Papers by Vladyslav Gulevych
Gulevych Vladyslav P. A less-known episode of the Czech-Horde relations in 1270, 2023
The article deals with the less known and mysterious embassy of Mengu Timur, the khan of the Gold... more The article deals with the less known and mysterious embassy of Mengu Timur, the khan of the Golden Horde, to Bohemian king Přemysl II Otakar. Some fragmentary references to this embassy can be found in a letter from Přemysl II Otakar to the Kraków prince Bolesław V the Shy, in which the former asks the latter for safe passage for the Tatar ambassadors returning to the Horde in company with the Bohemian ambassadors. The information is confirmed by the later Czech chronicle by Frantisek of Prague, in which the khan of the Golden Horde is called the initiator of the embassy. At the same time, military and political events in Eastern Europe make one assume that the initiator was rather Přemysl II Otakar. He hoped to use Tatar military assistance against his enemy, the Roman king Rudolf I of Habsburg. The route of the Horde embassy to Bohemia apparently passed through Podolia to Galicia and Volyn, where it was met by the people of Prince Lev Danilovich and escorted to the king. Considering the return route of the embassy from Bohemia via Kraków and Volyn, it is possible to assume that the embassy was sent by Mengu Timur Khan, and not by Nogai, who had become stronger by that time. The embassy’s tentative date is between early 1275 – mid 1276. There is currently no information available regarding the supplementary connections between the Golden Horde with the Czech king. It is unlikely that they were not continued.
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On the issue of subordination of the galician-volhynian princes to the Mongol empire and its consequences , 2023
This research deals with the immediate consequences of the subordination of the most influential ... more This research deals with the immediate consequences of the subordination of the most influential prince of Southern Rus', Daniel Romanovich, to the Mongol Empire at the beginning of 1246. It considers the problem of issuing symbols of Mongolian kaans' power to subordinate rulers, jarligs (yarlyks) and paitza, to the Galician and Volhynian princes (knyazes), conducting censuses of population on the conquered Galician-Volhyn lands for taxation, and introduction of taxes and duties by the Mongols in the territories, they conquered. Due to the conciseness of sources, in the Galician-Volhynian lands existence only part of the taxes and duties, known in other lands of Rus', can be confirmed. More clear conclusions can be drawn regarding the problem on introduction the Mongols' possible direct rule in Galicia, however currently known sources cannot reaffirm this assumption. In the same way, the sources do not contain information about the Horde origin of a small specific stratum of the population called "Ordyntsy" and "Kalannyie" on the territory of Galicia. The combination of known factors in the subordination of the Galician-Volhynian princes confirms the previously made assumptions about their rather specific status within the Mongol Empire.
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About the origin and purpose of the Karaul Castle, 2023
About the origin and purpose of the Karaul Castle
The collection "The Ancient Black Sea Region" i... more About the origin and purpose of the Karaul Castle
The collection "The Ancient Black Sea Region" is based on the materials of the XIV Readings in memory of P.Y. Karishkovsky, an international conference held by the I. I. Mechnikov National University of Odesa and the Odesa National Scientific Library on March 10-12, 2023.
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Gulevych V. Lithuanian-Horde relations of the first half of the 14th century, or Once again about the embassy of prince Koriat Gedyminovych to Djanibek khan in 1348, 2023
The article examines Lithuanian-Tatar relations from the first half of the 14th century, where th... more The article examines Lithuanian-Tatar relations from the first half of the 14th century, where the primary attention was devoted to the embassy of Prince Koriat Gedyminovych to Djanibek Khan in 1348. The article’s purpose is to find out the relation’s nature of the Lithuanian state with the Tatars in the first half of the 14th century and to in vestigate the regularities of the spread of Lithuanian power over Volyn and Halych lands as a constituent part of Ulus of Jochi, the reasons, and circumstances of the Lithuanian embassy to the Horde in 1348. Scientific innovation. The spread of Lithuanian power over the Volyn and Halych lands is considered in a broad historical context, not in a Eurocentric vision, and through the prism of the supreme subordination of these lands to the khans of Ulus of Jochi. Conclusions. Until the beginning of the 13th century, contacts between Lithuanians and Tatars were sporadic, where the latter mostly helped defend the interests of the Halych-Volyn princes. Territorial expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania did not affect the interests of Ulus of Jochi until the beginning of the 40s 14th century. It didn’t lead to a confrontation between them. The expansion of the power of the Lithuanian prince Lubart in 1341, first to Volyn and then to Halych lands, was mainly due to the permission of Djanibek Khan. Contrary to the widespread belief that Koriat’s embassy to Djanibek aimed to enlist Tatar’s military support, the Grand Duke of Lithuania did not need such help.
