Papers by Prof. Dr. Hussain Musa Hussain
International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology, Jan 8, 2019
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New Prospects in Environmental Geosciences and Hydrogeosciences
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This study was undertaken by analyzing data from satellite image (Landsat-8 OLI) and geographical... more This study was undertaken by analyzing data from satellite image (Landsat-8 OLI) and geographical information system (GIS) to find the relationship between water parameters and water indices of spectral images. The main purpose of this research was to develop a model for the physical and chemical parameters of Gharraf stream in Iraq. The water parameters used in this study included: acidity (PH), Total Dissolved Solids (T.D.S), Alkalinity(ALK), Electrical Conductivity (E.C), Calcium(Ca), Chloride (CL), Sodium (Na), Sulfate (SO4), Potassium (k), Total suspended solid (T.S.S), Total Hardness (TH).Where the samples were taken to seventeen stations with two seasons and at the same time took a satellite image on 4/FEB, 11 / MAY.GIS techniques were used in the beginning to project the coordinates of seventeen stations along the stream in Landsat-8 satellite image for extract data. Then, these data are treated in SPSS software for purpose finding correlation and regression equations. Pos...
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27 فٌٍصتو فٍصىت ؤبٌتلاو ب تاذحو يٍب ةلصافلا دوذحلا ظئارخ تاًاقت ماذختسأب برتلا ةــــــــــٍفارغجل... more 27 فٌٍصتو فٍصىت ؤبٌتلاو ب تاذحو يٍب ةلصافلا دوذحلا ظئارخ تاًاقت ماذختسأب برتلا ةــــــــــٍفارغجلا تاهىلعولا نظًو ذـــــعب يع راعشتسلأا ل فجٌلا رحب ةقطٌو قارعلا 1 برتل ةٍفٍطلا تافصلا رحب فجٌلا * دواد ىاوٍلس رٍهلأاذبع ** يىٌذً ًضار لخاد *** يٍسح ىسىه يٍسح ٙؼٌّا * ــ ٟٕمزٌا ل – فٛو ــ خ – ؼِبع ــ ٍٚ٤ا داوفٌا خ ــ ١ٕمزٌا ؾ ـــــــــــ خ ** خ١ئبٌّا كهاٌّٛاٚ خثوزٌا ٍَٛػ َُل – خػاهيٌا خ١ٍو – ٖوظجٌا خؼِبع *** ٟئبٌٕا ٌَؾزٌا يووِ – خفٛىٌا خؼِبع
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Journal of Kufa - Physics, 2017
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University of Thi-Qar Journal of agricultural research
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Pharmaceuticals
Methods for dimensionality reduction are showing significant contributions to knowledge generatio... more Methods for dimensionality reduction are showing significant contributions to knowledge generation in high-dimensional modeling scenarios throughout many disciplines. By achieving a lower dimensional representation (also called embedding), fewer computing resources are needed in downstream machine learning tasks, thus leading to a faster training time, lower complexity, and statistical flexibility. In this work, we investigate the utility of three prominent unsupervised embedding techniques (principal component analysis—PCA, uniform manifold approximation and projection—UMAP, and variational autoencoders—VAEs) for solving classification tasks in the domain of toxicology. To this end, we compare these embedding techniques against a set of molecular fingerprint-based models that do not utilize additional pre-preprocessing of features. Inspired by the success of transfer learning in several fields, we further study the performance of embedders when trained on an external dataset of che...
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AN-Najaf city is located 61 meters above the sea level in the dry desert of Iraq. It is one of th... more AN-Najaf city is located 61 meters above the sea level in the dry desert of Iraq. It is one of the most important cities in Iraq due to religious tourism and continuously developing urban areas by constructing multi-storey buildings, bridges and shopping malls. This study aims to create a mapping database for sulfate in An-Najaf soil (Najaf centred and Al-Kufa cities' soil). To evaluate the spatial variability of data, 464 boreholes and in situ tests were selected and analysed using Geographic Information System ArcGIS 10.2.1. The adopted method consisted of four steps: (1) data collection; (2) geotechnical data georeferencing; (3) interpolation methods and (4) establishment of maps. Nine maps were produced for depths 0-35 m for sulfate content in soil. In addition to two maps for sulfate content in groundwater and organic matter content for depths 0-2. Results showed that all the study area and for depths 0-2 meter has very high sulfate content in the soil. Sulfate values varie...
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Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
In recent years, the problem of rising salinity levels in the Shatt al-Arab river in southern Ira... more In recent years, the problem of rising salinity levels in the Shatt al-Arab river in southern Iraq has been repeated, which has directly affected the living and health situation and the agricultural activity of these areas. Six sampling stations were selected along Shatt al-Arab to estimate the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in the river; these stations included the following: Qurna, Labani, City Centre, Kateban, Corniche, and Sihan. In addition, three Landsat-8 satellite images which were taken at the same time as collected samples also used for detecting the salinity in the river. After processing of atmospheric correction and inserted remote sensing indices, the reflectance of water extracted from satellite images was used to express the spectral characteristics of different TDS concentrations. Correlation and regression were used to obtain accurate models for detecting the salinity depending on the spectral reflectance of Landsat 8 operational land image OLI. The ...
