The first recorded evidence of priapism is found in the Ebers papyrus (1550 BC). It is stated tha... more The first recorded evidence of priapism is found in the Ebers papyrus (1550 BC). It is stated that a persistent erection can be treated with watermelon, flax, pine and Hyoscyamus. In the Greco-Roman period one of the first descriptions of a persistent erection is by Greek physiologist Demetrius of Apamea (300 BC). This is also one of the earliest usages of the terms Priapism and Satyriasis. Satyrs were anthropomorphic companions of the god Dyonisius. They were ithyphallic creatures depicted as having large genitals, a human torso and goat-like lower limbs. Priapus was a god of fertility whose existence was first recorded in the comedy Priapus written by Xenarchus. He was the son of Dyonisus and, although known for his large sexual appetite, was said to have been cursed with impotence. Interestingly in the Greco-Roman period both the terms Satyriasis and Priapism were used interchangeably to describe persistent unwanted erections or male hypersexuality syndromes. The most authoritative description of priapism was by Galen (129 to 216 AD) in his essay On Erection and Priapism. Galen recognized a difference between hypersexuality syndrome and unwanted persistent penile erection. He suggested that the formed should be called Satyrisasis and the latter Priapism. Priapism in modern medical literature: The first modern description of priapism is often ascribed to Petraens in his article "Gonorrhoea, Satyriasis et Priapisme"(1616). Nonetheless, French physician Thierry de Hery (1505 to 1599) in his book "La methode curatoire de la maladie venerienne" (publ 1552) gives a clear overview of priapism and makes a mention of Galen in describing "an unwanted erection unrelated to sexual desire". CONCLUSIONS: The earliest usage of the term Priapism was in Greco-Roman medical treatises and Galen was the first author to differentiate between Priapism and Satyriasis based on the presence of sexual desire. Moreover, it is likely incorrect to consider Petraens as the first to describe Priapism in modern literature as the French Physician Thierry de Hery already described the condition in 1552 with clear references to Galen.
optics. Microscopic optimization is attributed to Peter Horenz, while finer suture and a focus on... more optics. Microscopic optimization is attributed to Peter Horenz, while finer suture and a focus on ergonomics was spurred by the work of Robert Acklund. Other technological improvements such as the xenon lamp and finer surgical instruments soon followed. Formal fellowship training for microsurgeons, introduced by Larry I. Lipshultz in 1984, is thought to have broadened the subspecialty and improved quality of operative outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The use of microsurgical techniques in urology is essential in the treatment of male infertility and sexual dysfunction and the application of microsurgical approaches in urology continues to grow. With the continued input of its pioneers and improved technologies, the future of urologic microsurgery will only broaden.
This article includes facts and figures useful in the management of pediatric urologic patients. ... more This article includes facts and figures useful in the management of pediatric urologic patients. A formulary of commonly used drugs as well as modified doses for use in renal insufficiency is provided. In addition, data on bowel preparations, vital signs, hypertension, creatinine clearance, Tanner stages, and stretched penile length are provided.
Distal hypospadias, where the urethral meatus is located subcoronal or more distal, is one of the... more Distal hypospadias, where the urethral meatus is located subcoronal or more distal, is one of the most common congenital anomalies in males. The embryology and etiology of hypospadias, timing of repair, surgical techniques, anesthesia for and complications of hypospadias repair are reviewed.
