The quality of the drying process depends mainly on the efficient use of thermal energy. Sustaina... more The quality of the drying process depends mainly on the efficient use of thermal energy. Sustainable systems based on solar energy takes a leading role in the drying of agro-products because of low operating cost. However, they are limited in use during off-sun periods. Biomass dryer is one of the simplest ways of drying because of its potential to dry products regardless of time and climate conditions. The other benefit is that crop residues could be used as fuel in these systems. However, the major limitation of the dryer is unequal drying because of poor airflow distribution in the drying medium, which can be improved by integrating some design changes in the dryer. This review analyses the two types of biomass dryers: industrial biomass dryers and small biomass dryers for food product, along with their efficiency. Further, studies on technical, sustainability and economic aspects are expected to provide a greater understanding of biomass drying.
International Journal of Environmental Science: Development and Monitoring (IJESDM)
Algae–based biofuel is a new energy source that has been gaining significant attention for climat... more Algae–based biofuel is a new energy source that has been gaining significant attention for climate change mitigation and clean development mechanism .The present study aims to establish the potential of algal biodiesel, produced using flue gas from power plant, to reduce GHG emissions replace our current petro diesel supply. The results suggest that using 92% of all coal
and gas power plants would allow this algal biofuel source to replace petro diesel entirely and has the potential to sequester
approximately 13 to 14% of greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge at the present is to improve the efficiency of algal fuel
production technology so as to lower the cost of algal biodiesel and thereby make it commercially competitive with
petro diesel. Additional economic sensitivity studies were established to identify the future cost of algal biofuels. Researchers are currently developing various means of accomplishing this and successful commercialization is anticipated by 2023-24.
International Journal of Chemtech Research , Jul 15, 2013
Biofuels derived from edible and non-edible oil are gaining interest as next generation fuels for... more Biofuels derived from edible and non-edible oil are gaining interest as next generation fuels for replacement of conventional petroleum fuels. There is a huge potential for producing bio-diesel considering large and wide variety of biomass feedstock cultivated in India. In this context, this paper assesses the land requirements to meet the national biofuel policy target from different edible and non-edible seeds. This study has also been carried out as a comparative analysis between four different biodiesel crops for CO 2 mitigation potential and with possible application for Clean Development Mechanism credits. Research indicates that in Indian perspective the mitigation potential of microalgae is the largest, followed by the Jatropha. Edible food crops Soya bean and coconut considered for this study found to have the smallest mitigation potential.
Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology is a process of capturing waste carbon dioxide ... more Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology is a process of capturing waste carbon dioxide from large point sources,such as fossil fuel stations, so that it will not enter the atmosphere. The technology has been accredited by IPCC and provides a path way as a key mitigation option for developing countries like India. Here we present a technological roadmap for CCS, depicted in terms of external factors and its development. We find that CCS is technically feasible and economically attractive within the range of carbon policies discussed domestically and internationally.The purpose and aim is to study the processes involved to prevent the release of large quantities of CO 2 into the atmosphere and to investigate various carbon mitigation, sequestration technologies and potential in Indian context.
In this paper, the economic feasibility of substituting LPG with biogas for an Indian University ... more In this paper, the economic feasibility of substituting LPG with biogas for an Indian University hostel has been discussed. The University hostels daily generate huge amount of biomass in the form of kitchen waste. This kitchen waste can be utilized to produce biogas, which can be further used in the hostel mess as an alternate to LPG. Economic factors for the suitable bio-digester design and the feasibility of its replacement in the long run have been studied in this paper.
One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation is the provision of reliabl... more One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation is the provision of reliable electricity supply systems. A large proportion of the world's population lives in remote rural areas. This paper discusses the renewable hybrid power generation system which is suitable for Maulana Ganj village situated in Uttar Pradesh. All the load details of the village is collected and accordingly amount of power to be generated is calculated. The technical, economic and C02 mitigation potential of solar PV-bio hybrid system is evaluated.
