The whole human body receives rich sensory innervation with only one exception and that is the br... more The whole human body receives rich sensory innervation with only one exception and that is the brain tissue. The orofacial region is hence no exception. The head region consequently receives a rich network of sensory nerves making it special because the two types of sensory fibres, visceral and somatic overlap, especially in the pharynx. Also, different pain syndromes that affect this region are rather specific in comparison to their presentation in other body regions. With this review article we wanted to show the detailed anatomy of the peripheral sensory pathways, because of its importance in everyday body functions (eating, drinking, speech) as well as the importance it has in pathological conditions (pain syndromes), in diagnostics and regional analgesia and anaesthesia.
Using the Neurolucida system 162 striatal Golgi Cox impregnated MSNs from 15 adult mice where 3D-... more Using the Neurolucida system 162 striatal Golgi Cox impregnated MSNs from 15 adult mice where 3D-reconstructed and parameters of dendritic morphology where analyzed. For the purpose of the quantitative analysis the dorsal striatum was divided into four regions: rostral, caudal and central striatum with its two parts (medial and lateral part). Methods and Materials The obtained data show that despite a uniform structure of the mouse striatum there are important regional differences in their micro-circuitry structure. This should be considered in the research using various animal models studying diseases affecting the striatum. It is likely to expect even more pronounced regional differences in the morphology of MSNs in the human brain. Conclusions
Numerous studies have attempted to clarify the exact anatomy and variations of the optic canal wi... more Numerous studies have attempted to clarify the exact anatomy and variations of the optic canal with non-conclusive results due to its close proximity to many vulnerable structures. We sought to determine the dynamics of growth and development of these structures on fetal skulls, which will help us to better understand of gender and age-dependent variations, as well as fatal malformations. Fifteen previously macerated fetal frontal and sphenoid bones were analyzed and the diameters of optic canal, and distance of orbit from frontomaxillary suture to frontozygomatic suture were measured using 3D reconstruction images obtained by micro-CT. Average diameter of the optic canal in 300 mm fetus was measured to be 1,546 ± 36 µm, in 400 mm fetus 2,470 ± 123 µm and in 500 mm fetus 3,757 ± 203 µm. This trend indicates a linear enlargement of optic canal during the fetal period. During the same time period, diameter of the orbit enlarges from 12,319 ± 559 µm in 300 mm fetus to 19,788 ± 736 µm in 500 mm fetus. Growth curve is significantly lower in comparison with the same curve in optic canal data. We also calculated the ratio of orbit diameter and optic canal diameter between those groups which decreased from a value of 7.9 ± 0.4 for 300 mm fetus to 5.3 ± 0.2 for 500 mm fetus. Dynamics of optic canal and orbital cavity development is different in early and late fetal period. Diameters of those structures are in better correlation with the fetal length.
The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between self-perceived social support and ... more The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between self-perceived social support and chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PtSd). The study included 262 male war veterans suffering from chronic PtSd. Their diagnosis was confirmed according to dSm-iv-tr. They were given self-reported measures trauma Symptom inventory-A and multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. no significant correlation was found between peer and family support and PtSd. The authors hypothesize this might be the result of secondary victimization, traumatization, and enduring personality changes during the course of PtSd. The items evaluating satisfaction with health care and state institutional support were correlated with most of the PtSd symptoms indicating the possible importance of improving institutional policies toward this population.
BACKGROUND: Empathy is a powerful and necessary skill for understanding another person's subjecti... more BACKGROUND: Empathy is a powerful and necessary skill for understanding another person's subjective experience. In this study we wanted to explore psychiatrists' attitudes towards PTSD, general empathy, possible differences related to age, sex and regional location in Croatia.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 205 psychiatrists from different Croatian regions participated in this study. To define psychiatrists' attitudes towards PTSD patients a questionnaire was devised. It contained 14 items related to psychiatrists' ability to live through emotional and social conditions of PTSD patients. BarOn Emotional Quotient-Inventory Empathy Subscale was used to measure the empathy among the subjects.RESULTS: This study has found statistically significant differences regarding gender in measured variables of the designed questionnaire. Male participants believed they were able to understand war veterans' feeling's and relate to traumatic experience while female participants stated that they had the ability to understand the trivial triggers for suicidal intentions. Regional differences were found in the understanding of war traumatic experience and social deviations occurring in PTSD. Older psychiatrists stated their incomprehension of the social difficulties the PTSD patients were facing. The years of experience in the psychiatric field were associated with inability to understand the patients' feelings'. Differences in empathy among the subjects were not found.CONCLUSION: The understanding of the empathic process in the therapeutic approach towards PTSD explored in this study was associated with basic variables such as gender and age but the construct of empathy itself is more complex and related with variables not assessed in this study, so our findings are preliminary and further research is needed.
The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between self-perceived social support and ... more The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between self-perceived social support and chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PtSd). The study included 262 male war veterans suffering from chronic PtSd. Their diagnosis was confirmed according to dSm-iv-tr. They were given self-reported measures trauma Symptom inventory-A and multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. no significant correlation was found between peer and family support and PtSd. The authors hypothesize this might be the result of secondary victimization, traumatization, and enduring personality changes during the course of PtSd. The items evaluating satisfaction with health care and state institutional support were correlated with most of the PtSd symptoms indicating the possible importance of improving institutional policies toward this population.