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Geosciences
Agricultural land in the south of Iraq provides habitat for several types of living creatures. Th... more Agricultural land in the south of Iraq provides habitat for several types of living creatures. This land has a significant impact on the ecosystem. The agricultural land of Al-Hawizeh marsh covers an area of more than 3500 km2 and is considered an enriched resource to produce several harvests. A total of 74% of this area suffers from a high degree of salinity and chemical pollution, which needs to be remedied. Several human-made activities and post-war-related events have caused radical deterioration in soil quality in the agricultural land. The goal of this research was to integrate mathematical models, remote sensing data, and GIS to provide a powerful tool to predict, assess, monitor, manage, and map the salinity and chemical parameters of iron (Fe), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) in the soils of agricultural land in Al-Hawizeh marsh in southern Iraq during the four seasons of 2017. The mathematical model consists of four parts. The first depends on the B6 a...
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Hydrology
Seepage velocity is a very important criterion in infrastructure construction. The planning of nu... more Seepage velocity is a very important criterion in infrastructure construction. The planning of numerous large infrastructure projects requires the mapping of seepage velocity at a large scale. To date, however, no reliable approach exists to determine seepage velocity at such a scale. This paper presents a tool within ArcMap/Geographic Information System (GIS) software that can be used to map the seepage velocity at a large scale. The resultant maps include both direction and magnitude mapping of the seepage velocity. To verify the GIS tool, this study considered two types of aquifer conditions in two regions in Iraq: silty clayey (Babylon province) and sandy (Dibdibba in Karbala province). The results indicate that, for Babylon province, the groundwater flows from the northwest to southeast with a seepage velocity no more than 0.19 m/d; for the Dibdibba region, the groundwater flows from the west to the east with a seepage velocity not exceeding 0.27 m/d. The effectiveness of the p...
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Arabian Journal of Geosciences
Most of the third world countries having rivers passing through them suffer from the water contam... more Most of the third world countries having rivers passing through them suffer from the water contaminant problem. This problem is considered so difficult to get the water quality within the standard allowable limits for drinking, as well as for industrial and agricultural purposes. This research aims to assess the water quality of the Tigris River using the water quality index method and GIS software. Twelve parameters (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4, HCO3, TH, TDS, BOD5, NO3, and EC) were taken from 14 stations along the river. The weighted arithmetic method was applied to compute the water quality index (WQI). The interpolation method (IDW) was applied in ArcGIS 10.5 to produce the prediction maps for 12 parameters at 11 stations along the Tigris River during the wet and dry seasons in 2016. The regression prediction was applied on three stations in the Tigris River between observed values and predicted values, from the prediction maps, in both seasons. The results showed that the regressio...
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Engineering, 2018
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Engineering
An-Najaf province is situated in southwestern part of Iraq. It is 70 meters above the sea level i... more An-Najaf province is situated in southwestern part of Iraq. It is 70 meters above the sea level in the dry desert environment. The city is considered as one of the most important cities in Iraq, facing a fast population growth and continuous development in constructions such as residential complexes, hotels , bridges and shopping malls. Soil investigation data for An-Najaf Province (An-Najaf and Kufa cities) from 464 boreholes drilled by the National Centre for Construction Laboratories & Researches (NCCLR)/Babylon laboratory were used in this research. The data were analysed and possessed using Excel program then represented on the Geographical Information System (GIS) program by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) tool to create an allowable bearing capacity map for the soil at depths 0-2 meters. The allowable bearing capacity is one of the most important soil characteristics to be considered when making a database for An-Najaf city soil. Geographical Information System GIS program enables to create reliable database for any characteristic and it is one of the best programs to produce an accurate map and allow ease in dealing with it. Those maps cover all the studied areas and by using contour lines, approximate values for no-data areas can be obtained. The results show that the allowable bearing capacity range is 5-20 Ton/m 2 for both An-Najaf and Kufa cities. Kufa city has the range 5-9 Ton/m 2. An-Najaf city has the range 7-18 at the center, 8-10 Ton/m 2 at the north eastern part, 7-14 Ton/m 2 for the north western part, 6-12 Ton/m 2 at the south eastern and 12-19 Ton/m 2 at the south western.