To understand better the relationship among radionuclide renal scan differential function, renal ... more To understand better the relationship among radionuclide renal scan differential function, renal histology and the outcome of pyeloplasty we performed ipsilateral renal biopsies in a series of patients undergoing primary pyeloplasty. A total of 17 consecutive patients with unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction underwent renal biopsy at the time of pyeloplasty. Biopsies were examined systematically after sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid, Schiff, Jones modified silver or Masson trichrome stains, and they were reviewed by 1 pathologist. Biopsy results were correlated with preoperative and postoperative radionuclide renal scan differential functions. Patient age ranged from 1 month to 7 years (mean 19.8 months). Renal biopsy was abnormal in 6 kidneys, of which 5 had a preoperative differential function of less than 33%. None of these kidneys had evidence of postoperative improvement in renal function on followup scans despite a technically successful result. All remaining 11 kidneys had normal biopsies and a preoperative differential function of greater than 44%. We conclude from these data that patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction with a differential function of less than 35% have a high probability of significant histological changes on biopsy and a low probability of postoperative improvement in differential function.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
In their recently published case report, Lowery et al presented 2 patients with bladder agenesis ... more In their recently published case report, Lowery et al presented 2 patients with bladder agenesis and concomitant pelvic arterial anomaly and suggested the 2 anatomical variants are causally related. Bladder agenesis is extremely rare with only 25 live births recorded in the literature. With so few patients to study, much of what is known is through case reports such as Lowery’s. We herein would like to present a case of bladder agenesis who recently received a living donor kidney transplant 3 weeks ago and was found to have normal pelvic vascular anatomy both on preoperative imaging and intraoperatively. These findings contradict Lowery’s interpretation that bladder agenesis may be causally related to aberrant pelvic arterial anatomy.
Plastic and reconstructive surgery is among the most competitive specialties in the residency mat... more Plastic and reconstructive surgery is among the most competitive specialties in the residency match. Applicants seeking to maximize their chances of a successful match often submit numerous applications to the National Residency Matching Program. It is not uncommon for those applying to plastic and reconstructive surgery to apply to every program. The high application volume imparts significant time and financial burden for applicants and programs alike. Furthermore, it makes distinguishing between applicants with a genuine interest in a specific program and those who are merely hoping to improve their chances vastly more difficult. The authors sought to characterize trends in the match rate, as the number of integrated plastic and reconstructive surgery programs continues to increase. Furthermore, they reviewed the literature on game theory for possible solutions to residency application congestion. The authors propose the use of the game theory model to explain the observed results and show why an application limit is the most reasonable approach to address this issue.
Introduction: Before the AUA Urology Residency Match Program medical students and residency progr... more Introduction: Before the AUA Urology Residency Match Program medical students and residency programs would pair up without the aid of a centralized system. We report the history and rationale of this program. Methods: AUA archives regarding the AUA Urology Residency Match Program were searched. Interviews were done with physicians and AUA personnel involved in the creation/facilitation of the Urology Match, including Drs. Eugene Carlton, August Colenbrander and Carl Olsson, and Randy Berndt. Results: Before 1985 there were significant problems in the urology residency job market as a result of not having a formal matching system. An offer/counteroffer system existed that was inequitable, produced suboptimal pairings and created tremendous anxiety for applicants and program directors. The first AUA match was implemented in 1985. The match was done using a deferred acceptance algorithm, which matched applicants and programs according to preferences. Key figures who facilitated the match included Director of Education Dr. Eugene Carlton, Assistant Director of Education William Brubaker, Data Processing Manager Randy Berndt and Dr. August Colenbrander, an ophthalmologist who established the Ophthalmology Residency Matching Program. Although the Urology Match has been a success, a single mismatch occurred in 2005. Dr. Carl Olsson, the AUA Secretary, investigated the erroneous match and led a committee that initiated additional match safeguards. The AUA Residency Match Program has run smoothly since. Conclusions: The AUA Urology Residency Match Program has taken away the problems associated with the offer/counteroffer system that existed before the Urology Match, setting into motion the career trajectories and lives of thousands of urologists.
Distal hypospadias, where the urethral meatus is located subcoronal or more distal, is one of the... more Distal hypospadias, where the urethral meatus is located subcoronal or more distal, is one of the most common congenital anomalies in males. The embryology and etiology of hypospadias, timing of repair, surgical techniques, anesthesia for and complications of hypospadias repair are reviewed.
