Peace and Conflict Resolution

ABSTRACT
The problem of broken homes and its effects both on the particular family and the society have doubtlessly continue to place considerate burden on the individual, the family, the community and the society at large, as they have seriously constituted clogs in the wheels of national development and survival. Broken home produce children deprived and denied of quality education, adequate parental care and wider opportunities, and consequently, must times turn out to be social deviants and delinquents with constitution of nuisance in the society as their major stock in tread.  Therefore, the center crux of this study is to explore extensively the problems of broken homes and its effects on the family and society with the aim of educating the readers on the menace of this phenomenon. The study will also make recommendation on how best the society can assist in checking the continue occurrence of the incident of broken home.

The assignment seek to examines the U.S. decision to invade Iraq from a range of analytic perspectives—realism, liberalism, elite interests, ideological influences, and personal and social psychology—in order to better understand the causes of the invasion decision and implications of the particular case study for general theories of war causes.  The analysis distinguishes among different types of causal influences and traces links among the various analytic perspectives.

The contemporary global economy is premised upon energy consumption.  Industry and transportation lie at the heart of economic development, and both have come to depend upon sustainable access to hydrocarbons.  Alongside gas and coal, oil is particularly significant as a source of energy. While other fossil fuels can be used in electricity production, there are few reliable substitutes for oil in transportation, and it continues to be widely used in industrial production? Demand for oil was around 75 million barrels per day (bpd) in 2000, and the International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that it may nearly double by 2030.

Liberalism is a perspective on international politics which views the state as the unit of analysis, but also includes international law, international organizations and nongovernmental organizations as increasingly important factors in world politics. Liberal theorists reject the Realist presumption that international relations are a zero-sum game, but instead view them as a system of interactions holding the potential for mutual gain. Cooperative and peaceful international behaviors are therefore both possible and desirable. Many Liberals also hold that republican government and democratic capitalism tend toward increasingly harmonious interstate relations, or propound the “democratic peace theory” that liberal democracies are inherently disinclined to make war against each other. Contemporary Liberal scholars of international relations typically pursue research on economic and political inter dependence and nonmilitary sources of power (e.g., economic power and “soft power), as well as such subjects as minority rights and free trade issues. Although Liberalism has long argued that economic and political integration produce peace, some scholars have called for offensive military actions against illiberal regimes. Samuel Huntington sees Liberalism as a uniquely European phenomenon and predicts conflict with other civilizations, while Francis.

The proliferation of small arms is one of the major security challenges currently facing Nigeria, Africa and indeed the world in general. The trafficking and wide availability of these weapons fuel inter-ethnic conflict, political instability and pose a threat, not only to national security, but also to sustainable development. The widespread proliferation of small arms is contributing to alarming levels of armed crime, and militancy. Therefore, the thrust of this study dwelt on the role of government and policy makers, in checking small arms in Nigeria and to ascertain the level of insecurity this menace had incurred in the state. Two complementary modes of data collection survey and in depth interviews were used, and the data generated were analyzed. The data revealed that, smuggling from neighboring states and countries, politicians, local manufacturers, arms dealers, theft of security forces arms constitute the major sources of small arms in Nasarawa State and Nigeria at large. Of equal importance is the revelation that prevalence of internal conflicts is responsible for continued proliferation of small arms in the State. It was also  found  out that  during conflicts, the use of small arms  destroy lives and property cause injuries, maim, displace people and create general sense of insecurity. In conclusion, the study recommended the need to take decisive measures to reduce the spate of ethno-religious conflicts in the State and the nation in general as a way of arresting the use of small arms.
Key words: Small Arms; Proliferation; Locality; Ethnic Conflict; National Security.

Polish Sejm simply mean the lower house of national legislature of Poland. The term is initially referred to as Polish legislature as a whole, which first met for all of Poland in 1493 comprised of two houses. In 1946 the Senate (upper house), of the body was eliminated and reinstated in 1989, the Sejm (lower house) plays a vital role in the governmental system of Poland. Its political culture and contemporary experiences in the field of political governance expressed in the provisions of the 1997 Constitution. According to the Constitution, the Republic of Poland is a democratic State ruled by law and operate on the principle of separation and balance of powers. The Constitution recognizes the inherent and inalienable dignity of people as a source of rights and freedoms. The fulfillment of those values and principles makes indispensable a democratically elected Parliament which would create law and control the activities of the executive power.

One of the greatest crimes against humanity that is particularly subversive of the economic and social life of a developing society like Nigeria is corruption. It has been two decades when Nigeria returned to democratic system of government in1999 and almost the same time when institutional fight against corruption started. Using systems theory as the framework, the purpose of this paperwas toassess the efforts of institutional frameworks in anti-corruption crusade in the two decades of Nigeria's democratic rule by the successive governments. The paper followed comparative approach and used content analysis of secondary data to assess the effectiveness of these institutional frameworks with particular focus on the achievements and challenges of successive administrations in Nigeria in relation with its global and regional positions between 1999 and 2020.The major finding among others is that the institutional frameworks on anti-graft war had recorded less achievements and more failures rather than success despite the rapt attention given to the issue by each successive government in the last two decades. Based on the above findings, the paper concluded that the country's fight against corruption as has being prosecuted by successive government is not gaining any achievement, instead the country is losing more grounds. The paper therefore, recommended among others, that there should be an improved inter-agency synergy; enactment of effective laws and adequate welfare for personnel, closure of implementation gap between anti-corruption legislations, practice and enforcement, and no corruption case should be left to linger for a long time; all should be promptly investigated and those found culpable should be punished.

