Underdeveloped visual search strategies may be a contributing factor to children's involveme... more Underdeveloped visual search strategies may be a contributing factor to children's involvement in pedestrian accidents. Although laboratory-based research suggests that the ability to detect targets in a cluttered scene may be less efficient in children compared with ...
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology. Cognitive Processes. Experimental Psychology. Computer Mode... more Introduction to Cognitive Psychology. Cognitive Processes. Experimental Psychology. Computer Models of Information Processing. Cognitive Neuropsychology. Minds, Brains and Computers. Perception and Attention. The Biological Bases of Perception. Psychological Approaches to Visual Perception. Visual Illusions. Marr's Theory. Object Recognition Processes. Perception: A Summary. Attention. The Role of Attention in Perception. Automaticity. The Spotlight Model of Visual Attention. Visual Attention. Perception, Attention and Consciousness. Disorders of Perception and Attention. Introduction. Blindsight. Unilateral Spatial Neglect. Visual Agnosia. Disorders of Face Processing - Prosopagnosia and Related Conditions. Memory. The Nature and Function of Memory. Multistore Models and Working Memory. Ebbinghaus and the First Long-term Memory Experiments. The Role of Knowledge, Meaning, and Schemas in Memory. Input Processing and Encoding. Retrieval Cues and Feature Overlap. Retrieval Mechanisms in Recall and Recognition. Automatic and Controlled Memory Processes. Memory in Real Life. Disorders of Memory. The Tragic Effects of Amnesia. The Causes of Organic Amnesia. Short-term and Long-term Memory Impairments. Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia. Memory Functions Preserved in Amnesia. Other Types of Amnesia. Thinking, Problem-solving and Reasoning. Introduction. Early Research on Problem-solving. Problem-space Theory of Problem-solving. Problem-solving and Knowledge. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning. Statistical Reasoning. Everyday Reasoning. Disorders of Thinking. Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes. Introduction. The frontal Lobes. Problem-solving and Reasoning Deficits. The Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes. Language. Introduction. The Language System. Psychology and Linguistics. Recognising Spoken and Written Words. Production of Spoken Words. Sentence Comprehension. Sentence Production. Discourse Level. Disorders of Language. Introduction. Historical Perspective. The Psycholinguistic. Disruptions to Language Processing at Word Level. Disruption to Processing of Syntax. Disruption to Processing of Discourse. Theories of Cognition: From Metaphors to Computational Models. Symbol-based Systems. Connectionist Systems. Symbols and Neurons Compared.
Underdeveloped visual search strategies may be a contributing factor to children's involvemen... more Underdeveloped visual search strategies may be a contributing factor to children's involvement in pedestrian accidents. Although laboratory-based research suggests that the ability to detect targets in a cluttered scene may be less efficient in children compared with adults (Trick et al, 2003 Memory & Cognition 31 1229 - 1237), no study to date has examined this using a real-world, roadside setting. The present study compared the visual gaze behaviour of 8-year-old children (N=5) and adults (N=6) during a real-world, road-crossing task, using an eye-tracker. Participants were asked to cross the road when they felt it was safe. Gaze fixation was analysed using frame-by-frame coding. In the 3 s prior to crossing, children fixated 8% of the time on traffic signs and signals, adults 30%. Children fixated more on traffic-irrelevant features such as buildings and trees than the adults. The children's attention to irrelevant features at the roadside concurs with previous laboratory...
This paper examines two facial composite systems that present multiple faces during construction ... more This paper examines two facial composite systems that present multiple faces during construction to more closely resemble natural face processing. We evaluated a ‘parallel ’ version of PRO-fit, which presents facial features in sets of six or twelve, and EvoFIT, a system in development, that contains a holistic face model and an evolutionary interface. The PRO-fit parallel interface turned out not to be quite as good as the ‘serial ’ version as it appeared to interfere with holistic face processing. Composites from EvoFIT were named almost three times better than PRO-fit, but a benefit emerged under feature encoding, suggesting that recall has a greater role for EvoFIT than previously thought. In general, an advantage was found for feature encoding, replicating a previous finding in this area, and also for a novel ‘holistic ’ interview. (131 words)
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 2021
Research has undoubtedly led to a number of important changes to the way police obtain eyewitness... more Research has undoubtedly led to a number of important changes to the way police obtain eyewitness identification evidence in a number of countries. However, despite these successes and the significant effort made by researchers to communicate key findings to public agencies, policy-makers and influential law enforcement personnel using a broad range of evidence, relevant policy and practice have either been very slow to respond or have not changed to incorporate the suggestions at all. In this article we employed an online survey to explore the knowledge and opinions of front-line policing practitioners in the UK regarding eyewitness research and practice. This was undertaken to determine how familiar less-senior, operational staff were with key research findings, what their opinions of current practice were and crucially, their views on how identification procedures should be improved compared with the recommendations made by researchers. The results revealed a fundamental mismatch...