To describe a multicenter experience with management of ureteral obstruction after injection of D... more To describe a multicenter experience with management of ureteral obstruction after injection of Dx/HA for VUR in pediatric renal transplant patients. The records of all pediatric renal transplant patients who underwent Dx/HA injection for VUR and had subsequent obstruction were identified, and the management and outcomes were reviewed. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 10 years. There were four patients identified, all of whom had a history of rising creatinine, recurrent UTI, and increasing hydronephrosis which led to the diagnosis of high-grade VUR. Obstruction was diagnosed within 24-72 hours after injection in three patients. One patient was asymptomatic, and rising creatinine and hydronephrosis were noted 1 month after injection. One patient was managed expectantly, while three patients underwent ureteral stent placement. After the stent was removed, one patient went on to open reimplant due to delayed obstruction, the second patient with voiding dysfunction is currently managed with an indwelling ureteral stent and may require further definitive surgery, the third patient recovered, and the fourth is being observed. Our cases illustrate that despite initial successful management of the obstruction in some, delayed obstruction is possible and may necessitate open reimplant. It is imperative that these patients have close follow-up after Dx/HA.
Introduction: We investigate urology residency program directors' perspectives on the current res... more Introduction: We investigate urology residency program directors' perspectives on the current residency matching system. Methods: A survey was emailed to Society of Urology Chairpersons and Program Directors members. The survey queried respondents' perspectives on the current residency matching system, with special attention to the recent surge in application volume and the usefulness of the Medical Student Performance Evaluation. Participants were also asked about their perspective on a possible application limit for students applying to urology residencies. Results: A total of 70 members of the Society of Urology Chairpersons and Program Directors responded to the survey. The majority of respondents received more than 200 applications for their program's residency positions (77.1%) and used a Step 1 cutoff score to screen applications (81.4%). Approximately half of the respondents (51.4%) were in favor of imposing a limit to the number of applications that applicants are permitted to submit. The Medical Student Performance Evaluation was considered important or very important by 20% and 94.3% favored including an applicant's class rank in the evaluation. An applicant's projected likelihood of attending a respondent's program was considered by 76%, and 60% had previously not offered superior candidates interviews because they estimated the applicants were not truly interested in the program. Conclusions: Urology program directors exclude a large number of applications based on board scores and applicants' perceived levels of interest in the programs. A significant number of program directors favored an application limit as well as including class rank in the Medical Student Performance Evaluation.
OBJECTIVE To investigate urology residency program directors' criteria for resident selection. ME... more OBJECTIVE To investigate urology residency program directors' criteria for resident selection. METHODS In 2014, the urology residency program directors were surveyed using an email questionnaire. The generated questionnaire included the following 3 components: (1) assessing the factors used in selecting applicants for interviewing and matching, (2) rating the factors resulting in a negative decision for applicants for interviewing and matching, and (3) investigating the factors that gave applicants special attention or consideration from program directors. Analysis of variance testing and post hoc Student t tests were used to assess for differences in the mean importance score of the factors. RESULTS Urology reference letters and United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) scores were ranked as the most important factors for applicant selection. A USMLE Step 1 score 220 and a USMLE Step 2 score 220 were the most deleterious factors to applicants, with a previous match failure being no less deleterious to an applicant than a USMLE Step 1 or 2 score 220. Program directors gave special attention or consideration to gender (25%), minority status (36.8%), being from the same medical school as the program director (61.8%), completing an away rotation at the program director's institution (86.8%), being a child of an academic urologist (47.4%), and being a child of an academic nonurologic physician (15.8%). CONCLUSION Although program directors consider a variety of factors during the residency selection process, USMLE performance, urology references, and completing an away rotation at the program directors' institution appear to be the most important factors to program directors during the residency selection process. UROLOGY 85: 731e736, 2015.
Introduction: We reviewed literature pertaining to the current state of urological education for ... more Introduction: We reviewed literature pertaining to the current state of urological education for residents in the United States. Methods: A literature review was performed to identify relevant manuscripts using a key word search of the PubMedÒ and MEDLINEÒ databases. Central themes of the literature were identified and summarized for the purpose of this review. Results: A literature search identified 23 articles related to urological residency education. Key themes identified in the available literature included surgical simulation, decreasing open experience, and improving the efficiency and quality of resident education and evaluation. With increasing limitations in available resident training hours as well as increasing utilization of minimally invasive approaches in the field of urology it is important to critically assess how urological residents are trained. Conclusions: As the scope and complexity of medical knowledge and surgical approaches evolve in the field of urology it is imperative to critically evaluate how urological residents are trained to ensure that graduating residents are prepared to provide outstanding patient care as independent surgeons.
