A mohácsi csata helyének kérdése hosszabb ideje foglalkoztatja a kutatókat. A történeti hagyomány... more A mohácsi csata helyének kérdése hosszabb ideje foglalkoztatja a kutatókat. A történeti hagyomány szerint az összecsapás Sátorhely környékén volt és a 19. század végén megindult szaktudományos kutatás ennek alapján kezdte meg a csata helyszínének rekonstruálását. Az 1920-as években jelentős fordulat következett be, amikor-elsősorban Gyalókay Jenő hatására-a csata feltételezett helyszínét Sátorhelytől délebbre és kissé nyugatabbra helyezték át a rekonstrukciós kísérletekben, a Mohácsi-síkságot nyugatról övező tereplépcső elé. Az 1990-es évektől kezdve, a főként Négyesi Lajos kezdeményezte hadszíntérkutatás Sátorhelytől nyugatra, Majs falu előterét állította a kutatások fókuszába, mondván: a csata a majsi hordalékkúp sík térségében volt. Ezzel megkezdődött egy napjainkig tartó, nagy erőkkel folytatott munka a csata majsi tárgyi leleteinek azonosítására. B. Szabó János eleinte maga is a majsi terület relevanciája mellett érvelt, amikor a 2006-os, többször kiadott "A mohácsi csata" című kötetében a rekonstrukciót ezen elmélet mentén alakította ki. Az oszmán erőket felsorakoztatta a majsi tereplépcsőre, míg a keresztény erőket velük szemben helyezte el, vonalaikat északnyugat-délkeleti tengely mentén sorakoztatta fel közvetlenül Majs keleti előterében. A hadszíntér pozícionálásában fontos szerepet kapott egy a majsi katolikus templom közelében található középkori falunyom: a részben Négyesi Lajos hadtörténész, majd az ő nyomán ott dolgozó Bertók Gábor által vezetett régészcsapat által feltételezett Földvár. B. Szabó János egy 2019-ben írt és az év vége felé megjelent írásában 1 azonban egy régi-új elmélettel jelentkezett. Ahogy írásának címéből is kiderül, a "mohácsi csata centrumában fekvő Földvár falu" kérdéséhez kíván hozzászólni, és annak lokalizációjával kapcsolatban jelentkezik gondolataival. Középkori okleveles forrásokat dolgoz fel, azokat gondolja végig, és végül arra jut, hogy a mohácsi csata centrumában fekvő falut nem Majsnál, de nem is Sátorhelynél kell keresni, hanem a síkság déli, jórészt a mai Horvátországra is kiterjedő területén. Így a hipotetikus helyszín, bár nem fogalmaz egyértelműen, kizárásos alapon az Udvar és Buziglica közötti területre, a tereplépcső ottani szakasza előtt elterülő térségbe valószínűsíthető. Az elemzés azzal zárul, hogy ha sikerülne is a csatát illetően a kérdésben tisztán látni, akkor lehetne Gyalókayval egyetértve feltenni a kérdést, miszerint tényleg Földvárt látta-e Brodarics? Az alábbi elemzésben megvizsgáljuk a B. Szabó által közölt feltételezést, elemezzük a Földvárra vonatkozó forrásokat, hogy megfeleltethetők-e a kérdéses területtel.
Suleiman I died during the Ottoman siege of Szigetvár on 6 th September 1566 in the vineyard hill... more Suleiman I died during the Ottoman siege of Szigetvár on 6 th September 1566 in the vineyard hill of Szigetvár-Turbék, Hungary. At the location of his death and temporary burial site, a memorial place (türbe) was established in the 16 th century. According to written sources it was built in the 1570s, and the tomb complex was protected by a fortification (palisade) and a moat system from the north in the 17 th century. The 250 cm deep moat was revealed by geological boreholes, and excavated by archaeologists for, among others, archaeobotanical, anthracological, malacological, pollen analytical and archaeozoological analysis. During the formation of the archaeological profile, Ottoman and Habsburg coins having dating importance and archaeological findings were found from the filling of the moat. 30 litres of sediment samples were taken at 15 cm intervals for archaeobotanical analysis, and four radiocarbon (AMS) dating were carried out on Hordeum seeds. The cleaned surface of the profile was sampled at 10 cm intervals for sedimentological, geochemical and archaeozoological analysis. Based on some tens of thousands plant and some hundreds of animal, mainly domestic animal, remains we were able to reconstruct ploughed lands, orchards, kitchen gardens and vineyards, pasture lands, forest patches, gallery forest, as well as settlements. We were able to detect the land-economic zones (horticulture, forestry, cropfield, grazing zones) that closely followed the Thünen circles. Based on the malacological remains, the climate deterioration of the Little Ice Age (LIA) could also be demonstrated in the first two thirds of the 17 th century. At the same time, it was clearly established that the extreme effects of climate change on agriculture was not so drastic in the vineyards hill site due to its exposure situation, exogenous geological and geological conditions. Thus, the negative effects of the Little Ice Age were modified on the dry south facing, lower altitude slopes, covered with loess and human-influenced soil (anthrasol). At least, extremes like those detected in the North Atlantic did not occur here. So, we can conclude that the mosaic nature of the Carpathian Basin could buffer the negative effects of the Little Ice Age through the microregions characterized by a milder and drier microclimate. The memorial place and the destroyed town (Ottoman name: Türbe kasabası) may have become depopulated between 1692 and 1693, when the area was divided into agricultural zones and new gardens, arable and pasturelands were established. The memorial place
Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent (1526-1566) died during the siege of Szigetvár in 1566 (between... more Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent (1526-1566) died during the siege of Szigetvár in 1566 (between 1 and 2 a.m. on 7 th September 1566) in his imperial tent 4.5 kilometers from the castle, on the vineyard hill of Szigetvár-Turbék, Hungary. Later, around 1575 a makam türbe (memorial mausoleum) with a mosque and a dervish lodge was built on the place of his death; the complex was protected by a palisade and surrounded by a deep moat. The layout of the complex was drawn by Count Pál Esterházy (1635-1713) (later palatine and imperial prince) in 1664, during the Winter Campaign. Part of the memorial site and the adjoining small town (Turkish name: Türbe kasabası) burnt down in 1688, most of the buildings were removed by 1691, and by 1693 only the remains of the mausoleum's wall were left standing, which were soon pulled down. Later the area was used for agricultural purposes, with fields, orchards, gardens, and vineyards. The türbe and other associated buildings were covered with a layer of rubble from the demolition and soil. The significant site was identified in 2014 and was excavated by remote sensing, geophysical, geological, and archaeological investigations between 2015 and 2019.
Buildings of the burial complex of Suleiman the Magnificent were excavated between 2015–2019 in S... more Buildings of the burial complex of Suleiman the Magnificent were excavated between 2015–2019 in Szigetvár. This paper investigates why, despite the traditional anti-Muslim sentiments in the local community, the FIDESZ-KDNP failed to turn the Suleiman story into local political success after the 2015 migration crisis, during a period of extensive anti-Muslim campaigning. This analyses focuses on the opportunities, challenges and concerns of the creation of a Muslim pilgrimage site and cultural tourism attraction based on the death place of the Ottoman emperor. The Muslim rule in the early modern period has left deep memorial traces on Hungary. Despite the superficial similarities, opinions about Muslims in Szigetvár are more complex than in the wider Hungarian public and are influenced by acts of reconciliation and economic considerations. Results of a deep empirical research are presented on local identity and Muslim related sentiments in this paper.
reflections on tHe conception of János B. szABó As outlined in His pApers "eGy mátyás-Kori oKlevé... more reflections on tHe conception of János B. szABó As outlined in His pApers "eGy mátyás-Kori oKlevél…" And "sem nem mAJs, sem nem sátorHely" According to jános B. Szabó's latest suggestions, detailed in his two studies, the settlement named földvár, thgought to have been in the center of the 1526 Battle of mohács, might be found east of the Borza stream but south of the settlement of sátorhely, in what is now croatia. our response examines the arguments that underpin this claim. the authors' conclusion is that the arguments in favour of the croatian site cannot be supported by evidences, these statements are based on B. Szabó's misunderstanding. the present study confirms the arguments for the földvár-sátorhely continuity.
tHe mAin GeoGrApHicAl feAtures of tHe scenes of tHe 1526 BAttle of moHács the danube's branches, ... more tHe mAin GeoGrApHicAl feAtures of tHe scenes of tHe 1526 BAttle of moHács the danube's branches, the Karasica, the streams of the Mohács plain and still waters played an important role in the course of the 1526 events. maneuvers of the contending parties were strongly influenced by conditions of the water sys tem. skirmishes were taking place on both sides of the river and on the water, as well. Both the ottoman and Hungarian troops were partially outfitted through the danube and the mohács lay-by could be used to provide supply. their camp was set up south of this, next to the water (flood plain) and road of Eszék [osijek, Croatia]. At that time the danube's main branch was the eastern (Baracska) one, while the mohács branch was a side one, in contemporary terminology a "gap". the survivors of the battle fled west, north and partly eastwards. Ships plying on the danube also played role in the escape. it is reported by most ottoman and some christian sources that many of the fugitives lost their lives in the danube and in the deep flood plain marshes along the river, respectively.
One of the most influential rulers of the sixteenth century, Sultan Suleyman I, passed away and w... more One of the most influential rulers of the sixteenth century, Sultan Suleyman I, passed away and was buried temporarily near the fortress of Szigetvár in SW Hungary in 1566. Later, a memorial place was erected on the site in the second half of the sixteenth century. The complex was surrounded by a palisade system and a moat on its northern side. The site was fully destroyed in 1692, and the exact location vanished with time. Recent investigations of historical sources complemented by geophysical, archeological, and geoarcheological investigations managed to identify the location of the site, and probe corings revealed the moat system. This study presents the results of complex chronological, sedimentological, and geochemical investigations done on the sediments accumulated in the moat. Based on geoarcheological data, two major changes could have been noted in the nature of the deposit marking erosion and transportation of soil from the banks of the moat. Elevated concentrations of Fe...