Solar energy is an inexhaustible, clean and sustainable energy source, but only a small amount is... more Solar energy is an inexhaustible, clean and sustainable energy source, but only a small amount is used to directly power human activities. Different forms of renewable energies have been discussed along with the most important one, the solar energy. The solar module is the equipment to converts the sunlight into the electricity directly. The modeling of PV (photovoltaic) systems is very crucial for designing the system for practical applications. This book presents a PV array model developed using Matlab/Simulink where the effect of solar insolation and PV array temperature on commercial PV modules have been studied through the simulated P-I ,I-V and P-V output characteristics. The proposed model facilitates simulating and monitoring the dynamic performance of PV-based systems. Therefore, the accurate solar module model established in this book can be applied to the simulated photovoltaic generation system in order to precisely simulate and predict the characteristics of power generation for real photovoltaic system. In summary, this book is a valuable asset for every solar engineer. It provides an step-by-step information about the MATLAB Modelling of Solar PV Pane
The main aim of this study is to develop a digital weighing machine and to operate it with the he... more The main aim of this study is to develop a digital weighing machine and to operate it with the help of solar PV panel, where the supply of electricity is the biggest problem. This Study describes the design and implementation of a low-cost, energy efficient portable solar powered digital electronic weighing system ideal for domestic, laboratory and commercial use. The system has highly reduced circuitry as it utilizes a standalone microcontroller chip. As this machine not uses the electricity to charge, it saves the electrical energy. The system designed measures weights ranging from 0-30 kg.
In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the effect of colors of light on the performance of... more In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the effect of colors of light on the performance of solar photovoltaic module. A case study is conducted to experimentally verify the effect of various color filters on the performance of Solar panel at Energy Centre, MANIT, Bhopal, India. Based on the temperature of the cell, solar irradiance and photonic theory, the efficiency and power output of the PV system have been evaluated. An analytical model based on physical parameters is also developed to evaluate the efficiency of solar panel. The results show that the present day PV technology is influenced by the red color of light. In other words, visible portion of the solar spectrum influences the performance of the solar panel then the infra red light.
India's total GHG emission in 2012 is around 1.5 GtCO 2 e which is 4.25% of the world's average. ... more India's total GHG emission in 2012 is around 1.5 GtCO 2 e which is 4.25% of the world's average. Scientific community believe that global warming is directly attributable to rise in GHG emission. Climate change is one of the most violent threats that the country is facing today. India is a large growing economy with around 228 million hectare of geographical area which covers a coast line area of nearly 7500km, with this nearly 700 million rural population directly depends on various climatic sensitive sectors, which makes it the most susceptible country to climate change .This will have a severe implication on agriculture, Bio diversity, Ecosystem, Health, Energy security, water resources, etc. In this context this article seeks to examine the impact of climate change in various sector of Indian livelihood. This paper also assesses the various mitigation strategies to tackle global warming .
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) as a component of solar radiation plays a major role in... more Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) as a component of solar radiation plays a major role in different applications dealing with plant canopies, biomass production and microalgae growth. The amount of PAR energy depends upon location, time of the year and atmospheric conditions. Understanding the PAR and its availability is very essential for modelling biological growth system. The objective of this study is to estimate PAR for latitudes ranging from 9° to 34° and for the entire year based on hourly and monthly average of the daily global radiation (Hg). Based on the estimated data, a power regression model showing the relationship between PAR and Hg is presented for six Indian latitudes. The ratios of hourly sum of PAR to Hg and monthly average of hourly global radiations (Ig) vary smoothly with significant seasonal variations and are influenced by several other local climatic conditions. The power regression equation between PAR and Hg obtained are as follows: (a) For 9° latitude, PAR = 0.040 (Hg) 0.924 , R 2 = 0.970, (b) 14° latitude, PAR = 0.029 (Hg) 0.952 , R 2 = 0.894, (c) 19° latitude, PAR = 0.256 (Hg) 0.748 , R 2 = 0.721, (d) 24° latitude, PAR = 0.159 (Hg) 0.775 , R 2 = 0.896, (e) 29° latitude, PAR = 0.052 (Hg) 0.886 , R 2 = 0.830 and (f) 34° latitude, PAR = 0.016 (Hg) 1.013 , R 2 = 0.768.