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Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
Al-Hawizeh Marsh is considered a major marsh in the south of Iraq with a longitude of 47° 32″–47°... more Al-Hawizeh Marsh is considered a major marsh in the south of Iraq with a longitude of 47° 32″–47° 45″ and latitude of 31° 30″–31° 42″, length of 80 km and width of 30 km, while the depth is from 1.5 to 4 m. It has a significant impact on the ecosystem and provides habitat for several types of living creatures. The surface water and the agricultural lands surrounding this marsh suffered from high level degrees of salinity. In the last decades, radical deterioration of water quality in this marsh happened because of the post-war-related events and several human activities. Landsat-8 data was used to predict and evaluate the spatial variation and map distributions of the salinity, SO4 and CaCO3 within Al-Hawizeh Marsh during the two seasons in the year 2017 based on the development of salinity and minerals mathematical equations. The evaluated values for salinity, SO4 and CaCO3 are found to be minimal in winter and maximum in autumn. The values of correlation coefficient (R2) between t...
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Geotechnical and Geological Engineering
The unified soil classification system (USCS) first proposed by Casagrande and subsequently devel... more The unified soil classification system (USCS) first proposed by Casagrande and subsequently developed by the Army Corps of Engineers. It widely used in many building codes and books. An-Najaf city is the most important city in Iraq due to its religious and spiritual value in the Muslim world, so it is fast expanding and continuous developing city in Iraq. The data from 464 boreholes in the study area for depths of 0–26 m have been used. 13 Soil samples were collected from each borehole with 13 depths level (0–26) m with 2 m intervals. The USCS was applied to the soil samples from 13 depth levels borehole. This research aims to create a geodatabase for soil properties for An-Najaf. The ArcGIS 10.5 software was used to interpolate the spatial data to produce 33 geotechnical maps for fine soil, coarse soil and USCS for 13 depth levels. For numerical soil data, Ordinary Kriging has been used for interpolation mapping of Fine and Coarse percentage data for each depth. For non-numerical (...
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Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences
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Groundwater for Sustainable Development
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Papers by Prof. Dr. Hussain Musa Hussain
The study area is the northern part of the vast Indo – Gangetic Plain in India and lies between latitudes 29o 33/ 51/ / to 30 o 19/ 10/ / N and longitudes 77 o 06/ 20/ / to 78 o 20/ 15/ / E with a total geographical area of approximately 4900 km2. Administratively, the study area covers the districts of Hardwar in Uttaranchal and Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh, and has a population of about 4.3 million as per Census of 2001. The Ganga River and its tributary, the Yamuna, are the two major rivers in the region. These two rivers are perennial in nature and form the eastern and western boundaries of the study area. Other small intermittent streams like Ratmau River, Solani, and Banganga – the tributaries of the Ganga, and Hindon River, a tributary of the Yamuna, drain the area. A network of canals exists in the study area for meeting the irrigation needs; the notable being the Upper Ganga canal and Eastern Yamuna canal along with their distributaries and branches. The climate of the area is humid and subtropical. The rains occur mainly during July to middle of September with annual average rainfall of about 100 cm.
LISS-III data of India Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite was used to prepare the land use map of the study area. On the basis of these data, the whole area was classified into three land use classes, i.e. urban, rural (including agriculture), and forest. The field monitoring was carried out during January 2002 to December 2003, through extensive field surveys covering entire study area. Groundwater samples (136 no.) were collected from various sites well distributed among various land use types in the study area and. Also, soil samples (48 no.) were collected from different sites covering all the land use categories. Geological and hydro-geological settings were examined for the study area. The depth to groundwater was monitored from the observation wells (119 no.). Besides, historic data available for past 10 years was also taken from Uttar Pradesh Groundwater Department, Roorkee. Groundwater recharge was estimated by Tritium tagging method at five locations during the period from Jun 2002 to Nov 2002. These, alongwith earlier data available at National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee were used.
A Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was prepared by digitization of bench mark and topographic points from relevant maps. The DEM was in turn, used for the construction of the slope map. The depth to groundwater map of the study area was generated from the observed data. The soil samples were analyzed to ascertain the soil texture and to prepare the soil map. This map showed that the most of the northern part, paleochannels and active floodplains of rivers have soils of sandy loam texture whereas the remaining part of the study area is covered by soils having silty loam. Considering the soil texture as an appropriate source factor of variation, the average recharge percentage was calculated as 6.3 % in silty loam soils and 15.5 % in sandy loam soils. The software RockWorks99 was used to prepare the geological fence diagram. Hydraulic conductivity map was prepared using Hydraulic conductivity data in GIS environment. The flow direction map, showed that the ground water flows from the northern and northeast part (the hilly area) to southern and southwestern part and follows the general topography of the study area. Hindon River and Solani River are fed by groundwater in the southern part. The hydraulic conductivity in the study area varies between 10 m/day and 48 m/day. The south-western part shows higher values in general, whereas the north-western part shows lower values.