SÁTORHELY OR MAJS? The Environmental Features of Földvár-Localizing the Central Area of the Battl... more SÁTORHELY OR MAJS? The Environmental Features of Földvár-Localizing the Central Area of the Battle of Mohács Földvár is a medieval community with a large estate to the south of Mohács. According to István Brodarics's report on the Battle of Mohács, the centre of the clash was here in 1526. The exact location of this village has been debated for about a hundred years. The authors of this paper examined the geographical references of medieval and modern sources and compared them with the features of the reconstructed landscape from sixteenth-and seventeenth-century sources, based on old maps, written sources and geoinformation modelling. Based on this, it was established that the environment of Majs does not correspond to the geographical features of medieval Földvár and that the description of the battle site also points to Sátorhely as the likely location. The village was somewhere in the administrative area of today's Sátorhely, and the boundaries of the estate were clearly identifiable as the area connected to the "great ditch" north of the village, to the Danócz marsh / Vizslaki meadow in the east and to the valley of the Borza Stream in the west.
Szerzők: Pap Norbert – Gyenizse Péter – Kitanics Máté – Szalai Gábor | Cím: A Gergely-féle naptár... more Szerzők: Pap Norbert – Gyenizse Péter – Kitanics Máté – Szalai Gábor | Cím: A Gergely-féle naptárreform és a csillagászati jelenségek szerepe a 15-16. századi történelmi forrásaink és eseményeink értelmezésében : Working paper --- A jelen sorok szerzői a pécsi egyetemen dolgozó kutatók. A Pécsi Tudományegyetem 2017-ben ünnepelte alapításának 650 éves alapítását. Orbán pápa 1367. szeptember 1-én bocsátotta ki azt az iratot, melynek alapján a pécsi studium generale létrejött. Az idő relatív természetéhez hozzátartozik, hogy Orbán pápa az akkor használatos Julián naptár alapján szeptember 1-én szignózta a rendelkezést. A Gergely-féle naptárreform után az évforduló átkerült szeptember 9-re. Ennek ellenére – érzelmi töltése miatt – az egyetem a Felsőoktatás Napján, szeptember 1-én ünnepli alapítását. Nagy jelentőséget tulajdonítunk a jeles ünnepnapoknak, a történelmi események évfordulóinak. Vajon tényleg azokon a napokon játszódtak le azok a sorsfordító események, amelyeken emlékezünk rájuk? Úgy tűnik, hogy sok esetben nem így van. Egyrészt a sorsfordító eseményeket nem minden esetben jegyezték le azonnal, vagy ha ezt a krónikások meg is tették, az idő folyamán az időpontok sokszor torzultak. Ennek következtében egy-egy fontos eseménynek nem ritkán 2-3 időpontját is megtalálhatjuk a szakirodalomban. Másrészt úgy tűnik, amint a 19. századtól kezdve egyre nagyobb figyelmet fordítottak az emlékezeti kérdésekre, a kiválasztott, helyesnek tartott dátumokat az egyházi hagyomány szerinti dátum alapján számolták. Miért is probléma ez? A Gergely-naptár bevezetésére csak 1582-ben került sor, előtte a Julián-naptárt használták. Ennek megfelelően egy sor középkori, koraújkori fontos esemény szekuláris évfordulója máskor, más napon volt, mint ahogy azt ma számon tartjuk. Az időnek sok arca van. Megélése függ a földrajzi helytől, az életformától, a kulturális és vallási háttértől, de még az intézményektől is. Budapest belvárosában másképpen éljük meg, mint egy ormánsági kis faluban, szekuláris közegben is másképp, mint egy ortodox jeruzsálemi zsidó, vagy a szomszédságában ugyanott egy szunnita muszlim közösségben. Az eltelt idő tudata időnként beépül az identitásunkba is. A történeti események értelmezése sem képzelhető el a csillagászati jelenségek és korabeli érzékelésük nélkül. A hold és a nap látszólagos mozgásai, a muszlim naptár alapján készült források értelmezése, a napfelkeltéhez és napnyugtához igazított órabeosztás, melyeknek alapja a csillagászati jelenségekhez igazított óraszámítása főbb problémák. Az alábbiakban ezeket a kérdéseket járjuk körbe
u, Russia, the u some of the countries of the Islamic world. These dealings fundamentally determi... more u, Russia, the u some of the countries of the Islamic world. These dealings fundamentally determine tasks in Hungarian foreign policy, cultural policy, economic policy, security- and defence policy for the forthcoming decades. Hungary acts as a gate between Western Europe and the Balkans. This role used to be more dominant in previous centuries of Hungarian history than it is today, not least because the country’s size and strength significantly decreased after the Trianon Treaty. Many of the historical, imperial reflexes have remained, but without any imperial gravity. Today we are just one of the intermediary regi ons that have relations with the Balkans and form a bridge to Europe. The acce lerated alteration in the world order, the BRICS countries and the emergence of some important middle-sized states, such as Turkey, make adaptation inevitable for our country. This is what the policy of “Eastern opening” is about.