The solar photovoltaic (PV) system generates both electrical and thermal energy from solar radiat... more The solar photovoltaic (PV) system generates both electrical and thermal energy from solar radiation. In this paper, an attempt has been made for evaluating thermal, electrical and exergy output of solar PV panel installed at Energy Centre, NIT Bhopal. Using the first law of thermodynamics, energy analysis was performed and exergy analysis was carried out to determine exergy losses during the PV conversion process by applying the second law of thermodynamics. The operating and electrical parameters of a PV array include PV module temperature, overall heat loss coefficient, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor, etc. were experimentally determined for a typical hazy day of March (10 March 2012) at Bhopal. The experimental data are used for the calculation of the energy and exergy efficiencies of the PV systems. Energy efficiency is seen to vary between 6% and 9% during the day. In contrast, exergy efficiency is lower for electricity generation using the considered PV module, ranging from 8% to 10%. It is observed that the PV module temperature has a great effect on the exergy efficiency, and the exergy efficiency can be improved if the heat can be removed from the PV module surface. It was concluded that the exergy losses increased with increasing module temperature.
This paper discusses a novel type of energy converter that use wind energy technology to produce ... more This paper discusses a novel type of energy converter that use wind energy technology to produce electricity. The objective is to harvest energy from low-speed wind flows in order to power mobile electronics applications devices .A DC generator and integrated circuit is used in this method at constant rate.DC motor is used as generator in the place of AC generator with a regulator circuit comprising of different components like Voltage regulator IC, Battery, Charging pin and a capacitor for ripple free voltage. The system is able to charge the battery when the vehicle speed exceeds 30 km/hr.This could be used as emergency source for charging mobile phone while travelling in a vehicle.
Research and development in photovoltaic (PV) systems has usually been concentrated in studies on... more Research and development in photovoltaic (PV) systems has usually been concentrated in studies on radiation availability,efficient operating strategies ,design ans sizing of these systems. On the other hand, the influence of dust on the performance of PV systems has not been given much attention. In this work, electrical performances of Photo-voltaic panels are studied experimentally for the effect of deposited dust particles. The experimental data are used for the calculation of the energy efficiency and power output of the PV systems. It was concluded that dust significantly reduces the efficiency of solar photo voltaic panel.
A low cost bamboo solar dryer was designed and developed at MANIT Bhopal to test its performance ... more A low cost bamboo solar dryer was designed and developed at MANIT Bhopal to test its performance for crop drying. The dryer is a greenhouse-type designed for multi-crop solar drying. The solar bamboo dryer reduces the moisture content of green chillies from 90% to 10% in 20 hours with an average efficiency of 17%. The drying rate of solar bamboo dryer was estimated to be around 10g/hr. The economic cost of bamboo dryer is around Rs 400/-which is very much affordable for the poor farmers. The dryer developed can be used to substitute electrical/mechanical dryers in semi urban and rural areas of India for drying various agricultural crops.
This paper compares the biomass battery output for different biomass substrates. This approach of... more This paper compares the biomass battery output for different biomass substrates. This approach of producing electricity can be utilized to meet the lighting requirements of rural household using available biomass. This is done via anaerobic digestion of the biomass and power generation driven by the ions produced henceforth. Bioelectricity generated from dry Water Hyacinth in 3:2 ratio with water, Cow Dung in 1:9 and 1:4 ratio with water and a mixture of Water Hyacinth, Cow Dung and water in the ratio 3:3:4, was evaluated in a multi-chambered biomass battery . This battery uses zinc plate and graphite electrodes to obtain bioelectricity from the substrate. The output voltage, current, internal resistance, power density and their feasibility was compared for different substrates.
The quality of the drying process depends mainly on the efficient use of thermal energy. Sustaina... more The quality of the drying process depends mainly on the efficient use of thermal energy. Sustainable systems based on solar energy takes a leading role in the drying of agro-products because of low operating cost. However, they are limited in use during off-sun periods. Biomass dryer is one of the simplest ways of drying because of its potential to dry products regardless of time and climate conditions. The other benefit is that crop residues could be used as fuel in these systems. However, the major limitation of the dryer is unequal drying because of poor airflow distribution in the drying medium, which can be improved by integrating some design changes in the dryer. This review analyses the two types of biomass dryers: industrial biomass dryers and small biomass dryers for food product, along with their efficiency. Further, studies on technical, sustainability and economic aspects are expected to provide a greater understanding of biomass drying.