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Guillebert de Lannoy Voyages et ambassades (1421 m.): žinių apie Lietuvos Didžiąją Kunigaikštystę kritinė analizė, 2023
The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the reliability of the historical events describ... more The article provides a comprehensive analysis of the reliability of the historical events described by Guillebert de Lannoy in connection with the mention of the construction of a castle during his passage through the lands of Galicia, Podolia, Moldavia, and the Crimean Khanate (1421). Gedgaudas, the headman (starosta) of Podolia, arranged it by the order of Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. It is considered in historiography that it was either the castle in Belgorod (Ackerman) or Kachubeev (Khadjibey) castle. The author reconstructed de Lannoy’s route: the means of transport, the speed, the circumstances of his journey, and the accuracy of the description of his meetings with Jogaila, King of Poland, Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, Gedgaudas, the headman (starosta) of Podolia, and Alexander, the Moldavian ruler. The author concludes that many of the testimonies are unreliable because they are memoirs and not travel records. Moreover, he proves that the mention of the construction of the castle by Gedgaudas was erroneously attributed to another territory: it was built not in Belgorod or Kachubeev but in Lithuanian Podolia, on the left bank of the Dniester near Kamenets.
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Гулевич В.П. Поділля в середині XIII ст. – 1400 р. // Сугдейський збірник. Вип. 3–4 (VIIII). Київ., 2021
The article was written in 2020.
The article is devoted to little-studied aspects of the history ... more The article was written in 2020.
The article is devoted to little-studied aspects of the history of the Podillia. The work covers a long period of time: from the conquest of the Tatar-Mongols in the 40’s of the 14th century. Before they lost control of the region as a result of the Horde’s «remarkable», the problem of the transition of the Podollia under the rule of Lithuanian princes Koriatovych, their relations with neighboring countries until 1394 and the creation of a new order under the Polish king until the early 15th century. At the same time, considerable attention was paid to the Tatar-Mongols’ attempt to reconstruct the new socio-economic system in the Podillia, to clarify the Horde’s activities and influence in the neighboring lands of the Podillia, particular in Moldova, to find parallels. region and neighboring lands, the problem of the «Battle on the Blue Waters», the «tribute of the Podillia» to the Horde, the presence of the Genoese on the shores of the Black Sea in the Dnieper-Prut interfluve, and so on.
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Татарскии князь Кутлубуга в связи с битвои на Синих Водах и основанием Хаджибея, 2021
Татарскии князь Кутлубуга в связи с "битвой на Синих Водах" и основанием Хаджибея
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The coming to power in the Crimea of Haji Giray and the formation of the Crimean Tatar statehood (1442–1466)
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Борьба за политическое наследие Улуса Джучи (1399–1441 гг.), 2021
The struggle for the political legacy of Ulus Jochi (1399–1441)
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Gulevich V.P. The first written mention of Kachubeev: a critical analysis
A critical analysis of the reliability of the first written mention of Kachubeev in the work of t... more A critical analysis of the reliability of the first written mention of Kachubeev in the work of the Polish chronicler Jan Dlugosz «History of Poland».