DIE ERDE – Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin, 2015
Exploration in search of the tomb of Sultan Suleiman I and the buildings around it in the vicinit... more Exploration in search of the tomb of Sultan Suleiman I and the buildings around it in the vicinity of Szigetvar, Baranya county, southern Hungary, has been going on for some one hundred years and on a number of sites (on the banks of Almas stream, at St. Mary’s Church in Turbek). On the basis of newly discovered documents and map representations, the authors have carried out a reinterpretation of earlier known sources and have abstracted from these information appropriate for a renewed geographical identification of the site of the tomb. The results have been construed in a reconstructed end-17th-century landscape using geoinformation methods. Identification of the Ottoman settlement at Turbek, which can be associated with the construction of the Sultan’s turbe (tomb), was made possible through the collection of finds on the surface of the archaeological site at the Turbek vineyard, the increased intensity of finds and through geophysical examination. The little town was a unique se...
This paper addresses issues related to Torokdomb, the memorial place built by the Ottomans on the... more This paper addresses issues related to Torokdomb, the memorial place built by the Ottomans on the battlefield after the battle of Mohacs, which has perished over time. In this battle, the army lead by Hungarian and Czech King Louis II encountered the troops of Sultan Suleiman I. 12-15 thousand people lost their life in the battle on the Christian side, including the king and 5-6 thousand Czech infantrymen. The artificial hill was erected in Roman times next to a military road, but it gained special importance as a legendary site only after the battle in 1526, where Sultan Suleiman prayed for victory and watched the battle. The hill has played an important role as a memorial place for several centuries, which has undergone significant changes over time. Research into the battle of Mohacs and the military landscape raises a complex set of problems; among other things, the scene of the battle is hotly debated. The findings of studies relying on historical sources, old maps, previous ar...
It is well known that due to its high temperature gradient the Pannonian basin is a favourable ar... more It is well known that due to its high temperature gradient the Pannonian basin is a favourable area for geothermal energy production. This natural resource is further enhanced by another advantage of the area ; knowledge and experience resulting from decades long geological, hydrogeological and hydrocarbon exploration. This knowledge has special importance as existence of subsurface resources is necessary, but not sufficient condition for providing sustainable energy for the population. This subsurface resource will only convert to useable energy source following adequately planned and executed exploration and exploitation program. Planning and execution starts with understanding and detailed mapping of subsurface startigraphy, hydrogeology and tectonics. As a first step areas with significant potential for geothermal energy utilization can be selected based on the results of geological and geophysical investigations. Selection of the most suitable technology on the other hand depen...
The fragmentation of the Montenegrin society is significant, in terms of identities, ethnic group... more The fragmentation of the Montenegrin society is significant, in terms of identities, ethnic groups and political values as well. However, the subsidized nature of the alternative of joining the EU is significant and almost unified, which can not be stated in the case of the NATO membership at all. The above mentioned fragmentation goes also with strong political division but the internal conflicts of the past 20 years have not led to violent occurrences, civil war, which can be considered a remarkable phenomenon among the Western-Balkan relations. The country is characterized by organized crime, nepotism, the presence of clan-like phenomena, corruption and the underdevelopment of democratic culture. Among the tasks of Montenegro regarding its accession to the EU, besides strengthening the jurisdiction, reducing the political nature of the administration, the fight againstorganized crime and in this context the elimination of the extensive corruption are prominently included.
Exploration in search of the tomb of Sultan Suleiman I and the buildings around it in the vicinit... more Exploration in search of the tomb of Sultan Suleiman I and the buildings around it in the vicinity of Szigetvár, Baranya county, southern Hungary, has been going on for some one hundred years and on a number of sites (on the banks of Almás stream, at St. Mary’s Church in Turbék). On the basis of newly iscovered documents and map representations, the authors have carried out a reinterpretation of earlier known sources and have abstracted from these information appropriate for a renewed geographical identification of the site of the tomb. The results have been construed in a reconstructed end-17th-century landscape using geoinformation methods. Identification of the Ottoman settlement at Turbék, which can be associated with the construction of the Sultan’s türbe (tomb), was made possible through the collection of finds on the surface of the archaeological site at the Turbék vineyard, the increased intensity of finds and through geophysical examination. The little town was a unique set...