Introduction: Providing medical students with a basic urological education is important as the ge... more Introduction: Providing medical students with a basic urological education is important as the geriatric population expands and the need for urological care increases. In the last decades there have been considerable changes to medical school curricula and graduation requirements that may impact medical student exposure to urology. We reviewed the literature pertaining to urological education for medical students in the United States. Methods: We searched the PubMedÒ and MedlineÒ databases to identify articles pertaining to medical student education in urology. We summarized these articles according to 4 themes, including 1) medical student electives in urology, 2) medical student career interest in urology, 3) new interventions in urology education and 4) the urology match. Results: We identified 25 articles, which showed that 1) medical student exposure to urology has markedly declined, 2) medical students remain highly interested in pursuing a career in urology, 3) the AUA (American Urological Association) medical student curriculum has provided a key resource for medical school urological education and 4) applying for urology residency may be expensive and challenging. Conclusions: Medical school urological education has changed in the last decades. Although it appears that fewer medical students are required to rotate through urology, new materials are available to educate medical students in urology and many students are highly interested in pursing a career in the field.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open, 2018
perforator dissection (n=8, 57.1%). Nearly all residents believed the porcine model simulated hum... more perforator dissection (n=8, 57.1%). Nearly all residents believed the porcine model simulated human surgery well (n=12, 85.7%), live models are superior to non-live models (n=13, 92.9%), and this porcine training model improved their understanding of flap harvest and IMV preparation (n=12, 85.7%). Near-peer learning was endorsed by most residents (n=12, 85.7%) during this training model. CONCLUSION: This needs assessment demonstrates that residents lack confidence in the surgical skills required for microsurgical breast reconstruction. The model was well received by the resident learners and incorporates surgical decision-making and technical skills execution. Residents can gain confidence in their surgical technique in this high-fidelity model and thus may improve self-assurance and autonomy in the clinical setting.
The first recorded evidence of priapism is found in the Ebers papyrus (1550 BC). It is stated tha... more The first recorded evidence of priapism is found in the Ebers papyrus (1550 BC). It is stated that a persistent erection can be treated with watermelon, flax, pine and Hyoscyamus. In the Greco-Roman period one of the first descriptions of a persistent erection is by Greek physiologist Demetrius of Apamea (300 BC). This is also one of the earliest usages of the terms Priapism and Satyriasis. Satyrs were anthropomorphic companions of the god Dyonisius. They were ithyphallic creatures depicted as having large genitals, a human torso and goat-like lower limbs. Priapus was a god of fertility whose existence was first recorded in the comedy Priapus written by Xenarchus. He was the son of Dyonisus and, although known for his large sexual appetite, was said to have been cursed with impotence. Interestingly in the Greco-Roman period both the terms Satyriasis and Priapism were used interchangeably to describe persistent unwanted erections or male hypersexuality syndromes. The most authoritative description of priapism was by Galen (129 to 216 AD) in his essay On Erection and Priapism. Galen recognized a difference between hypersexuality syndrome and unwanted persistent penile erection. He suggested that the formed should be called Satyrisasis and the latter Priapism. Priapism in modern medical literature: The first modern description of priapism is often ascribed to Petraens in his article "Gonorrhoea, Satyriasis et Priapisme"(1616). Nonetheless, French physician Thierry de Hery (1505 to 1599) in his book "La methode curatoire de la maladie venerienne" (publ 1552) gives a clear overview of priapism and makes a mention of Galen in describing "an unwanted erection unrelated to sexual desire". CONCLUSIONS: The earliest usage of the term Priapism was in Greco-Roman medical treatises and Galen was the first author to differentiate between Priapism and Satyriasis based on the presence of sexual desire. Moreover, it is likely incorrect to consider Petraens as the first to describe Priapism in modern literature as the French Physician Thierry de Hery already described the condition in 1552 with clear references to Galen.
optics. Microscopic optimization is attributed to Peter Horenz, while finer suture and a focus on... more optics. Microscopic optimization is attributed to Peter Horenz, while finer suture and a focus on ergonomics was spurred by the work of Robert Acklund. Other technological improvements such as the xenon lamp and finer surgical instruments soon followed. Formal fellowship training for microsurgeons, introduced by Larry I. Lipshultz in 1984, is thought to have broadened the subspecialty and improved quality of operative outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The use of microsurgical techniques in urology is essential in the treatment of male infertility and sexual dysfunction and the application of microsurgical approaches in urology continues to grow. With the continued input of its pioneers and improved technologies, the future of urologic microsurgery will only broaden.