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The Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Kingdom of Poland, and the Tatar World in the Fifteenth Century, 2021
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Expansion of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the Middle and the Second Half of the Fourteenth Century and Its Relations with the Horde, 2021
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The article deals with the economy of the Crimean ulus (its Tatar population) and the income of i... more The article deals with the economy of the Crimean ulus (its Tatar population) and the income of its rulers. The lower chronological feature of the study refers to the beginning of the collapse of the Golden Horde as a state, the boundaries of which stretched from the Aral sea to the Dniester and the degradation of relations between the Western and Eastern part of the Ulus of Jochi, while the upper is due to the changes that have occurred in the Crimean khanate after the capture by the Ottomans, the Genoese colonies of the Crimea.
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The ottoman conquest of Caffa (1475), Kilia and Belgorod (1484) in the «Chronicle of the Turks» written by Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas, 2019
Abstract: Research objectives: To introduce the Russian translation of a little-known Spanish sou... more Abstract: Research objectives: To introduce the Russian translation of a little-known Spanish source about the Ottoman conquests of Caffa (1475), and Kilia and Belgorod (1484), into scholarly circulation. Research materials: Spanish sources on the history of the Golden Horde and the Crimea are very few. Therefore, the Chronicle of the Turks is an important and interesting source for this region dating from the late Middle Ages. The present article contains an introductory essay both about the author of the Chronicle of the Turks, Antonio Herrera de Tordesillas, and the features of his work. The next section contains the original Spanish text describing the capture by the Ottomans of Caffa (1475), Kilia and Belgorod (1484); as well as its Russian translation. This effort represents the first translation of the source into Russian and its introduction into scholarly circulation. Results and novelty of the research: The main source for the author on the fall of Caffa, and Kilia and Belgorod, was the work of the Italian chronicler, Giovanni Maria Angiolello, though it was creatively revised by A. Herrera de Tordesillas. The author covers the events in the Crimea on the eve of the Ottoman conquest, relations between the Genoese and Tatars, and the mood of Caffa’s inhabitants. He describes the preparation of the Turkish fleet, the siege of the city and its treacherous surrender to the Turkish military, the deception of the Turks and their atrocities against residents who had been surrendered to the mercy of the victors, their plundering, the separation of families, the enslavement of children, and the deportation of the Italian populace to Istanbul. He mentions the capture of other Italian colonies in Crimea, although without providing details. He further describes the Ottoman capture of the strategically important cities of the northwestern Black Sea Region – Kilia and Belgorod in 1484. Here, the author describes the episodes in a concise form, since, compared with the fall of Caffa, these events had a much lower resonance in Europe. Some features of the text by Antonio Herrera de Tordesillas suggest that he did not provide all the information that he actually had available.
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A letter of the crimean khan Mengli Giray to the genoese emissaries Bartolomeo Campofregoso and Lodizio Fieschi of december 30, 1481, 2019
This article contains the Greek text and the Latin translation of the message of the Crimean Khan... more This article contains the Greek text and the Latin translation of the message of the Crimean Khan, Mengli Giray, to the Genoese emissaries, Bartolomeo Campofregoso and Lodizio Fieschi. These latter individuals were specially sent from Genoa to the Crimea in order to induce the Crimean Khan to raise a rebellion against Ottoman rule. The present work contains as well the correspondence’s Russian translations and a preface explaining the context of the events. Often researchers have paid attention to the circumstances of the mission of the Genoese, but the use of the letter by Russian historians has so far been difficult, foremostly because of the rather complex Greek text. The translation of both texts into Russian is done for the first time. Mengli Giray’s message does not contain any sensational news but it clarifies some very important details of the Genoese embassy, the situation in the Crimea at the end of 1481, and helps us to better understand the history of the Crimean Khanate in the early years of Ottoman rule in the peninsula.