A mohácsi csata helyének kérdése hosszabb ideje foglalkoztatja a kutatókat. A történeti hagyomány... more A mohácsi csata helyének kérdése hosszabb ideje foglalkoztatja a kutatókat. A történeti hagyomány szerint az összecsapás Sátorhely környékén volt és a 19. század végén megindult szaktudományos kutatás ennek alapján kezdte meg a csata helyszínének rekonstruálását. Az 1920-as években jelentős fordulat következett be, amikor-elsősorban Gyalókay Jenő hatására-a csata feltételezett helyszínét Sátorhelytől délebbre és kissé nyugatabbra helyezték át a rekonstrukciós kísérletekben, a Mohácsi-síkságot nyugatról övező tereplépcső elé. Az 1990-es évektől kezdve, a főként Négyesi Lajos kezdeményezte hadszíntérkutatás Sátorhelytől nyugatra, Majs falu előterét állította a kutatások fókuszába, mondván: a csata a majsi hordalékkúp sík térségében volt. Ezzel megkezdődött egy napjainkig tartó, nagy erőkkel folytatott munka a csata majsi tárgyi leleteinek azonosítására. B. Szabó János eleinte maga is a majsi terület relevanciája mellett érvelt, amikor a 2006-os, többször kiadott "A mohácsi csata" című kötetében a rekonstrukciót ezen elmélet mentén alakította ki. Az oszmán erőket felsorakoztatta a majsi tereplépcsőre, míg a keresztény erőket velük szemben helyezte el, vonalaikat északnyugat-délkeleti tengely mentén sorakoztatta fel közvetlenül Majs keleti előterében. A hadszíntér pozícionálásában fontos szerepet kapott egy a majsi katolikus templom közelében található középkori falunyom: a részben Négyesi Lajos hadtörténész, majd az ő nyomán ott dolgozó Bertók Gábor által vezetett régészcsapat által feltételezett Földvár. B. Szabó János egy 2019-ben írt és az év vége felé megjelent írásában 1 azonban egy régi-új elmélettel jelentkezett. Ahogy írásának címéből is kiderül, a "mohácsi csata centrumában fekvő Földvár falu" kérdéséhez kíván hozzászólni, és annak lokalizációjával kapcsolatban jelentkezik gondolataival. Középkori okleveles forrásokat dolgoz fel, azokat gondolja végig, és végül arra jut, hogy a mohácsi csata centrumában fekvő falut nem Majsnál, de nem is Sátorhelynél kell keresni, hanem a síkság déli, jórészt a mai Horvátországra is kiterjedő területén. Így a hipotetikus helyszín, bár nem fogalmaz egyértelműen, kizárásos alapon az Udvar és Buziglica közötti területre, a tereplépcső ottani szakasza előtt elterülő térségbe valószínűsíthető. Az elemzés azzal zárul, hogy ha sikerülne is a csatát illetően a kérdésben tisztán látni, akkor lehetne Gyalókayval egyetértve feltenni a kérdést, miszerint tényleg Földvárt látta-e Brodarics? Az alábbi elemzésben megvizsgáljuk a B. Szabó által közölt feltételezést, elemezzük a Földvárra vonatkozó forrásokat, hogy megfeleltethetők-e a kérdéses területtel.
Suleiman I died during the Ottoman siege of Szigetvár on 6 th September 1566 in the vineyard hill... more Suleiman I died during the Ottoman siege of Szigetvár on 6 th September 1566 in the vineyard hill of Szigetvár-Turbék, Hungary. At the location of his death and temporary burial site, a memorial place (türbe) was established in the 16 th century. According to written sources it was built in the 1570s, and the tomb complex was protected by a fortification (palisade) and a moat system from the north in the 17 th century. The 250 cm deep moat was revealed by geological boreholes, and excavated by archaeologists for, among others, archaeobotanical, anthracological, malacological, pollen analytical and archaeozoological analysis. During the formation of the archaeological profile, Ottoman and Habsburg coins having dating importance and archaeological findings were found from the filling of the moat. 30 litres of sediment samples were taken at 15 cm intervals for archaeobotanical analysis, and four radiocarbon (AMS) dating were carried out on Hordeum seeds. The cleaned surface of the profile was sampled at 10 cm intervals for sedimentological, geochemical and archaeozoological analysis. Based on some tens of thousands plant and some hundreds of animal, mainly domestic animal, remains we were able to reconstruct ploughed lands, orchards, kitchen gardens and vineyards, pasture lands, forest patches, gallery forest, as well as settlements. We were able to detect the land-economic zones (horticulture, forestry, cropfield, grazing zones) that closely followed the Thünen circles. Based on the malacological remains, the climate deterioration of the Little Ice Age (LIA) could also be demonstrated in the first two thirds of the 17 th century. At the same time, it was clearly established that the extreme effects of climate change on agriculture was not so drastic in the vineyards hill site due to its exposure situation, exogenous geological and geological conditions. Thus, the negative effects of the Little Ice Age were modified on the dry south facing, lower altitude slopes, covered with loess and human-influenced soil (anthrasol). At least, extremes like those detected in the North Atlantic did not occur here. So, we can conclude that the mosaic nature of the Carpathian Basin could buffer the negative effects of the Little Ice Age through the microregions characterized by a milder and drier microclimate. The memorial place and the destroyed town (Ottoman name: Türbe kasabası) may have become depopulated between 1692 and 1693, when the area was divided into agricultural zones and new gardens, arable and pasturelands were established. The memorial place
Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent (1526-1566) died during the siege of Szigetvár in 1566 (between... more Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificent (1526-1566) died during the siege of Szigetvár in 1566 (between 1 and 2 a.m. on 7 th September 1566) in his imperial tent 4.5 kilometers from the castle, on the vineyard hill of Szigetvár-Turbék, Hungary. Later, around 1575 a makam türbe (memorial mausoleum) with a mosque and a dervish lodge was built on the place of his death; the complex was protected by a palisade and surrounded by a deep moat. The layout of the complex was drawn by Count Pál Esterházy (1635-1713) (later palatine and imperial prince) in 1664, during the Winter Campaign. Part of the memorial site and the adjoining small town (Turkish name: Türbe kasabası) burnt down in 1688, most of the buildings were removed by 1691, and by 1693 only the remains of the mausoleum's wall were left standing, which were soon pulled down. Later the area was used for agricultural purposes, with fields, orchards, gardens, and vineyards. The türbe and other associated buildings were covered with a layer of rubble from the demolition and soil. The significant site was identified in 2014 and was excavated by remote sensing, geophysical, geological, and archaeological investigations between 2015 and 2019.