International Journal of Environmental Science: Development and Monitoring (IJESDM)
Algae–based biofuel is a new energy source that has been gaining significant attention for climat... more Algae–based biofuel is a new energy source that has been gaining significant attention for climate change mitigation and clean development mechanism .The present study aims to establish the potential of algal biodiesel, produced using flue gas from power plant, to reduce GHG emissions replace our current petro diesel supply. The results suggest that using 92% of all coal
and gas power plants would allow this algal biofuel source to replace petro diesel entirely and has the potential to sequester
approximately 13 to 14% of greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge at the present is to improve the efficiency of algal fuel
production technology so as to lower the cost of algal biodiesel and thereby make it commercially competitive with
petro diesel. Additional economic sensitivity studies were established to identify the future cost of algal biofuels. Researchers are currently developing various means of accomplishing this and successful commercialization is anticipated by 2023-24.
International Journal of Chemtech Research , Jul 15, 2013
Biofuels derived from edible and non-edible oil are gaining interest as next generation fuels for... more Biofuels derived from edible and non-edible oil are gaining interest as next generation fuels for replacement of conventional petroleum fuels. There is a huge potential for producing bio-diesel considering large and wide variety of biomass feedstock cultivated in India. In this context, this paper assesses the land requirements to meet the national biofuel policy target from different edible and non-edible seeds. This study has also been carried out as a comparative analysis between four different biodiesel crops for CO 2 mitigation potential and with possible application for Clean Development Mechanism credits. Research indicates that in Indian perspective the mitigation potential of microalgae is the largest, followed by the Jatropha. Edible food crops Soya bean and coconut considered for this study found to have the smallest mitigation potential.
Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology is a process of capturing waste carbon dioxide ... more Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology is a process of capturing waste carbon dioxide from large point sources,such as fossil fuel stations, so that it will not enter the atmosphere. The technology has been accredited by IPCC and provides a path way as a key mitigation option for developing countries like India. Here we present a technological roadmap for CCS, depicted in terms of external factors and its development. We find that CCS is technically feasible and economically attractive within the range of carbon policies discussed domestically and internationally.The purpose and aim is to study the processes involved to prevent the release of large quantities of CO 2 into the atmosphere and to investigate various carbon mitigation, sequestration technologies and potential in Indian context.
In this paper, the economic feasibility of substituting LPG with biogas for an Indian University ... more In this paper, the economic feasibility of substituting LPG with biogas for an Indian University hostel has been discussed. The University hostels daily generate huge amount of biomass in the form of kitchen waste. This kitchen waste can be utilized to produce biogas, which can be further used in the hostel mess as an alternate to LPG. Economic factors for the suitable bio-digester design and the feasibility of its replacement in the long run have been studied in this paper.
One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation is the provision of reliabl... more One of the primary needs for socio-economic development in any nation is the provision of reliable electricity supply systems. A large proportion of the world's population lives in remote rural areas. This paper discusses the renewable hybrid power generation system which is suitable for Maulana Ganj village situated in Uttar Pradesh. All the load details of the village is collected and accordingly amount of power to be generated is calculated. The technical, economic and C02 mitigation potential of solar PV-bio hybrid system is evaluated.