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Хан Муртаза бен Ахмат в 1484–1486 гг., 2018
Great Horde, Crimean Khanate, 1484-1486
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Zolotoordynskoe Obozrenie=Golden Horde Review, 2018
This article contains the original Italian text and a Russian translation of a letter describing ... more This article contains the original Italian text and a Russian translation of a letter describing the Ottoman conquest of Caffa in June 1475 in a copy from a sixteenth-century codex of the Ambrosian Library in Milan (Q 116 sup., fol. 105r–106r). This letter was written on August 15, 1475 in Constantinople by an anonymous Tuscan merchant, probably of Pisan origin, judging by the undisguised antipathy which he expresses toward the Genoese government of Caffa. The author of the letter was in Caffa at the time of its fall and shared in all the hardships experienced by the city’s surrendered population, expressing these sufferings in a touching and eloquent manner. He also had to have a fairly high position based on his knowledge of the details of the negotiations of the Genoese rulers of Caffa with the Crimean khan Mengli Girey, the heads of the Tatar Shirin clan, and the Ottoman general Ahmed Pasha. His text, thus, abounds in details of the conflict with the Tatars, which began in February 1475, the subsequent Ottoman siege of Caffa, and the consequences of the city’s capitulation in early June of the same year.
Nevertheless, the epistle of the Tuscan anonym highlights the drivers that led to the onset of the conflict in a rather superficial form. Therefore, the authors of this article resorted to the analysis of parallel sources for the reconstruction of those preceding events that led to the fateful siege of Genoese Caffa in June 1475. To that end, we introduce the letter by providing a detailed description of the preceding events on the basis of various epistolary and narrative sources of Italian, Hungarian, Polish, Armenian and Ottoman origin.
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Abstract. Left at the crossroads of cultures, the Crimean Ulus nomadic population in the last qua... more Abstract. Left at the crossroads of cultures, the Crimean Ulus nomadic population in the last quarter of the 13th century has already become the object of various religions' representatives' active proselytizing activity. The competition between religions, mainly, existed between Islam and various trends of Christianity, which achieved significant success. The process of Islamization was slow and ambiguous. First of all, the Crimean Ulus Tatar elite associated with the urban culture of the peninsula were Islamized. There was already a fairly strong layer of the Muslim urban population in the Crimea by the middle of the 14 century, and a developed system of Islamic education was formed by the end of that century. Nevertheless the nomadic population largely maintained their pagan beliefs and rituals until the first quarter of the 15th century.
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Zolotoordynskoe obozrenie=Golden Horde Review, 2018
This article contains the text of the lettter of the Hungarian king and the German emperor Sigism... more This article contains the text of the lettter of the Hungarian king and the German emperor Sigismund of Luxemburg to the commune of Caffa, the Genoese colony in the Crimea. In his struggle against Venice, the Emperor hoped for the help of Genoa, which competed with the Republic of Saint Mark in the Levantine trade. To undermine the Venetian trade routes, Sigismund hoped to establish contact with the Horde’s Khan Jalal ad-Din, mediated by the administration of Caffa, and restore the transit trade of expensive Oriental goods from China to the Danube and further into Hungary and Germany. To this end, the official Hungarian embassy was sent to Caffa in 1412.
The letter rather meagerly reflects the opinion of the emperor about the distant Horde and its rulers. However, the circumstances of the embassy make it possible to understand the broader European context of Sigismund’s eastern policy, which in one way or another affected Genoa, the Ottoman Empire and the Polish Kingdom. The published source is of considerable interest to researchers of the history of the Horde, the Crimea and the Genoese colony of Caffa in connection with the scarcity of information on the Hungarian-Tatar relations in the early 15th century and taking into account the fact that Sigismund tried to implement his anti-Venetian plan in 1418 and possibly once again between 1419 and 1428.
Thus, this article contains the Latin text of the letter and its Russian translation as well as an introduction with explanation of the context of events both in Hungary and the distant Venetian colony of Tana (the Tatar Azaq) located at the mouth of the Don.
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Papers by Vladyslav Gulevych
The collection "The Ancient Black Sea Region" is based on the materials of the XIV Readings in memory of P.Y. Karishkovsky, an international conference held by the I. I. Mechnikov National University of Odesa and the Odesa National Scientific Library on March 10-12, 2023.