Despite the increase in social media use by the police since 2008 in the UK (Keane, 2017) little ... more Despite the increase in social media use by the police since 2008 in the UK (Keane, 2017) little qualitative exploration has been conducted regarding how Facebook use works to position the identity of the police force within the communities they serve. This study explores the positioning and re-positioning of identity that is achieved by police forces through their official Facebook site. The research considers the way in which stories, which are co-created by multiple narrators (i.e. ‘networked narratives’ Page, Harper and Frobenius, 2013) achieve a particular identity for the police through social media. The research concludes that networked contributions from the community do powerful rhetorical identity work for the police, but that the police are not yet fully conversant with the challenges of working in online contexts.
Super-recognisers are often treated in the face recognition literature as if they are a homogeneo... more Super-recognisers are often treated in the face recognition literature as if they are a homogeneous group, whose abilities are analogous and have the same theoretical underpinnings. However, we know that in the normal population there are huge variations in people’s abilities to process faces. For example, while some people display better face matching abilities than face recognition skills, others may show the opposite. Additionally, there are considerable individual differences in people’s ability to process the different types of information contained within a face (e.g. Ness, 2012). For example, while some people are more featural processors (i.e. they rely heavily on processing the individual component features of the face in a relatively piecemeal fashion), others are more configural processors (i.e. they rely more on the spatial relationships between key facial features, processing the face more holistically). Using tests of face recognition and matching, as well as standardi...
Current procedures for gathering evidence from witnesses can create significant anxiety to people... more Current procedures for gathering evidence from witnesses can create significant anxiety to people with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD), due to difficulties with memory, language, social interaction, communication and face recognition. This can impact on the quality of evidence provided. Working with ASD witnesses could also be stressful to police officers, as they are the first to interact with witnesses that could require special assistance, and it is therefore vital for officers to be able to identify and support ASD witnesses. This empirical study aims to address these issues by investigating police officers’ perceptions, knowledge and understanding about ASD individuals as witnesses, as well how this translates into their practice, and is to develop operational procedures to improve policing practice, particularly for eyewitness identification procedures. The project seeks not only to identify areas where improvement might be needed, but also to develop and test procedures whi...
Eyewitnesses to crimes may seek the perpetrator on social media prior to participating in a forma... more Eyewitnesses to crimes may seek the perpetrator on social media prior to participating in a formal identification procedure, but the effect of this citizen enquiry on the accuracy of eyewitness identification is unclear. The current study used a between-participants design to address this question. Participants viewed a crime video, and after a 1–2-day delay were either exposed to social media including the perpetrator, exposed to social media that substituted an innocent suspect for the perpetrator, or not exposed to social media. Seven days after viewing the crime video, all participants made an identification from a video lineup. It was predicted that exposure to social media that did not contain the guilty suspect would reduce the accuracy of subsequent identifications. Analysis revealed no association between social media exposure and lineup response for target present lineups. For target absent lineups, there was a significant association between social media exposure and line...
Police use of social media has increased in the United Kingdom since 2008 (Crump, 2011), yet ther... more Police use of social media has increased in the United Kingdom since 2008 (Crump, 2011), yet there has been little qualitative exploration of how police-owned Facebook sites work to shape the identity of forces. This study explores the action orientation of small stories on the Facebook site of a UK metropolitan police force. The research considers the collaborative ways in which stories are positioned and constructed collectively by multiple narrators (both formal police posts, and the commenting public). Given the ability of social media to enact identity through interaction, this research explores how the identity of the police force is positioned, and repositioned, by social media activity. It concludes that both the opportunity for dyadic interactions that may underpin effective community policing, and the potential benefits of harnessing the opportunity for effective identity work, are currently being under utilised on police Facebook sites.
Purpose – The introduction of a three-quarter-view database in the PRO-fit facial-composite syste... more Purpose – The introduction of a three-quarter-view database in the PRO-fit facial-composite system has enabled an investigation into the effects of image view in face construction. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of constructing full-face and three-quarter-view composites under different encoding conditions. It also examines the potential value of three-quarter-view composites that can be generated automatically from a front-view composite. The authors also investigate whether there is an identification benefit for presenting full-face and three-quarter composites together. Design/methodology/approach – Three experiments examine the impact of encoding conditions on composite construction and presentation of composites at the evaluation stage. Findings – The work revealed that while standard full-face composites perform well when all views of the face have been encoded, care should be taken when a person has only seen one view. When a witness has seen a side view o...