Previous studies have demonstrated that in primates, cortical GABAergic neurons (cxGABAn) are fir... more Previous studies have demonstrated that in primates, cortical GABAergic neurons (cxGABAn) are first generated exclusively by the ganglionic eminence (GE), resembling spatial pattern in origin of cxGABAn in rodents. Then, during the second trimester of gestation cxGABAn are massively produced in the newly evolved outer subventricular zone of the pallium. This massive production of cxGABAn by pallium progenitors reported in primates could be an evolutionary answer to provide cxGABAn to a complex and expanded cortex. How the GE contribute to cxGABAn production during this second trimester of gestation remains to be established. For this purpose we investigate the development of the primate GE during the stage when pallial production of cxGABAn occurs. Our data indicate that there is no decrease in the proliferative capability of the GE up to midgestation both in human and monkey when cxGABAn are generated in the pallium. In the rhesus monkey no decrease was observed in a stream of GAD6...
In this article we first point at the expansion of associative cortical areas in primates, as wel... more In this article we first point at the expansion of associative cortical areas in primates, as well as at the intrinsic changes in the structure of the cortical column. There is a huge increase in proportion of glutamatergic cortical projecting neurons located in the upper cortical layers (II/III). Inside this group, a novel class of associative neurons becomes recognized for its growing necessity in both inter-areal and intra-areal columnar integration. Equally important to the changes in glutamatergic population, we found that literature data suggest a 50% increase in the proportion of neocortical GABAergic neurons between primates and rodents. This seems to be a result of increase in proportion of calretinin interneurons in layers II/III, population which in associative areas represents 15% of all neurons forming those layers. Evaluating data about functional properties of their connectivity we hypothesize that such an increase in proportion of calretinin interneurons might lead to supra-linear growth in memory capacity of the associative neocortical network. An open question is whether there are some new calretinin interneuron subtypes, which might substantially change micro-circuitry structure of the primate cerebral cortex.
decreased from a value of 7.9 ± 0.4 for 300 mm fetus to 5.3 ± 0.2 for 500 mm fetus. Conclusion Dy... more decreased from a value of 7.9 ± 0.4 for 300 mm fetus to 5.3 ± 0.2 for 500 mm fetus. Conclusion Dynamics of optic canal and orbital cavity development is different in early and late fetal period. Diameters of those structures are in better correlation with the fetal length.
The whole human body receives rich sensory innervation with only one exception and that is the br... more The whole human body receives rich sensory innervation with only one exception and that is the brain tissue. The orofacial region is hence no exception. The head region consequently receives a rich network of sensory nerves making it special because the two types of sensory fibres, visceral and somatic overlap, especially in the pharynx. Also, different pain syndromes that affect this region are rather specific in comparison to their presentation in other body regions. With this review article we wanted to show the detailed anatomy of the peripheral sensory pathways, because of its importance in everyday body functions (eating, drinking, speech) as well as the importance it has in pathological conditions (pain syndromes), in diagnostics and regional analgesia and anaesthesia.
Using the Neurolucida system 162 striatal Golgi Cox impregnated MSNs from 15 adult mice where 3D-... more Using the Neurolucida system 162 striatal Golgi Cox impregnated MSNs from 15 adult mice where 3D-reconstructed and parameters of dendritic morphology where analyzed. For the purpose of the quantitative analysis the dorsal striatum was divided into four regions: rostral, caudal and central striatum with its two parts (medial and lateral part). Methods and Materials The obtained data show that despite a uniform structure of the mouse striatum there are important regional differences in their micro-circuitry structure. This should be considered in the research using various animal models studying diseases affecting the striatum. It is likely to expect even more pronounced regional differences in the morphology of MSNs in the human brain. Conclusions
Numerous studies have attempted to clarify the exact anatomy and variations of the optic canal wi... more Numerous studies have attempted to clarify the exact anatomy and variations of the optic canal with non-conclusive results due to its close proximity to many vulnerable structures. We sought to determine the dynamics of growth and development of these structures on fetal skulls, which will help us to better understand of gender and age-dependent variations, as well as fatal malformations. Fifteen previously macerated fetal frontal and sphenoid bones were analyzed and the diameters of optic canal, and distance of orbit from frontomaxillary suture to frontozygomatic suture were measured using 3D reconstruction images obtained by micro-CT. Average diameter of the optic canal in 300 mm fetus was measured to be 1,546 ± 36 µm, in 400 mm fetus 2,470 ± 123 µm and in 500 mm fetus 3,757 ± 203 µm. This trend indicates a linear enlargement of optic canal during the fetal period. During the same time period, diameter of the orbit enlarges from 12,319 ± 559 µm in 300 mm fetus to 19,788 ± 736 µm in 500 mm fetus. Growth curve is significantly lower in comparison with the same curve in optic canal data. We also calculated the ratio of orbit diameter and optic canal diameter between those groups which decreased from a value of 7.9 ± 0.4 for 300 mm fetus to 5.3 ± 0.2 for 500 mm fetus. Dynamics of optic canal and orbital cavity development is different in early and late fetal period. Diameters of those structures are in better correlation with the fetal length.