The frequent conflict between pastoralists and farmers in Nigeria, have continued to create daunting challenge to national development. This study examine the effect of pastoralists and farmers on the factors responsible for conflict between pastoralist and farmers in Benue, Nasarawa, and Plateau States and to also ascertain the significant difference between their perceptions. Questionnaire were administered to 800 respondents of which 300 were pastoralists and 500 are farmers. However, only 500 questionnaires were retrieved of which, 200 were pastoralists and 300 are farmers. Using descriptive statistic for analysis, this study yields a response rate of 62.5%. The perceptions of pastoralists on the factors responsible for conflict includes: inadequate grazing land (75%), anti-open grazing law passed (60%), blockage of grazing routes (75%), security threat (75%), political difference (65%), discrimination 65%, struggle for water (60%), urbanization (52%) and religion factor (52.5%) constitutes the major factors of conflict whale on the perception of farmers on the factors responsible for conflict includes, encroachment (68%), insurgency in the North East (66%), religion factors (66%), mutual distrust (66%), food insecurity (66%), security threat (66%) and migration (58%) are the major factors of conflict between them and the pastoralist in Nigeria. The deduction therefore is that there is a significant difference between the perceptions of pastoralist and farmers with regards to factors responsible for conflict in Nigeria. The study concludes that addressing the blockage of grazing routes and encroachment on farm land/crops will be important for the farmers and pastoralist in Nigeria.

This study examined the impact of tax compliance behavior on economy growth in Nigeria and evaluate the factors that influence the willingness of citizens to comply with tax and how this tax compliance has affected economic growth. A comparative analysis of the willingness to pay tax by citizens in Nasarawa and Plateau States was presented. Primary data was collected through the administration of questionnaires to self-employed in each senatorial district in Nasarawa and Plateau States. Frequencies and percentages were used to measure the demographic variables of the respondents, and also the factors that affect the willingness to pay tax, while the Chi-square technique was used to measure the difference between willingness to pay tax by citizens in Nasarawa and Plateau States. The result confirmed that many Nigerians are complying with tax payment and that the willingness of citizens to pay tax in Plateau State is significantly higher than that of Nasarawa State. From the list of factors that were tested for, Trustworthiness of government, Provision of Infrastructural Amenities, Tax Accountability by Government, Level of government delivery, Income, Morale Ethics, Tax Knowledge, Tax Rate, and The System of Tax Payment were found to influence the willingness to pay tax. The conclusion is that compliance through the willingness of citizens to pay tax is very important and cannot be ignored. It is suggested that government should pay attention to the factors that influence the willingness of citizens to pay tax and improve people's willingness to pay tax, government revenue and economic growth and development of the nation generally.

The North Central Nigeria has witnessed series of violent clashes arising from the activities of the header and farmers, who move about on a daily basis with their cows in search of water and green pastures. The study examined the effect of population dynamic resulting from headers and 1 farmers conflict in Nigeria. Malthusian theory provided the leverage for the study. It revealed that the Nigeria's population is dynamic and growing at a very rapid rate compared to land that is relatively static which constitutes the most important cause of pressure and demand for food resources. Whenever conflict occur, the headers attack and kill scores of villagers in the course of a contest for grazing fields and water, there are usually reprisal attacks. This study discovered that this scenario has, time without number, thrown up tribal, ethnic, regional, religious and political sentiments that threaten the corporate existence of Nigeria. The study recommended that active and sincere government intervention through the establishment of Grazing corridors or ranches in the regions, Government should ensure that those involved in the allocation of land for farming should imbibe responsibility and not allocate along cattle route or over grazing lands to avoid encroachment by herders. This will enhance productivity and achievement of Sustainable Development Goals 2, and 6, which emphasize the need to adequately achieve food security and sustainable management of resources for the teaming Nigeria population.

One of the greatest crimes against humanity that is particularly subversive of the economic and social life of a developing society like Nigeria is corruption. It has been two decades when Nigeria returned to democratic system of government in1999 and almost the same time when institutional fight against corruption started. Using systems theory as the framework, the purpose of this paperwas toassess the efforts of institutional frameworks in anti-corruption crusade in the two decades of Nigeria's democratic rule by the successive governments. The paper followed comparative approach and used content analysis of secondary data to assess the effectiveness of these institutional frameworks with particular focus on the achievements and challenges of successive administrations in Nigeria in relation with its global and regional positions between 1999 and 2020.The major finding among others is that the institutional frameworks on anti-graft war had recorded less achievements and more failures rather than success despite the rapt attention given to the issue by each successive government in the last two decades. Based on the above findings, the paper concluded that the country's fight against corruption as has being prosecuted by successive government is not gaining any achievement, instead the country is losing more grounds. The paper therefore, recommended among others, that there should be an improved inter-agency synergy; enactment of effective laws and adequate welfare for personnel, closure of implementation gap between anti-corruption legislations, practice and enforcement, and no corruption case should be left to linger for a long time; all should be promptly investigated and those found culpable should be punished.