Underdeveloped visual search strategies may be a contributing factor to children's involveme... more Underdeveloped visual search strategies may be a contributing factor to children's involvement in pedestrian accidents. Although laboratory-based research suggests that the ability to detect targets in a cluttered scene may be less efficient in children compared with ...
Introduction to Cognitive Psychology. Cognitive Processes. Experimental Psychology. Computer Mode... more Introduction to Cognitive Psychology. Cognitive Processes. Experimental Psychology. Computer Models of Information Processing. Cognitive Neuropsychology. Minds, Brains and Computers. Perception and Attention. The Biological Bases of Perception. Psychological Approaches to Visual Perception. Visual Illusions. Marr's Theory. Object Recognition Processes. Perception: A Summary. Attention. The Role of Attention in Perception. Automaticity. The Spotlight Model of Visual Attention. Visual Attention. Perception, Attention and Consciousness. Disorders of Perception and Attention. Introduction. Blindsight. Unilateral Spatial Neglect. Visual Agnosia. Disorders of Face Processing - Prosopagnosia and Related Conditions. Memory. The Nature and Function of Memory. Multistore Models and Working Memory. Ebbinghaus and the First Long-term Memory Experiments. The Role of Knowledge, Meaning, and Schemas in Memory. Input Processing and Encoding. Retrieval Cues and Feature Overlap. Retrieval Mechanisms in Recall and Recognition. Automatic and Controlled Memory Processes. Memory in Real Life. Disorders of Memory. The Tragic Effects of Amnesia. The Causes of Organic Amnesia. Short-term and Long-term Memory Impairments. Anterograde and Retrograde Amnesia. Memory Functions Preserved in Amnesia. Other Types of Amnesia. Thinking, Problem-solving and Reasoning. Introduction. Early Research on Problem-solving. Problem-space Theory of Problem-solving. Problem-solving and Knowledge. Deductive and Inductive Reasoning. Statistical Reasoning. Everyday Reasoning. Disorders of Thinking. Executive Function and the Frontal Lobes. Introduction. The frontal Lobes. Problem-solving and Reasoning Deficits. The Executive Functions of the Frontal Lobes. Language. Introduction. The Language System. Psychology and Linguistics. Recognising Spoken and Written Words. Production of Spoken Words. Sentence Comprehension. Sentence Production. Discourse Level. Disorders of Language. Introduction. Historical Perspective. The Psycholinguistic. Disruptions to Language Processing at Word Level. Disruption to Processing of Syntax. Disruption to Processing of Discourse. Theories of Cognition: From Metaphors to Computational Models. Symbol-based Systems. Connectionist Systems. Symbols and Neurons Compared.
Underdeveloped visual search strategies may be a contributing factor to children's involvemen... more Underdeveloped visual search strategies may be a contributing factor to children's involvement in pedestrian accidents. Although laboratory-based research suggests that the ability to detect targets in a cluttered scene may be less efficient in children compared with adults (Trick et al, 2003 Memory & Cognition 31 1229 - 1237), no study to date has examined this using a real-world, roadside setting. The present study compared the visual gaze behaviour of 8-year-old children (N=5) and adults (N=6) during a real-world, road-crossing task, using an eye-tracker. Participants were asked to cross the road when they felt it was safe. Gaze fixation was analysed using frame-by-frame coding. In the 3 s prior to crossing, children fixated 8% of the time on traffic signs and signals, adults 30%. Children fixated more on traffic-irrelevant features such as buildings and trees than the adults. The children's attention to irrelevant features at the roadside concurs with previous laboratory...
This paper examines two facial composite systems that present multiple faces during construction ... more This paper examines two facial composite systems that present multiple faces during construction to more closely resemble natural face processing. We evaluated a ‘parallel ’ version of PRO-fit, which presents facial features in sets of six or twelve, and EvoFIT, a system in development, that contains a holistic face model and an evolutionary interface. The PRO-fit parallel interface turned out not to be quite as good as the ‘serial ’ version as it appeared to interfere with holistic face processing. Composites from EvoFIT were named almost three times better than PRO-fit, but a benefit emerged under feature encoding, suggesting that recall has a greater role for EvoFIT than previously thought. In general, an advantage was found for feature encoding, replicating a previous finding in this area, and also for a novel ‘holistic ’ interview. (131 words)
International Journal of Police Science & Management, 2021
Research has undoubtedly led to a number of important changes to the way police obtain eyewitness... more Research has undoubtedly led to a number of important changes to the way police obtain eyewitness identification evidence in a number of countries. However, despite these successes and the significant effort made by researchers to communicate key findings to public agencies, policy-makers and influential law enforcement personnel using a broad range of evidence, relevant policy and practice have either been very slow to respond or have not changed to incorporate the suggestions at all. In this article we employed an online survey to explore the knowledge and opinions of front-line policing practitioners in the UK regarding eyewitness research and practice. This was undertaken to determine how familiar less-senior, operational staff were with key research findings, what their opinions of current practice were and crucially, their views on how identification procedures should be improved compared with the recommendations made by researchers. The results revealed a fundamental mismatch...