Buildings of the burial complex of Suleiman the Magnificent were excavated between 2015–2019 in S... more Buildings of the burial complex of Suleiman the Magnificent were excavated between 2015–2019 in Szigetvár. This paper investigates why, despite the traditional anti-Muslim sentiments in the local community, the FIDESZ-KDNP failed to turn the Suleiman story into local political success after the 2015 migration crisis, during a period of extensive anti-Muslim campaigning. This analyses focuses on the opportunities, challenges and concerns of the creation of a Muslim pilgrimage site and cultural tourism attraction based on the death place of the Ottoman emperor. The Muslim rule in the early modern period has left deep memorial traces on Hungary. Despite the superficial similarities, opinions about Muslims in Szigetvár are more complex than in the wider Hungarian public and are influenced by acts of reconciliation and economic considerations. Results of a deep empirical research are presented on local identity and Muslim related sentiments in this paper.
reflections on tHe conception of János B. szABó As outlined in His pApers "eGy mátyás-Kori oKlevé... more reflections on tHe conception of János B. szABó As outlined in His pApers "eGy mátyás-Kori oKlevél…" And "sem nem mAJs, sem nem sátorHely" According to jános B. Szabó's latest suggestions, detailed in his two studies, the settlement named földvár, thgought to have been in the center of the 1526 Battle of mohács, might be found east of the Borza stream but south of the settlement of sátorhely, in what is now croatia. our response examines the arguments that underpin this claim. the authors' conclusion is that the arguments in favour of the croatian site cannot be supported by evidences, these statements are based on B. Szabó's misunderstanding. the present study confirms the arguments for the földvár-sátorhely continuity.
tHe mAin GeoGrApHicAl feAtures of tHe scenes of tHe 1526 BAttle of moHács the danube's branches, ... more tHe mAin GeoGrApHicAl feAtures of tHe scenes of tHe 1526 BAttle of moHács the danube's branches, the Karasica, the streams of the Mohács plain and still waters played an important role in the course of the 1526 events. maneuvers of the contending parties were strongly influenced by conditions of the water sys tem. skirmishes were taking place on both sides of the river and on the water, as well. Both the ottoman and Hungarian troops were partially outfitted through the danube and the mohács lay-by could be used to provide supply. their camp was set up south of this, next to the water (flood plain) and road of Eszék [osijek, Croatia]. At that time the danube's main branch was the eastern (Baracska) one, while the mohács branch was a side one, in contemporary terminology a "gap". the survivors of the battle fled west, north and partly eastwards. Ships plying on the danube also played role in the escape. it is reported by most ottoman and some christian sources that many of the fugitives lost their lives in the danube and in the deep flood plain marshes along the river, respectively.
One of the most influential rulers of the sixteenth century, Sultan Suleyman I, passed away and w... more One of the most influential rulers of the sixteenth century, Sultan Suleyman I, passed away and was buried temporarily near the fortress of Szigetvár in SW Hungary in 1566. Later, a memorial place was erected on the site in the second half of the sixteenth century. The complex was surrounded by a palisade system and a moat on its northern side. The site was fully destroyed in 1692, and the exact location vanished with time. Recent investigations of historical sources complemented by geophysical, archeological, and geoarcheological investigations managed to identify the location of the site, and probe corings revealed the moat system. This study presents the results of complex chronological, sedimentological, and geochemical investigations done on the sediments accumulated in the moat. Based on geoarcheological data, two major changes could have been noted in the nature of the deposit marking erosion and transportation of soil from the banks of the moat. Elevated concentrations of Fe...