The quality of the soils in the study area was analyzed. The results exhibit that in general the urban soil has the highest values of all the physicochemical parameters followed by the rural and forest soils indicating an important role of urban activities
The groundwater samples were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS and major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, CO32-, F-), nutrients (NO3-, PO43-), total organic carbon (TOC) and heavy metals (Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cu). In general, the groundwater quality in the study area does not indicate much variation between postmonsoon and premonsoon periods. Further, all major ions, except NO3-and K+, show an increasing trend from north to south and southwest. The groundwater is generally alkaline in nature with pH ranging from 7.01 to 8.90. The TDS values range between 117 to 1002 mg/l. HCO3- is the dominant major anion followed by Cl->SO42-> NO3->F->PO4 3- whereas Ca2+ is the major cation followed by Na+>Mg2+>K+. The heavy metal Zn is dominant followed by Mn>Fe>Pb>Cd.
The calcium-bicarbonate facies are dominant in the groundwater of the study area, indicating that a substantial part of ground water is derived as recharge from the Bhabar zone in the north. Generally, the concentration of chemical parameters, except NO3- and SO42-, follow a decreasing trend for urban > rural > forest land use categories, whereas NO3- and SO42- follow the decreasing trend for forest > urban > rural land use. Besides, a few samples show some parameters like total alkalinity (TA), nitrate, TDS, and Calcium having higher ranges than acceptable limits of Indian standard (BIS: 10500) for drinking water. Among the heavy metals, tolerance limits of cadmium, manganese, lead and iron are violated in several samples.
On the basis of demonstrated violation of the acceptable limits, the quality parameters like TDS, Ca2+, Total Alkalinity (TA), NO3-, Cd, Mn, Pb, and Fe have been selected for computation of an Index of Aquifer Water Quality (MIAWQ), utilizing the framework as proposed by Melloul and Collin (1998). The index was modified for the present case in the sense that the weights to these eight parameters were, however, assigned as per their analytical hierarchy in the human health (effecting) significance and not in a subjective manner (as attempted in the original work of Melloul and Collin). The values of MIAWQ (modified index) show an increase from north, north-east to south and south-western parts of the study area.
The groundwater vulnerability mapping was carried out using two approaches viz. standard DRASTIC method and a modified DRASTIC-MOD method the study area. The DRASTIC parameters were evaluated in GIS environment as seven restart-map layers. The rating percentages were subsequently added to obtain the total cell rating. The DRASTIC index in the study area ranges from 122 to 183. The east and south-west corners of the study area and the paleochannels in the southern part show higher vulnerability index values.
While applying the DRASTIC method on the present study area for assessment of vulnerability, following limitations were noticed:
The proposed rating scale for the parameter “Impact of vadose zone” did not adequately address the implicit variability among the geological constituents of the vadose zone viz. sand gravel, silt and clay, and the resulting complexity.
The “Hydraulic conductivity” values observed in study area mostly surpassed the highest limit/range of the rating scale rendering observed spatial variability meaningless with respect to the aquifer vulnerability.
Observing definitive signals about the influence of land use (urban > rural and agricultural > forest) on the soil and groundwater quality, the parameter “land use” appeared to also have on important bearing the status of aquifer vulnerability alongwith other parameters proposed earlier.
Due modifications were incorporated in the original DRASTIC model in view of the above and the modified (DRASTIC-MOD) index map was sub-divided into four classes, (i) 100 – 119 with low risk in the north part of the study area (forest area), (ii) 120 – 159 with moderate risk in the Bhabar zone with deep depth to groundwater and forest area, (iii) 160 – 199 with high risk in most parts of the study area, these values resulting mainly from cumulative effects of rural and agricultural land use, low to moderate depth to groundwater and high recharge coefficient. (iiiv) Indices of 200 and above with very high vulnerability in some parts of the study area, reflecting the shallow depth to groundwater, high recharge and high urbanization related activities. DRASTIC-MOD indicates high vulnerability in the southern parts of the study area indicating higher risk of groundwater pollution.
In order to validate the projected risk of vulnerability with actual groundwater quality statues in the region, DRASTIC and DRASTIC-MOD maps were correlated with modified Index for Aquifer Water Quality (MIAWQ). The MIAWQ showed high significant correlation with DRASTIC-MOD map.
The differences observed in the spatial distribution of vulnerability estimates obtained from both the methods (DRASTIC and DRASTIC-MOD) indicate that in the areas with existing well defined land use practices, vulnerability estimation should necessarily include “land use” as a parameter. Further, in view of a good correlation between the DRASTIC-MOD and MIAWQ maps, it may be inferred that the “risk of vulnerability” corresponds quite well with the existing water quality scenario in the study area, a finding not commonly reported by researchers earlier. This also highlights the need of initiating corrective measures in many parts of the study area as well as to establish a suitable monitoring protocoal to detect adverse quality trends in the future.