access the relationship between the EER and TOT of the U.S with the two trading partners, the Classical Regression analysis is used. It was found that the Real Exchange rate was overvalued as compared to the Nominal Exchange Rate. It was also found that when compared to Nominal exchange rate, Real exchange rate is more effective in explaining the TOT. The Real AUD/USD had both short run and long run impacts on the TOT of U.S.A with Australia but the Real NZD/USD had no impact on the TOT of U.S.A with New Zealand. The EER has been found to be the most effective in determining the TOT balance. The regression analysis showed a regression function of "Terms of Trade=-122.026 + 2.1 Effective Exchange Rate". The relationship is found by coefficient correlation (r) and there is found to be a positive and strong relationship between the two variables. The 2 value shows that although some values of the TOT are caused by the EER, there are also other variables that might be influencing the EER as well. The t-values show that the values of β0 and β1 are significant. Also the F-test confirms the overall significance of the model and terms the results as authentic. I. Introduction The APEC (Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation) was founded initially because of the increasing interdependence of the Asia-Pacific countries and due to the dawn of several trade blocs at that time, particularly the G8. Ever since the Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was established in 1989, it has succeeded in reducing major trade barriers across the Asia-Pacific region to enhance trade in the area (Baak, 2005). Not only that, the APEC forum has increased to 21 Pacific Rim countries that include many strong emerging economies such as

Domestic investment performs a significant role to influence the economic growth in the society of Pakistan. The enhancement of economic development depends on domestic investment of the society. Labor force and investment show the productivity of an economy. Secondary data has been accumulated from the World Development Indicators (WDI) during of 1980 to 2016 to trace out the effect of the domestic investment on economic growth. The stationarity of data of domestic investment, exports, labor force, and economic growth are examined by applying Augment Dicky Fuller (ADF) test. Moreover, Johansen Co-integration test is used to determine the long-run association between domestic investment and economic growth. Error Correction Model (ECM) test was employed to scrutinize the short-run relationship between economic growth and domestic investment. The findings showed that exports positively influence on economic growth. Besides this, domestic investment and labor force negatively affect t...

Agriculture sector is considered as backbone of Pakistan's economy categorized into its subsectors as cash crops, food crops, forestry, fisheries and livestock. Here livestock interestingly push forward the most higher output yield especially milk that sum value of output yield provided by cash and food crops both could not meet its sole worth. That's why Pakistan is ranked in the top four milk producing economies at globe. It is very right that 90% of rural population of country are dependent upon dairy sector whether being directly or indirectly involved in its supply chain management. The present study strives to highlight the significance of dairy industry of Pakistan and its trade share with partners countries of SAARC. For the purpose the period studied here is from 1990 to 2017 with an examination of major dairy products and their contribution in agricultural and national GDP. Further study analyze the impact of different phases in trade reforms via finding country's share in region. Thus this study evaluates performance of dairy sector of Pakistan in country and in regional trade.

The Objective of this manuscript is to inspect the role of ASEAN 3 in globalization process. To study it, FDI 4 inflows-have been taken as proxy variable for the measurement of globalization. In this connection, data of ASEAN pertaining to seven countries has extracted i. The time series data has been taken from World Development Indicator for the period of 1991 to 2013. It has been found that ASEAN has been playing vital role in the process of globalization, as their FDI graph is showing increasing trend. Moreover here Singapore is taken for checking the relationship of foreign direct investment with some other variables namely urban population, net trade and gross domestic product. For this purpose OLS method has been used, where the regression analysis has been done through the software Eviews 8. The results are showing that FDI is giving positive and significant relationship with GDP, net trade and also it is showing negative and significant relationship with population.

Agriculture is backbone of the Pakistan's economy. A major part of the GDP comprises of that income which is generated by the agriculture and agro-base activities. Women are backbone of the household economy and play a very significant role in agro-base activities in rural areas. This study consist of almost half of the population i.e. women-participation in agriculture. Data is taken from Pakistan and India in order to compare figures from both countries as both economies are similar in socioeconomic cultures. Data is taken from1990 to 2012. This paper also covers the reasons of fluctuation in women employment in agriculture and measures which concerned authorities should adopt in order to increases not only participation but also productivity of female labor.