Solar energy is an inexhaustible, clean and sustainable energy source, but only a small amount is... more Solar energy is an inexhaustible, clean and sustainable energy source, but only a small amount is used to directly power human activities. Different forms of renewable energies have been discussed along with the most important one, the solar energy. The solar module is the equipment to converts the sunlight into the electricity directly. The modeling of PV (photovoltaic) systems is very crucial for designing the system for practical applications. This book presents a PV array model developed using Matlab/Simulink where the effect of solar insolation and PV array temperature on commercial PV modules have been studied through the simulated P-I ,I-V and P-V output characteristics. The proposed model facilitates simulating and monitoring the dynamic performance of PV-based systems. Therefore, the accurate solar module model established in this book can be applied to the simulated photovoltaic generation system in order to precisely simulate and predict the characteristics of power generation for real photovoltaic system. In summary, this book is a valuable asset for every solar engineer. It provides an step-by-step information about the MATLAB Modelling of Solar PV Pane
The main aim of this study is to develop a digital weighing machine and to operate it with the he... more The main aim of this study is to develop a digital weighing machine and to operate it with the help of solar PV panel, where the supply of electricity is the biggest problem. This Study describes the design and implementation of a low-cost, energy efficient portable solar powered digital electronic weighing system ideal for domestic, laboratory and commercial use. The system has highly reduced circuitry as it utilizes a standalone microcontroller chip. As this machine not uses the electricity to charge, it saves the electrical energy. The system designed measures weights ranging from 0-30 kg.
In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the effect of colors of light on the performance of... more In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the effect of colors of light on the performance of solar photovoltaic module. A case study is conducted to experimentally verify the effect of various color filters on the performance of Solar panel at Energy Centre, MANIT, Bhopal, India. Based on the temperature of the cell, solar irradiance and photonic theory, the efficiency and power output of the PV system have been evaluated. An analytical model based on physical parameters is also developed to evaluate the efficiency of solar panel. The results show that the present day PV technology is influenced by the red color of light. In other words, visible portion of the solar spectrum influences the performance of the solar panel then the infra red light.
India's total GHG emission in 2012 is around 1.5 GtCO 2 e which is 4.25% of the world's average. ... more India's total GHG emission in 2012 is around 1.5 GtCO 2 e which is 4.25% of the world's average. Scientific community believe that global warming is directly attributable to rise in GHG emission. Climate change is one of the most violent threats that the country is facing today. India is a large growing economy with around 228 million hectare of geographical area which covers a coast line area of nearly 7500km, with this nearly 700 million rural population directly depends on various climatic sensitive sectors, which makes it the most susceptible country to climate change .This will have a severe implication on agriculture, Bio diversity, Ecosystem, Health, Energy security, water resources, etc. In this context this article seeks to examine the impact of climate change in various sector of Indian livelihood. This paper also assesses the various mitigation strategies to tackle global warming .
Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) as a component of solar radiation plays a major role in... more Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) as a component of solar radiation plays a major role in different applications dealing with plant canopies, biomass production and microalgae growth. The amount of PAR energy depends upon location, time of the year and atmospheric conditions. Understanding the PAR and its availability is very essential for modelling biological growth system. The objective of this study is to estimate PAR for latitudes ranging from 9° to 34° and for the entire year based on hourly and monthly average of the daily global radiation (Hg). Based on the estimated data, a power regression model showing the relationship between PAR and Hg is presented for six Indian latitudes. The ratios of hourly sum of PAR to Hg and monthly average of hourly global radiations (Ig) vary smoothly with significant seasonal variations and are influenced by several other local climatic conditions. The power regression equation between PAR and Hg obtained are as follows: (a) For 9° latitude, PAR = 0.040 (Hg) 0.924 , R 2 = 0.970, (b) 14° latitude, PAR = 0.029 (Hg) 0.952 , R 2 = 0.894, (c) 19° latitude, PAR = 0.256 (Hg) 0.748 , R 2 = 0.721, (d) 24° latitude, PAR = 0.159 (Hg) 0.775 , R 2 = 0.896, (e) 29° latitude, PAR = 0.052 (Hg) 0.886 , R 2 = 0.830 and (f) 34° latitude, PAR = 0.016 (Hg) 1.013 , R 2 = 0.768.