This article includes facts and figures useful in the management of pediatric urologic patients. ... more This article includes facts and figures useful in the management of pediatric urologic patients. A formulary of commonly used drugs as well as modified doses for use in renal insufficiency is provided. In addition, data on bowel preparations, vital signs, hypertension, creatinine clearance, Tanner stages, and stretched penile length are provided.
Distal hypospadias, where the urethral meatus is located subcoronal or more distal, is one of the... more Distal hypospadias, where the urethral meatus is located subcoronal or more distal, is one of the most common congenital anomalies in males. The embryology and etiology of hypospadias, timing of repair, surgical techniques, anesthesia for and complications of hypospadias repair are reviewed.
To understand better the relationship among radionuclide renal scan differential function, renal ... more To understand better the relationship among radionuclide renal scan differential function, renal histology and the outcome of pyeloplasty we performed ipsilateral renal biopsies in a series of patients undergoing primary pyeloplasty. A total of 17 consecutive patients with unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction underwent renal biopsy at the time of pyeloplasty. Biopsies were examined systematically after sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid, Schiff, Jones modified silver or Masson trichrome stains, and they were reviewed by 1 pathologist. Biopsy results were correlated with preoperative and postoperative radionuclide renal scan differential functions. Patient age ranged from 1 month to 7 years (mean 19.8 months). Renal biopsy was abnormal in 6 kidneys, of which 5 had a preoperative differential function of less than 33%. None of these kidneys had evidence of postoperative improvement in renal function on followup scans despite a technically successful result. All remaining 11 kidneys had normal biopsies and a preoperative differential function of greater than 44%. We conclude from these data that patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction with a differential function of less than 35% have a high probability of significant histological changes on biopsy and a low probability of postoperative improvement in differential function.
This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad... more This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
In their recently published case report, Lowery et al presented 2 patients with bladder agenesis ... more In their recently published case report, Lowery et al presented 2 patients with bladder agenesis and concomitant pelvic arterial anomaly and suggested the 2 anatomical variants are causally related. Bladder agenesis is extremely rare with only 25 live births recorded in the literature. With so few patients to study, much of what is known is through case reports such as Lowery’s. We herein would like to present a case of bladder agenesis who recently received a living donor kidney transplant 3 weeks ago and was found to have normal pelvic vascular anatomy both on preoperative imaging and intraoperatively. These findings contradict Lowery’s interpretation that bladder agenesis may be causally related to aberrant pelvic arterial anatomy.
Plastic and reconstructive surgery is among the most competitive specialties in the residency mat... more Plastic and reconstructive surgery is among the most competitive specialties in the residency match. Applicants seeking to maximize their chances of a successful match often submit numerous applications to the National Residency Matching Program. It is not uncommon for those applying to plastic and reconstructive surgery to apply to every program. The high application volume imparts significant time and financial burden for applicants and programs alike. Furthermore, it makes distinguishing between applicants with a genuine interest in a specific program and those who are merely hoping to improve their chances vastly more difficult. The authors sought to characterize trends in the match rate, as the number of integrated plastic and reconstructive surgery programs continues to increase. Furthermore, they reviewed the literature on game theory for possible solutions to residency application congestion. The authors propose the use of the game theory model to explain the observed results and show why an application limit is the most reasonable approach to address this issue.