The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between self-perceived social support and ... more The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between self-perceived social support and chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PtSd). The study included 262 male war veterans suffering from chronic PtSd. Their diagnosis was confirmed according to dSm-iv-tr. They were given self-reported measures trauma Symptom inventory-A and multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. no significant correlation was found between peer and family support and PtSd. The authors hypothesize this might be the result of secondary victimization, traumatization, and enduring personality changes during the course of PtSd. The items evaluating satisfaction with health care and state institutional support were correlated with most of the PtSd symptoms indicating the possible importance of improving institutional policies toward this population.
BACKGROUND: Empathy is a powerful and necessary skill for understanding another person's subjecti... more BACKGROUND: Empathy is a powerful and necessary skill for understanding another person's subjective experience. In this study we wanted to explore psychiatrists' attitudes towards PTSD, general empathy, possible differences related to age, sex and regional location in Croatia.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 205 psychiatrists from different Croatian regions participated in this study. To define psychiatrists' attitudes towards PTSD patients a questionnaire was devised. It contained 14 items related to psychiatrists' ability to live through emotional and social conditions of PTSD patients. BarOn Emotional Quotient-Inventory Empathy Subscale was used to measure the empathy among the subjects.RESULTS: This study has found statistically significant differences regarding gender in measured variables of the designed questionnaire. Male participants believed they were able to understand war veterans' feeling's and relate to traumatic experience while female participants stated that they had the ability to understand the trivial triggers for suicidal intentions. Regional differences were found in the understanding of war traumatic experience and social deviations occurring in PTSD. Older psychiatrists stated their incomprehension of the social difficulties the PTSD patients were facing. The years of experience in the psychiatric field were associated with inability to understand the patients' feelings'. Differences in empathy among the subjects were not found.CONCLUSION: The understanding of the empathic process in the therapeutic approach towards PTSD explored in this study was associated with basic variables such as gender and age but the construct of empathy itself is more complex and related with variables not assessed in this study, so our findings are preliminary and further research is needed.
The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between self-perceived social support and ... more The goal of this study was to evaluate the association between self-perceived social support and chronic combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PtSd). The study included 262 male war veterans suffering from chronic PtSd. Their diagnosis was confirmed according to dSm-iv-tr. They were given self-reported measures trauma Symptom inventory-A and multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. no significant correlation was found between peer and family support and PtSd. The authors hypothesize this might be the result of secondary victimization, traumatization, and enduring personality changes during the course of PtSd. The items evaluating satisfaction with health care and state institutional support were correlated with most of the PtSd symptoms indicating the possible importance of improving institutional policies toward this population.
Previous studies have demonstrated that in primates, cortical GABAergic neurons (cxGABAn) are fir... more Previous studies have demonstrated that in primates, cortical GABAergic neurons (cxGABAn) are first generated exclusively by the ganglionic eminence (GE), resembling spatial pattern in origin of cxGABAn in rodents. Then, during the second trimester of gestation cxGABAn are massively produced in the newly evolved outer subventricular zone of the pallium. This massive production of cxGABAn by pallium progenitors reported in primates could be an evolutionary answer to provide cxGABAn to a complex and expanded cortex. How the GE contribute to cxGABAn production during this second trimester of gestation remains to be established. For this purpose we investigate the development of the primate GE during the stage when pallial production of cxGABAn occurs. Our data indicate that there is no decrease in the proliferative capability of the GE up to midgestation both in human and monkey when cxGABAn are generated in the pallium. In the rhesus monkey no decrease was observed in a stream of GAD6...
In this article we first point at the expansion of associative cortical areas in primates, as wel... more In this article we first point at the expansion of associative cortical areas in primates, as well as at the intrinsic changes in the structure of the cortical column. There is a huge increase in proportion of glutamatergic cortical projecting neurons located in the upper cortical layers (II/III). Inside this group, a novel class of associative neurons becomes recognized for its growing necessity in both inter-areal and intra-areal columnar integration. Equally important to the changes in glutamatergic population, we found that literature data suggest a 50% increase in the proportion of neocortical GABAergic neurons between primates and rodents. This seems to be a result of increase in proportion of calretinin interneurons in layers II/III, population which in associative areas represents 15% of all neurons forming those layers. Evaluating data about functional properties of their connectivity we hypothesize that such an increase in proportion of calretinin interneurons might lead to supra-linear growth in memory capacity of the associative neocortical network. An open question is whether there are some new calretinin interneuron subtypes, which might substantially change micro-circuitry structure of the primate cerebral cortex.
decreased from a value of 7.9 ± 0.4 for 300 mm fetus to 5.3 ± 0.2 for 500 mm fetus. Conclusion Dy... more decreased from a value of 7.9 ± 0.4 for 300 mm fetus to 5.3 ± 0.2 for 500 mm fetus. Conclusion Dynamics of optic canal and orbital cavity development is different in early and late fetal period. Diameters of those structures are in better correlation with the fetal length.
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