Penghinaan agama

Penghinaan agama (bahasa Inggeris: blasphemycode: en is deprecated /ˈblæs.fə.mi/) merupakan tindak penghinaan, penghujatan, atau ketidaksopanan terhadap tokoh-tokoh suci, artefak agama, adat istiadat, dan keyakinan suatu agama yang hanya didasarkan pada pendapat pribadi atau diluar kompetensinya (mal praktek).^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Beberapa negara memiliki hukum berkenaan dengan penghinaan agama.^[5] Pada tahun 2012, hukuman terhadap tindakan penghinaan agama berlaku di 32 negara.^[6]

Etimologi

Dalam kata aslinya, kata "blasphemy" berasal dari kata bahasa Inggris Pertengahan blasfemen, bahasa Prancis Kuno blasfemer, dan Bahasa Latin Akhir blasphemare dari bahasa Yunani βλασφημέω, yang terbentuk dari βλασ, "menyakiti" dam φήμη, "ucapan, perbincangan, ujaran". Jika digabungkan, kata-kata ini bermakna sebagai blasphemia, yang berarti "ujaran menyakiti", dan juga blasphemein "berbicara dimana kebencian ada" yang juga menjadi pandanan untuk blasphemy dan blame^[7] Kata ini juga dapat merujuk kebada kebencian kepada Tuhan yang dapat ditemukan dalam Ps. 74:18; Isa. 52:5; Rom. 2:24; Rev. 13:1, 6; 16:9, 11, 21. Selain itu, kata ini juga melambangkan sesuatu yang bersifat jahat, menuturkan, ataupun menyalahgunakan sesuatu untuk tujuan menyakiti, merendahkan, dan sebagainya (1 Kings 21:10 LXX; Acts 13:45; 18:6, dsb.)."^[8]

Negara dengan peraturan mengenai penghinaan agama

Hukum notma

  Hukum daerah

  Denda dan hukuman

  Dipenjara

  Hukum mati

Dalam beberapa negara dengan agama resmi, penghinaan agama dianggap sebagai tindakan yang melampaui kode kriminalitas.

Tujuan peraturan mengenai penghinaan agama

Dalam beberapa negara dan kasus, peraturan ini ditegakkan untuk membatasi ancaman tindakan ataupun perkataan yang menyerang penganut agama mayoritas, sementara di negara lainnya, berfungsi sebagai perlindungan kepercayaan beragama untuk penganut minoritas.^[9]^[10]^[11] Walaupun dalam beberapa alasan, negara masih dapat memiliki suatu peraturan mengenai penghinaan agama walaupun negara tersebut sudah melarang secara total penghinaan agama, peraturan ini dapat digunakan untuk menghukum ataupun memperbolehkan yang merasa terhina untuk menghukum pelaku. Peraturan ini mungkin saja diretalasi dan diberlakukan untuk perbuatan blasphemous libel,^[12] perbuatan menentang norma, melarang seseorang untuk beribadah,^[13]^[14] perilaku merendahkan agama,^[15] ataupun juga untuk ujaran kebencian.

Penggunaan hiperbolis untuk blasphemy ataupun penghinaan agama

Dalam bahasa kontemporari, notasi pengartian dari penghinaan agama biasanya hiperbolis (dalam cara yang sangat tidak baik). Hal ini menyebabkan beberapa ahli bahasa tertarik pada pandangan seperti ini dari orang-orang, sehingga penghinaan agama dan blasphemy'' menjadi istilah yang sering digunakan untuk tujuan ilustratif.^[16]

Rujukan

^ Miriam Díez Bosch and Jordi Sànchez Torrents (2015). On blasphemy. Barcelona: Blanquerna Observatory on Media, Religion and Culture. ISBN 978-84-941193-3-0.
^ "Blasphemy". Random House Dictionary. Dicapai pada 12 Januari 2015.
^ Blasphemy Merriam Webster (Juli 2013)
^ Blasphemies, in Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th Ed.
^ Blasphemy Divide: Insults to Religion Remain a Capital Crime in Muslim Lands The Wall Street Journal (8 Januari 2015)
^ Laws Penalizing Blasphemy, Apostasy and Defamation of Religion are Widespread Pew Research (21 November 2012)
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary – Blasphemy". Etymonline.com. Dicapai pada 10 November 2011.
^ (dari Kamus Alkitab Easton) Romans.2:24 – Revelation.13:1, 6; Rev.16:9, 11, 21 – 1Kings.21:10; Acts.13:45; Acts.18:6
^ Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama IceNews
^ Scolnicov, Anat (18 October 2010). The Right to Religious Freedom in International Law: Between Group Rights and Individual Rights (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. m/s. 261. ISBN 9781136907050. A different argument for the retention of the offence of blasphemy (and for its extension to the protection of all religions in the UK [the offence protected only the majority religion]) has been offered by Parekh: a majority religion does not need the protection offered by an offence of blasphemy, but minority religions do because of their vulnerability in the face of the majority.
^ "Danes overwhelmingly support their own blasphemy law". The Copenhagen Post (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 21 September 2012. Dicapai pada 17 May 2016. Denmark's own blasphemy law makes it an offence to "mock legal religions and faiths in Denmark", and according to a study carried out on behalf of the liberal think-tank CEPOS, 66 per cent of the 1,000 Danes questioned answered that the law should not be repealed.
^ Kerr, ine (9 July 2009). "Libel and blasphemy bill passed by the Dail". The Irish Independent. Dicapai pada 17 November 2009.
^ "Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 – Sect 124A: Vilification on grounds of race, religion, sexuality or gender identity unlawful". Austlii.edu.au. Dicapai pada 10 November 2011.
^ "Victoria Police – Racial and religious vilification". Police.vic.gov.au. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 27 September 2011. Dicapai pada 10 November 2011.
^ "European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), Report on the relationship between freedom of expression and freedom of religion: the issue of regulation and prosecution of blasphemy, religious insult and incitement to religious hatred, 17–18 October 2008, Doc. No. CDL-AD(2008)026". Merlin.obs.coe.int. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2 October 2011. Dicapai pada 10 November 2011.
^ Recanati, F. (1995) The alleged priority of literal interpretation. Cognitive Science 19: 207–32.
Carston, R. (1997) Enrichment and loosening: complementary processes in deriving the proposition expressed? Linguistische Berichte 8: 103–27.