Introduction: Before the AUA Urology Residency Match Program medical students and residency progr... more Introduction: Before the AUA Urology Residency Match Program medical students and residency programs would pair up without the aid of a centralized system. We report the history and rationale of this program. Methods: AUA archives regarding the AUA Urology Residency Match Program were searched. Interviews were done with physicians and AUA personnel involved in the creation/facilitation of the Urology Match, including Drs. Eugene Carlton, August Colenbrander and Carl Olsson, and Randy Berndt. Results: Before 1985 there were significant problems in the urology residency job market as a result of not having a formal matching system. An offer/counteroffer system existed that was inequitable, produced suboptimal pairings and created tremendous anxiety for applicants and program directors. The first AUA match was implemented in 1985. The match was done using a deferred acceptance algorithm, which matched applicants and programs according to preferences. Key figures who facilitated the match included Director of Education Dr. Eugene Carlton, Assistant Director of Education William Brubaker, Data Processing Manager Randy Berndt and Dr. August Colenbrander, an ophthalmologist who established the Ophthalmology Residency Matching Program. Although the Urology Match has been a success, a single mismatch occurred in 2005. Dr. Carl Olsson, the AUA Secretary, investigated the erroneous match and led a committee that initiated additional match safeguards. The AUA Residency Match Program has run smoothly since. Conclusions: The AUA Urology Residency Match Program has taken away the problems associated with the offer/counteroffer system that existed before the Urology Match, setting into motion the career trajectories and lives of thousands of urologists.
Distal hypospadias, where the urethral meatus is located subcoronal or more distal, is one of the... more Distal hypospadias, where the urethral meatus is located subcoronal or more distal, is one of the most common congenital anomalies in males. The embryology and etiology of hypospadias, timing of repair, surgical techniques, anesthesia for and complications of hypospadias repair are reviewed.
To describe a multicenter experience with management of ureteral obstruction after injection of D... more To describe a multicenter experience with management of ureteral obstruction after injection of Dx/HA for VUR in pediatric renal transplant patients. The records of all pediatric renal transplant patients who underwent Dx/HA injection for VUR and had subsequent obstruction were identified, and the management and outcomes were reviewed. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 10 years. There were four patients identified, all of whom had a history of rising creatinine, recurrent UTI, and increasing hydronephrosis which led to the diagnosis of high-grade VUR. Obstruction was diagnosed within 24-72 hours after injection in three patients. One patient was asymptomatic, and rising creatinine and hydronephrosis were noted 1 month after injection. One patient was managed expectantly, while three patients underwent ureteral stent placement. After the stent was removed, one patient went on to open reimplant due to delayed obstruction, the second patient with voiding dysfunction is currently managed with an indwelling ureteral stent and may require further definitive surgery, the third patient recovered, and the fourth is being observed. Our cases illustrate that despite initial successful management of the obstruction in some, delayed obstruction is possible and may necessitate open reimplant. It is imperative that these patients have close follow-up after Dx/HA.
Introduction: We investigate urology residency program directors' perspectives on the current res... more Introduction: We investigate urology residency program directors' perspectives on the current residency matching system. Methods: A survey was emailed to Society of Urology Chairpersons and Program Directors members. The survey queried respondents' perspectives on the current residency matching system, with special attention to the recent surge in application volume and the usefulness of the Medical Student Performance Evaluation. Participants were also asked about their perspective on a possible application limit for students applying to urology residencies. Results: A total of 70 members of the Society of Urology Chairpersons and Program Directors responded to the survey. The majority of respondents received more than 200 applications for their program's residency positions (77.1%) and used a Step 1 cutoff score to screen applications (81.4%). Approximately half of the respondents (51.4%) were in favor of imposing a limit to the number of applications that applicants are permitted to submit. The Medical Student Performance Evaluation was considered important or very important by 20% and 94.3% favored including an applicant's class rank in the evaluation. An applicant's projected likelihood of attending a respondent's program was considered by 76%, and 60% had previously not offered superior candidates interviews because they estimated the applicants were not truly interested in the program. Conclusions: Urology program directors exclude a large number of applications based on board scores and applicants' perceived levels of interest in the programs. A significant number of program directors favored an application limit as well as including class rank in the Medical Student Performance Evaluation.
