Panik 1907
Panik 1907 – juga dikenali sebagai Panik Ahli Bank 1907 atau Kemelut Knickerbocker[1] – ialah krisis kewangan yang berlaku di Amerika Syarikat dalam tempoh tiga minggu bermula pada pertengahan Oktober, apabila Bursa Saham New York mengalami kejatuhan hampir 50% daripada kemuncaknya pada tahun sebelumnya. Panik ini berlaku semasa kemelesetan ekonomi, dan terdapat banyak penarikan bank dan syarikat amanah. Panik 1907 akhirnya menular ke seluruh negara apabila banyak bank dan perniagaan negeri dan tempatan mengalami muflis. Punca utama penarikan itu termasuk penarikan semula kecairan pasaran oleh beberapa bank Bandar Raya New York dan kehilangan keyakinan di kalangan pendeposit, diburukkan lagi oleh pertaruhan sampingan yang tidak dikawal di kedai baldi.[2]
Kepanikan itu dicetuskan oleh kegagalan percubaan pada Oktober 1907 untuk menjurus pasaran pada saham United Copper Company. Apabila bidaan ini gagal, bank yang telah meminjamkan wang kepada skim selekoh mengalami penarikan yang kemudiannya menular kepada bank dan amanah bersekutu, yang membawa seminggu kemudian kepada kejatuhan Knickerbocker Trust Company—amanah ketiga terbesar di Bandar Raya New York. Kejatuhan Knickerbocker menyebarkan ketakutan ke seluruh amanah bandar itu apabila bank serantau mengeluarkan rizab daripada bank Bandar Raya New York. Kepanikan meluas di seluruh negara apabila sebilangan besar orang mengeluarkan deposit daripada bank serantau mereka. Ia merupakan kemerosotan ke-9 terbesar dalam sejarah pasaran saham A.S.[3]
Lihat juga
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Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Federal Hall National Memorial, bersama patung George Washington, kelihatan di sebelah kanan.
Rujukan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ "AMERICAN BANKS "IN THE JUNGLE"". The Advertiser. Adelaide. March 16, 1933. m/s. 8. Dicapai pada November 22, 2012 – melalui National Library of Australia.
- ^ Yale M. Braunstein, "The Role of Information Failures in the Financial Meltdown" Diarkibkan Disember 22, 2009, di Wayback Machine, School of Information, UC Berkeley, Summer 2009
- ^ "What Prior Market Crashes Can Teach Us About Navigating the Current One". Morningstar, Inc. (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Dicapai pada 2020-06-25.
Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bruner, Robert F.; Carr, Sean D. (2007). The Panic of 1907: Lessons Learned from the Market's Perfect Storm. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-15263-8.
- Bruner, Robert F.; Debaere, Peter M.; Carr, Sean (16 Jun 2009). "The Panic of 1907". Darden Case (UVA-G-0619).
- Calomiris, Charles W.; Gorton, Gary (1992). "The Origins of Banking Panics: Models, Facts and Bank Regulation". Dalam Hubbard, R. Glenn (penyunting). Financial Markets and Financial Crises. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-35588-7.
- Caporale, Tony; McKiernan, Barbara (1998). "Interest Rate Uncertainty and the Founding of the Federal Reserve". The Journal of Economic History. 58 (4): 1110–17. doi:10.1017/S0022050700021756.
- Carosso, Vincent P. (1987). The Morgans: Private International Bankers, 1854–1913. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-58729-8.
- Chernow, Ron (1990). The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3829-3.
- Chernow, Ron (1998). Titan: the Life of John D. Rockefeller, Sr. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-43808-3.
- Edwards, Adolph (1907). The Roosevelt Panic of 1907. Anitrock Pub. Co.
- Friedman, Milton; Schwartz, Anna J. (1963). A Monetary History of the United States: 1867–1960. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00354-2.
- Gorton, Gary (2009). "Clearinghouses and the Origin of Central Banking in the United States". The Journal of Economic History. 45 (2): 277–283. doi:10.1017/S0022050700033957.
- Gorton, Gary; Huang, Lixin (2006). "Bank panics and the endogeneity of central banking" (PDF). Journal of Monetary Economics. 53 (7): 1613–1629. doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2005.05.015.
- Herrick, Myron T. (1908). "The Panic of 1907 and Some of Its Lessons". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 31 (2): 8–25. doi:10.1177/000271620803100203. S2CID 144195201.
- Johnson, Owen (1913). The Sixty-first Second (PDF). New York: Frederick A. Stokes Company. OCLC 3101622. Dicapai pada 12 Mac 2021.
- Kynaston, David (2017). Till Time's Last Sand: A History of the Bank of England, 1694–2013. New York: Bloomsbury. m/s. 261–262. ISBN 978-1408868560.
- Leab, Daniel, penyunting (2014). Encyclopedia of American Recessions and Depressions [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. m/s. 329–78. ISBN 9781598849462.
- Kindleberger, C.; Aliber, R. (2005). Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises. Springer. ISBN 0230628044.
- McNelis, Sarah (1969). Copper King at War: The Biography of F. Augustus Heinze (ed. 2nd). Missoula: University of Montana Press. OCLC 7369533.
- Miron, Jeffrey A. (1986). "Financial Panics, the Seasonality of the Nominal Interest Rate, and the Founding of the Fed" (PDF). American Economic Review. 76 (1): 125–40.
- Moen, Jon; Tallman, Ellis (1992). "The Bank Panic of 1907: The Role of the Trust Companies". The Journal of Economic History. 52 (3): 611–30. doi:10.1017/S0022050700011414.
- Noyes, Alexander D. (1909). Forty Years of American Finance. G. P. Putnam's sons. ISBN 978-0-405-13672-6.
- Odell, Kerry A.; Weidenmier, Marc D. (2004). "Real Shock, Monetary Aftershock: The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and the Panic of 1907" (PDF). The Journal of Economic History. 64 (4): 1002–1027. doi:10.1017/S0022050704043062. hdl:10419/94590. S2CID 155027411.
- Smith, B. Mark (2004). A History of the Global Stock Market; From Ancient Rome to Silicon Valley. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76404-7.
- Sprague, Oliver M. W. (1908). "The American Crisis of 1907". The Economic Journal. 18 (71): 353–372. doi:10.2307/2221551. JSTOR 2221551.
- Tallman, Ellis W.; Moen, Jon (1990). "Lessons from the Panic of 1907" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Economic Review. 75: 2–13. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal (PDF) pada 29 Oktober 2009. Dicapai pada 11 Mac 2021.