SÁTORHELY OR MAJS? The Environmental Features of Földvár-Localizing the Central Area of the Battl... more SÁTORHELY OR MAJS? The Environmental Features of Földvár-Localizing the Central Area of the Battle of Mohács Földvár is a medieval community with a large estate to the south of Mohács. According to István Brodarics's report on the Battle of Mohács, the centre of the clash was here in 1526. The exact location of this village has been debated for about a hundred years. The authors of this paper examined the geographical references of medieval and modern sources and compared them with the features of the reconstructed landscape from sixteenth-and seventeenth-century sources, based on old maps, written sources and geoinformation modelling. Based on this, it was established that the environment of Majs does not correspond to the geographical features of medieval Földvár and that the description of the battle site also points to Sátorhely as the likely location. The village was somewhere in the administrative area of today's Sátorhely, and the boundaries of the estate were clearly identifiable as the area connected to the "great ditch" north of the village, to the Danócz marsh / Vizslaki meadow in the east and to the valley of the Borza Stream in the west.
Szerzők: Pap Norbert – Gyenizse Péter – Kitanics Máté – Szalai Gábor | Cím: A Gergely-féle naptár... more Szerzők: Pap Norbert – Gyenizse Péter – Kitanics Máté – Szalai Gábor | Cím: A Gergely-féle naptárreform és a csillagászati jelenségek szerepe a 15-16. századi történelmi forrásaink és eseményeink értelmezésében : Working paper --- A jelen sorok szerzői a pécsi egyetemen dolgozó kutatók. A Pécsi Tudományegyetem 2017-ben ünnepelte alapításának 650 éves alapítását. Orbán pápa 1367. szeptember 1-én bocsátotta ki azt az iratot, melynek alapján a pécsi studium generale létrejött. Az idő relatív természetéhez hozzátartozik, hogy Orbán pápa az akkor használatos Julián naptár alapján szeptember 1-én szignózta a rendelkezést. A Gergely-féle naptárreform után az évforduló átkerült szeptember 9-re. Ennek ellenére – érzelmi töltése miatt – az egyetem a Felsőoktatás Napján, szeptember 1-én ünnepli alapítását. Nagy jelentőséget tulajdonítunk a jeles ünnepnapoknak, a történelmi események évfordulóinak. Vajon tényleg azokon a napokon játszódtak le azok a sorsfordító események, amelyeken emlékezünk rájuk? Úgy tűnik, hogy sok esetben nem így van. Egyrészt a sorsfordító eseményeket nem minden esetben jegyezték le azonnal, vagy ha ezt a krónikások meg is tették, az idő folyamán az időpontok sokszor torzultak. Ennek következtében egy-egy fontos eseménynek nem ritkán 2-3 időpontját is megtalálhatjuk a szakirodalomban. Másrészt úgy tűnik, amint a 19. századtól kezdve egyre nagyobb figyelmet fordítottak az emlékezeti kérdésekre, a kiválasztott, helyesnek tartott dátumokat az egyházi hagyomány szerinti dátum alapján számolták. Miért is probléma ez? A Gergely-naptár bevezetésére csak 1582-ben került sor, előtte a Julián-naptárt használták. Ennek megfelelően egy sor középkori, koraújkori fontos esemény szekuláris évfordulója máskor, más napon volt, mint ahogy azt ma számon tartjuk. Az időnek sok arca van. Megélése függ a földrajzi helytől, az életformától, a kulturális és vallási háttértől, de még az intézményektől is. Budapest belvárosában másképpen éljük meg, mint egy ormánsági kis faluban, szekuláris közegben is másképp, mint egy ortodox jeruzsálemi zsidó, vagy a szomszédságában ugyanott egy szunnita muszlim közösségben. Az eltelt idő tudata időnként beépül az identitásunkba is. A történeti események értelmezése sem képzelhető el a csillagászati jelenségek és korabeli érzékelésük nélkül. A hold és a nap látszólagos mozgásai, a muszlim naptár alapján készült források értelmezése, a napfelkeltéhez és napnyugtához igazított órabeosztás, melyeknek alapja a csillagászati jelenségekhez igazított óraszámítása főbb problémák. Az alábbiakban ezeket a kérdéseket járjuk körbe
u, Russia, the u some of the countries of the Islamic world. These dealings fundamentally determi... more u, Russia, the u some of the countries of the Islamic world. These dealings fundamentally determine tasks in Hungarian foreign policy, cultural policy, economic policy, security- and defence policy for the forthcoming decades. Hungary acts as a gate between Western Europe and the Balkans. This role used to be more dominant in previous centuries of Hungarian history than it is today, not least because the country’s size and strength significantly decreased after the Trianon Treaty. Many of the historical, imperial reflexes have remained, but without any imperial gravity. Today we are just one of the intermediary regi ons that have relations with the Balkans and form a bridge to Europe. The acce lerated alteration in the world order, the BRICS countries and the emergence of some important middle-sized states, such as Turkey, make adaptation inevitable for our country. This is what the policy of “Eastern opening” is about.