OBJECTIVE To investigate urology residency program directors' criteria for resident selection. ME... more OBJECTIVE To investigate urology residency program directors' criteria for resident selection. METHODS In 2014, the urology residency program directors were surveyed using an email questionnaire. The generated questionnaire included the following 3 components: (1) assessing the factors used in selecting applicants for interviewing and matching, (2) rating the factors resulting in a negative decision for applicants for interviewing and matching, and (3) investigating the factors that gave applicants special attention or consideration from program directors. Analysis of variance testing and post hoc Student t tests were used to assess for differences in the mean importance score of the factors. RESULTS Urology reference letters and United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) scores were ranked as the most important factors for applicant selection. A USMLE Step 1 score 220 and a USMLE Step 2 score 220 were the most deleterious factors to applicants, with a previous match failure being no less deleterious to an applicant than a USMLE Step 1 or 2 score 220. Program directors gave special attention or consideration to gender (25%), minority status (36.8%), being from the same medical school as the program director (61.8%), completing an away rotation at the program director's institution (86.8%), being a child of an academic urologist (47.4%), and being a child of an academic nonurologic physician (15.8%). CONCLUSION Although program directors consider a variety of factors during the residency selection process, USMLE performance, urology references, and completing an away rotation at the program directors' institution appear to be the most important factors to program directors during the residency selection process. UROLOGY 85: 731e736, 2015.
Introduction: We reviewed literature pertaining to the current state of urological education for ... more Introduction: We reviewed literature pertaining to the current state of urological education for residents in the United States. Methods: A literature review was performed to identify relevant manuscripts using a key word search of the PubMedÒ and MEDLINEÒ databases. Central themes of the literature were identified and summarized for the purpose of this review. Results: A literature search identified 23 articles related to urological residency education. Key themes identified in the available literature included surgical simulation, decreasing open experience, and improving the efficiency and quality of resident education and evaluation. With increasing limitations in available resident training hours as well as increasing utilization of minimally invasive approaches in the field of urology it is important to critically assess how urological residents are trained. Conclusions: As the scope and complexity of medical knowledge and surgical approaches evolve in the field of urology it is imperative to critically evaluate how urological residents are trained to ensure that graduating residents are prepared to provide outstanding patient care as independent surgeons.
Introduction: Providing medical students with a basic urological education is important as the ge... more Introduction: Providing medical students with a basic urological education is important as the geriatric population expands and the need for urological care increases. In the last decades there have been considerable changes to medical school curricula and graduation requirements that may impact medical student exposure to urology. We reviewed the literature pertaining to urological education for medical students in the United States. Methods: We searched the PubMedÒ and MedlineÒ databases to identify articles pertaining to medical student education in urology. We summarized these articles according to 4 themes, including 1) medical student electives in urology, 2) medical student career interest in urology, 3) new interventions in urology education and 4) the urology match. Results: We identified 25 articles, which showed that 1) medical student exposure to urology has markedly declined, 2) medical students remain highly interested in pursuing a career in urology, 3) the AUA (American Urological Association) medical student curriculum has provided a key resource for medical school urological education and 4) applying for urology residency may be expensive and challenging. Conclusions: Medical school urological education has changed in the last decades. Although it appears that fewer medical students are required to rotate through urology, new materials are available to educate medical students in urology and many students are highly interested in pursing a career in the field.
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open, 2018
perforator dissection (n=8, 57.1%). Nearly all residents believed the porcine model simulated hum... more perforator dissection (n=8, 57.1%). Nearly all residents believed the porcine model simulated human surgery well (n=12, 85.7%), live models are superior to non-live models (n=13, 92.9%), and this porcine training model improved their understanding of flap harvest and IMV preparation (n=12, 85.7%). Near-peer learning was endorsed by most residents (n=12, 85.7%) during this training model. CONCLUSION: This needs assessment demonstrates that residents lack confidence in the surgical skills required for microsurgical breast reconstruction. The model was well received by the resident learners and incorporates surgical decision-making and technical skills execution. Residents can gain confidence in their surgical technique in this high-fidelity model and thus may improve self-assurance and autonomy in the clinical setting.
Uploads
Papers by Jeffrey Stock