The article is devoted to little-studied aspects of the history of the Podillia. The work covers a long period of time: from the conquest of the Tatar-Mongols in the 40’s of the 14th century. Before they lost control of the region as a result of the Horde’s «remarkable», the problem of the transition of the Podollia under the rule of Lithuanian princes Koriatovych, their relations with neighboring countries until 1394 and the creation of a new order under the Polish king until the early 15th century. At the same time, considerable attention was paid to the Tatar-Mongols’ attempt to reconstruct the new socio-economic system in the Podillia, to clarify the Horde’s activities and influence in the neighboring lands of the Podillia, particular in Moldova, to find parallels. region and neighboring lands, the problem of the «Battle on the Blue Waters», the «tribute of the Podillia» to the Horde, the presence of the Genoese on the shores of the Black Sea in the Dnieper-Prut interfluve, and so on.
Nevertheless, the epistle of the Tuscan anonym highlights the drivers that led to the onset of the conflict in a rather superficial form. Therefore, the authors of this article resorted to the analysis of parallel sources for the reconstruction of those preceding events that led to the fateful siege of Genoese Caffa in June 1475. To that end, we introduce the letter by providing a detailed description of the preceding events on the basis of various epistolary and narrative sources of Italian, Hungarian, Polish, Armenian and Ottoman origin.
The letter rather meagerly reflects the opinion of the emperor about the distant Horde and its rulers. However, the circumstances of the embassy make it possible to understand the broader European context of Sigismund’s eastern policy, which in one way or another affected Genoa, the Ottoman Empire and the Polish Kingdom. The published source is of considerable interest to researchers of the history of the Horde, the Crimea and the Genoese colony of Caffa in connection with the scarcity of information on the Hungarian-Tatar relations in the early 15th century and taking into account the fact that Sigismund tried to implement his anti-Venetian plan in 1418 and possibly once again between 1419 and 1428.
Thus, this article contains the Latin text of the letter and its Russian translation as well as an introduction with explanation of the context of events both in Hungary and the distant Venetian colony of Tana (the Tatar Azaq) located at the mouth of the Don.
The collection "The Ancient Black Sea Region" is based on the materials of the XIV Readings in memory of P.Y. Karishkovsky, an international conference held by the I. I. Mechnikov National University of Odesa and the Odesa National Scientific Library on March 10-12, 2023.
The article is devoted to little-studied aspects of the history of the Podillia. The work covers a long period of time: from the conquest of the Tatar-Mongols in the 40’s of the 14th century. Before they lost control of the region as a result of the Horde’s «remarkable», the problem of the transition of the Podollia under the rule of Lithuanian princes Koriatovych, their relations with neighboring countries until 1394 and the creation of a new order under the Polish king until the early 15th century. At the same time, considerable attention was paid to the Tatar-Mongols’ attempt to reconstruct the new socio-economic system in the Podillia, to clarify the Horde’s activities and influence in the neighboring lands of the Podillia, particular in Moldova, to find parallels. region and neighboring lands, the problem of the «Battle on the Blue Waters», the «tribute of the Podillia» to the Horde, the presence of the Genoese on the shores of the Black Sea in the Dnieper-Prut interfluve, and so on.
Nevertheless, the epistle of the Tuscan anonym highlights the drivers that led to the onset of the conflict in a rather superficial form. Therefore, the authors of this article resorted to the analysis of parallel sources for the reconstruction of those preceding events that led to the fateful siege of Genoese Caffa in June 1475. To that end, we introduce the letter by providing a detailed description of the preceding events on the basis of various epistolary and narrative sources of Italian, Hungarian, Polish, Armenian and Ottoman origin.
The letter rather meagerly reflects the opinion of the emperor about the distant Horde and its rulers. However, the circumstances of the embassy make it possible to understand the broader European context of Sigismund’s eastern policy, which in one way or another affected Genoa, the Ottoman Empire and the Polish Kingdom. The published source is of considerable interest to researchers of the history of the Horde, the Crimea and the Genoese colony of Caffa in connection with the scarcity of information on the Hungarian-Tatar relations in the early 15th century and taking into account the fact that Sigismund tried to implement his anti-Venetian plan in 1418 and possibly once again between 1419 and 1428.
Thus, this article contains the Latin text of the letter and its Russian translation as well as an introduction with explanation of the context of events both in Hungary and the distant Venetian colony of Tana (the Tatar Azaq) located at the mouth of the Don.