Chemistry

Bienes y cosas todo aquello susceptible de producir utilidad o beneficio; •En sentido estricto (bienes patrimoniales), deben ser: Clasificación •Bienes muebles, son movibles Bienes inmuebles, no se pueden mover sin que se deteriore gravemente su naturaleza. El derecho sobre estos bienes debe constar en un registro. •Cosas consumibles, un solo uso los destruye. Inconsumibles Deteriorables.

This work aimed to evaluate Roundup Ò effects on biochemical biomarkers of the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus. Fish were acutely exposed (6, 24 and 96 h) to 10 mg L À1 of Roundup Ò (RD) or only water (control) and samples of liver, for antioxidants analysis, and brain and muscle, for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) determination, were collected. Fish exposed to RD for 24 h showed reduction on superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and increased glutathione (GSH) content. After 24 and 96 h, fish of RD group showed increased glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity and lipid peroxidation. AChE activity was inhibited in brain after 96 h and in muscle after 24 and 96 h of exposure. Thus, acute exposure to RD stimulated the biotransformation pathway, with increased GST, but interfered on the antioxidant defenses, with reduction of SOD and GPx activity, leading to the occurrence of lipid peroxidation. Inhibition of AChE showed that RD acts as a contaminant with anti-AChE action.

To broaden the understanding of physiological responses of tropical fish to environmental stressors, the effects of nitrite on haematological parameters and plasma and red blood cell ion regulation were studied in two neotropical fish species, Astyanax altiparanae and Prochilodus lineatus. Both fish species were exposed to NaNO (30 mg l ) over a y1 2 q q proved to be a species more resistant to nitrite, exhibiting fewer responses to this compound. ᮊ

Numerous spills and leakages involving petroleum and its derivatives have recently occurred in Brazilian rivers. Considering the lack of information regarding the genotoxic response of neotropical fish to these events and the predominance of information regarding saltwater fish, which offers no genuine comparisons, the present work aimed to evaluate the genotoxicity and mutagenicity of the diesel water soluble fraction (DWSF) on the neotropical fish Prochilodus lineatus under acute (6, 24 and 96 h) and subchronic (15 days) exposures, using the comet (SCGE) and micronucleus assays. The results indicated genotoxic and mutagenic damage in erythrocytes of P. lineatus exposed to DWSF. Comet scores for fish exposed to DWSF in all experimental periods were significantly higher than the respective negative control groups (fish exposed to clean water for the same period). The relative frequencies of micronucleated erythrocytes for P. lineatus exposed to DWSF under acute and subchronic treatment were also significantly higher than their respective negative controls. Taken together these results showed that acute and subchronic exposures to DWSF produce mutagenic and genotoxic effects on the blood cells of P. lineatus and that the combination of comet and micronucleus assays proved to be both suitable and useful in the evaluation of the genotoxicity of diesel oil due to their complementary action.