The solar photovoltaic (PV) system generates both electrical and thermal energy from solar radiat... more The solar photovoltaic (PV) system generates both electrical and thermal energy from solar radiation. In this paper, an attempt has been made for evaluating thermal, electrical and exergy output of solar PV panel installed at Energy Centre, NIT Bhopal. Using the first law of thermodynamics, energy analysis was performed and exergy analysis was carried out to determine exergy losses during the PV conversion process by applying the second law of thermodynamics. The operating and electrical parameters of a PV array include PV module temperature, overall heat loss coefficient, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor, etc. were experimentally determined for a typical hazy day of March (10 March 2012) at Bhopal. The experimental data are used for the calculation of the energy and exergy efficiencies of the PV systems. Energy efficiency is seen to vary between 6% and 9% during the day. In contrast, exergy efficiency is lower for electricity generation using the considered PV module, ranging from 8% to 10%. It is observed that the PV module temperature has a great effect on the exergy efficiency, and the exergy efficiency can be improved if the heat can be removed from the PV module surface. It was concluded that the exergy losses increased with increasing module temperature.
This paper discusses a novel type of energy converter that use wind energy technology to produce ... more This paper discusses a novel type of energy converter that use wind energy technology to produce electricity. The objective is to harvest energy from low-speed wind flows in order to power mobile electronics applications devices .A DC generator and integrated circuit is used in this method at constant rate.DC motor is used as generator in the place of AC generator with a regulator circuit comprising of different components like Voltage regulator IC, Battery, Charging pin and a capacitor for ripple free voltage. The system is able to charge the battery when the vehicle speed exceeds 30 km/hr.This could be used as emergency source for charging mobile phone while travelling in a vehicle.
Research and development in photovoltaic (PV) systems has usually been concentrated in studies on... more Research and development in photovoltaic (PV) systems has usually been concentrated in studies on radiation availability,efficient operating strategies ,design ans sizing of these systems. On the other hand, the influence of dust on the performance of PV systems has not been given much attention. In this work, electrical performances of Photo-voltaic panels are studied experimentally for the effect of deposited dust particles. The experimental data are used for the calculation of the energy efficiency and power output of the PV systems. It was concluded that dust significantly reduces the efficiency of solar photo voltaic panel.
A low cost bamboo solar dryer was designed and developed at MANIT Bhopal to test its performance ... more A low cost bamboo solar dryer was designed and developed at MANIT Bhopal to test its performance for crop drying. The dryer is a greenhouse-type designed for multi-crop solar drying. The solar bamboo dryer reduces the moisture content of green chillies from 90% to 10% in 20 hours with an average efficiency of 17%. The drying rate of solar bamboo dryer was estimated to be around 10g/hr. The economic cost of bamboo dryer is around Rs 400/-which is very much affordable for the poor farmers. The dryer developed can be used to substitute electrical/mechanical dryers in semi urban and rural areas of India for drying various agricultural crops.
This paper compares the biomass battery output for different biomass substrates. This approach of... more This paper compares the biomass battery output for different biomass substrates. This approach of producing electricity can be utilized to meet the lighting requirements of rural household using available biomass. This is done via anaerobic digestion of the biomass and power generation driven by the ions produced henceforth. Bioelectricity generated from dry Water Hyacinth in 3:2 ratio with water, Cow Dung in 1:9 and 1:4 ratio with water and a mixture of Water Hyacinth, Cow Dung and water in the ratio 3:3:4, was evaluated in a multi-chambered biomass battery . This battery uses zinc plate and graphite electrodes to obtain bioelectricity from the substrate. The output voltage, current, internal resistance, power density and their feasibility was compared for different substrates.
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Papers by K Sudhakar
and gas power plants would allow this algal biofuel source to replace petro diesel entirely and has the potential to sequester
approximately 13 to 14% of greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge at the present is to improve the efficiency of algal fuel
production technology so as to lower the cost of algal biodiesel and thereby make it commercially competitive with
petro diesel. Additional economic sensitivity studies were established to identify the future cost of algal biofuels. Researchers are currently developing various means of accomplishing this and successful commercialization is anticipated by 2023-24.
and gas power plants would allow this algal biofuel source to replace petro diesel entirely and has the potential to sequester
approximately 13 to 14% of greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge at the present is to improve the efficiency of algal fuel
production technology so as to lower the cost of algal biodiesel and thereby make it commercially competitive with
petro diesel. Additional economic sensitivity studies were established to identify the future cost of algal biofuels. Researchers are currently developing various means of accomplishing this and successful commercialization is anticipated by 2023-24.