Carston, R. (2000). Explicature and semantics. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 12: 1–44. Revised version to appear in Davis & Gillon (forthcoming).

Sperber, D. & D. Wilson (1998) The mapping between the mental and the public lexicon. In Carruthers & Boucher (1998: 184–200).

Glucksberg, S. (2001) Understanding Figurative Language: From Metaphors to Idioms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wilson, D. & D. Sperber (2002) Truthfulness and relevance. Mind 111: 583–632.

Lihat juga

Bacaan lanjut

Maledicta: The International Journal of Verbal Aggression (ISSN US 0363-3659)
Levy, L. Blasphemy. Chapel Hill, 1993.
Comprehensive academic study comparing global legal approaches to blasphemy in light of the Jyllands-Posten controversy
Dartevelle, P., S Borg, Denis, Ph., Robyn, J. (eds.). Blasphèmes et libertés. Paris: CERF, 1993
Plate, S. Brent Blasphemy: Art that Offends (London: Black Dog Publishing, 2006) [ISBN 1-904772-53-6]

Pautan luar

The Rational Response Squad: The Blasphemy Challenge
A More4 news film report on how insulting the prophet Mohammed in Pakistan is a capital offence, and defiling the Koran carries life imprisonment.
review of laws relating to blasphemy and sacrilege in various jurisdictions
Catholic Encyclopedia - Blasphemy
Jewish Encyclopedia - Blasphemy

Templat:Hukum penistaan agama

Rencana berkaitan agama ini ialah rencana tunas. Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[1] Miriam Díez Bosch and Jordi Sànchez Torrents (2015). On blasphemy. Barcelona: Blanquerna Observatory on Media, Religion and Culture. ISBN 978-84-941193-3-0.

[2] "Blasphemy". Random House Dictionary. Dicapai pada 12 Januari 2015.

[3] Blasphemy Merriam Webster (Juli 2013)

[4] Blasphemies, in Webster's New World College Dictionary, 4th Ed.

[wsj-5] Blasphemy Divide: Insults to Religion Remain a Capital Crime in Muslim Lands The Wall Street Journal (8 Januari 2015)

[pewres-6] Laws Penalizing Blasphemy, Apostasy and Defamation of Religion are Widespread Pew Research (21 November 2012)

[7] "Online Etymology Dictionary – Blasphemy". Etymonline.com. Dicapai pada 10 November 2011.

[8] (dari Kamus Alkitab Easton) Romans.2:24 – Revelation.13:1, 6; Rev.16:9, 11, 21 – 1Kings.21:10; Acts.13:45; Acts.18:6

[IceNews-9] Ralat petik: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama IceNews

[Scolnicov2010-10] Scolnicov, Anat (18 October 2010). The Right to Religious Freedom in International Law: Between Group Rights and Individual Rights (dalam bahasa Inggeris). Routledge. m/s. 261. ISBN 9781136907050. A different argument for the retention of the offence of blasphemy (and for its extension to the protection of all religions in the UK [the offence protected only the majority religion]) has been offered by Parekh: a majority religion does not need the protection offered by an offence of blasphemy, but minority religions do because of their vulnerability in the face of the majority.

[The_Copenhagen_Post-11] "Danes overwhelmingly support their own blasphemy law". The Copenhagen Post (dalam bahasa Inggeris). 21 September 2012. Dicapai pada 17 May 2016. Denmark's own blasphemy law makes it an offence to "mock legal religions and faiths in Denmark", and according to a study carried out on behalf of the liberal think-tank CEPOS, 66 per cent of the 1,000 Danes questioned answered that the law should not be repealed.

[12] Kerr, ine (9 July 2009). "Libel and blasphemy bill passed by the Dail". The Irish Independent. Dicapai pada 17 November 2009.

[13] "Anti-Discrimination Act 1991 – Sect 124A: Vilification on grounds of race, religion, sexuality or gender identity unlawful". Austlii.edu.au. Dicapai pada 10 November 2011.

[14] "Victoria Police – Racial and religious vilification". Police.vic.gov.au. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 27 September 2011. Dicapai pada 10 November 2011.

[15] "European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission), Report on the relationship between freedom of expression and freedom of religion: the issue of regulation and prosecution of blasphemy, religious insult and incitement to religious hatred, 17–18 October 2008, Doc. No. CDL-AD(2008)026". Merlin.obs.coe.int. Diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2 October 2011. Dicapai pada 10 November 2011.

[16] Recanati, F. (1995) The alleged priority of literal interpretation. Cognitive Science 19: 207–32.
Carston, R. (1997) Enrichment and loosening: complementary processes in deriving the proposition expressed? Linguistische Berichte 8: 103–27.

Carston, R. (2000). Explicature and semantics. UCL Working Papers in Linguistics 12: 1–44. Revised version to appear in Davis & Gillon (forthcoming).

Sperber, D. & D. Wilson (1998) The mapping between the mental and the public lexicon. In Carruthers & Boucher (1998: 184–200).

Glucksberg, S. (2001) Understanding Figurative Language: From Metaphors to Idioms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Wilson, D. & D. Sperber (2002) Truthfulness and relevance. Mind 111: 583–632.

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