DIE ERDE – Journal of the Geographical Society of Berlin, 2015
Exploration in search of the tomb of Sultan Suleiman I and the buildings around it in the vicinit... more Exploration in search of the tomb of Sultan Suleiman I and the buildings around it in the vicinity of Szigetvar, Baranya county, southern Hungary, has been going on for some one hundred years and on a number of sites (on the banks of Almas stream, at St. Mary’s Church in Turbek). On the basis of newly discovered documents and map representations, the authors have carried out a reinterpretation of earlier known sources and have abstracted from these information appropriate for a renewed geographical identification of the site of the tomb. The results have been construed in a reconstructed end-17th-century landscape using geoinformation methods. Identification of the Ottoman settlement at Turbek, which can be associated with the construction of the Sultan’s turbe (tomb), was made possible through the collection of finds on the surface of the archaeological site at the Turbek vineyard, the increased intensity of finds and through geophysical examination. The little town was a unique se...
This paper addresses issues related to Torokdomb, the memorial place built by the Ottomans on the... more This paper addresses issues related to Torokdomb, the memorial place built by the Ottomans on the battlefield after the battle of Mohacs, which has perished over time. In this battle, the army lead by Hungarian and Czech King Louis II encountered the troops of Sultan Suleiman I. 12-15 thousand people lost their life in the battle on the Christian side, including the king and 5-6 thousand Czech infantrymen. The artificial hill was erected in Roman times next to a military road, but it gained special importance as a legendary site only after the battle in 1526, where Sultan Suleiman prayed for victory and watched the battle. The hill has played an important role as a memorial place for several centuries, which has undergone significant changes over time. Research into the battle of Mohacs and the military landscape raises a complex set of problems; among other things, the scene of the battle is hotly debated. The findings of studies relying on historical sources, old maps, previous ar...
It is well known that due to its high temperature gradient the Pannonian basin is a favourable ar... more It is well known that due to its high temperature gradient the Pannonian basin is a favourable area for geothermal energy production. This natural resource is further enhanced by another advantage of the area ; knowledge and experience resulting from decades long geological, hydrogeological and hydrocarbon exploration. This knowledge has special importance as existence of subsurface resources is necessary, but not sufficient condition for providing sustainable energy for the population. This subsurface resource will only convert to useable energy source following adequately planned and executed exploration and exploitation program. Planning and execution starts with understanding and detailed mapping of subsurface startigraphy, hydrogeology and tectonics. As a first step areas with significant potential for geothermal energy utilization can be selected based on the results of geological and geophysical investigations. Selection of the most suitable technology on the other hand depen...
The fragmentation of the Montenegrin society is significant, in terms of identities, ethnic group... more The fragmentation of the Montenegrin society is significant, in terms of identities, ethnic groups and political values as well. However, the subsidized nature of the alternative of joining the EU is significant and almost unified, which can not be stated in the case of the NATO membership at all. The above mentioned fragmentation goes also with strong political division but the internal conflicts of the past 20 years have not led to violent occurrences, civil war, which can be considered a remarkable phenomenon among the Western-Balkan relations. The country is characterized by organized crime, nepotism, the presence of clan-like phenomena, corruption and the underdevelopment of democratic culture. Among the tasks of Montenegro regarding its accession to the EU, besides strengthening the jurisdiction, reducing the political nature of the administration, the fight againstorganized crime and in this context the elimination of the extensive corruption are prominently included.
Exploration in search of the tomb of Sultan Suleiman I and the buildings around it in the vicinit... more Exploration in search of the tomb of Sultan Suleiman I and the buildings around it in the vicinity of Szigetvár, Baranya county, southern Hungary, has been going on for some one hundred years and on a number of sites (on the banks of Almás stream, at St. Mary’s Church in Turbék). On the basis of newly iscovered documents and map representations, the authors have carried out a reinterpretation of earlier known sources and have abstracted from these information appropriate for a renewed geographical identification of the site of the tomb. The results have been construed in a reconstructed end-17th-century landscape using geoinformation methods. Identification of the Ottoman settlement at Turbék, which can be associated with the construction of the Sultan’s türbe (tomb), was made possible through the collection of finds on the surface of the archaeological site at the Turbék vineyard, the increased intensity of finds and through geophysical examination. The little town was a unique set...
As a response to the processes of international migration in the Balkans, the Hungarian governmen... more As a response to the processes of international migration in the Balkans, the Hungarian government in 2015 constructed a technical border defence system on the southern border of Hungary, also assigning manpower to guard the border. As a response to migration, this is not unique in Europe if we also consider previous and subsequent events. Although this topic has already been addressed by several authors from different perspectives, this paper is the first to analyse in detail the construction and characteristics of the technical border defence system, and the structure and operation of the assigned police and military forces. The paper also examines how government policy related to the protection of the southern border and the fence revived the ‘Hungary, the fortress/bastion of (Christian) Europe’ concept, and also how the Hungarian government communicated this in order to achieve its political objectives.
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