Despite the increase in social media use by the police since 2008 in the UK (Keane, 2017) little ... more Despite the increase in social media use by the police since 2008 in the UK (Keane, 2017) little qualitative exploration has been conducted regarding how Facebook use works to position the identity of the police force within the communities they serve. This study explores the positioning and re-positioning of identity that is achieved by police forces through their official Facebook site. The research considers the way in which stories, which are co-created by multiple narrators (i.e. ‘networked narratives’ Page, Harper and Frobenius, 2013) achieve a particular identity for the police through social media. The research concludes that networked contributions from the community do powerful rhetorical identity work for the police, but that the police are not yet fully conversant with the challenges of working in online contexts.
Super-recognisers are often treated in the face recognition literature as if they are a homogeneo... more Super-recognisers are often treated in the face recognition literature as if they are a homogeneous group, whose abilities are analogous and have the same theoretical underpinnings. However, we know that in the normal population there are huge variations in people’s abilities to process faces. For example, while some people display better face matching abilities than face recognition skills, others may show the opposite. Additionally, there are considerable individual differences in people’s ability to process the different types of information contained within a face (e.g. Ness, 2012). For example, while some people are more featural processors (i.e. they rely heavily on processing the individual component features of the face in a relatively piecemeal fashion), others are more configural processors (i.e. they rely more on the spatial relationships between key facial features, processing the face more holistically). Using tests of face recognition and matching, as well as standardi...
Current procedures for gathering evidence from witnesses can create significant anxiety to people... more Current procedures for gathering evidence from witnesses can create significant anxiety to people with Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD), due to difficulties with memory, language, social interaction, communication and face recognition. This can impact on the quality of evidence provided. Working with ASD witnesses could also be stressful to police officers, as they are the first to interact with witnesses that could require special assistance, and it is therefore vital for officers to be able to identify and support ASD witnesses. This empirical study aims to address these issues by investigating police officers’ perceptions, knowledge and understanding about ASD individuals as witnesses, as well how this translates into their practice, and is to develop operational procedures to improve policing practice, particularly for eyewitness identification procedures. The project seeks not only to identify areas where improvement might be needed, but also to develop and test procedures whi...
Eyewitnesses to crimes may seek the perpetrator on social media prior to participating in a forma... more Eyewitnesses to crimes may seek the perpetrator on social media prior to participating in a formal identification procedure, but the effect of this citizen enquiry on the accuracy of eyewitness identification is unclear. The current study used a between-participants design to address this question. Participants viewed a crime video, and after a 1–2-day delay were either exposed to social media including the perpetrator, exposed to social media that substituted an innocent suspect for the perpetrator, or not exposed to social media. Seven days after viewing the crime video, all participants made an identification from a video lineup. It was predicted that exposure to social media that did not contain the guilty suspect would reduce the accuracy of subsequent identifications. Analysis revealed no association between social media exposure and lineup response for target present lineups. For target absent lineups, there was a significant association between social media exposure and line...
Police use of social media has increased in the United Kingdom since 2008 (Crump, 2011), yet ther... more Police use of social media has increased in the United Kingdom since 2008 (Crump, 2011), yet there has been little qualitative exploration of how police-owned Facebook sites work to shape the identity of forces. This study explores the action orientation of small stories on the Facebook site of a UK metropolitan police force. The research considers the collaborative ways in which stories are positioned and constructed collectively by multiple narrators (both formal police posts, and the commenting public). Given the ability of social media to enact identity through interaction, this research explores how the identity of the police force is positioned, and repositioned, by social media activity. It concludes that both the opportunity for dyadic interactions that may underpin effective community policing, and the potential benefits of harnessing the opportunity for effective identity work, are currently being under utilised on police Facebook sites.
Purpose – The introduction of a three-quarter-view database in the PRO-fit facial-composite syste... more Purpose – The introduction of a three-quarter-view database in the PRO-fit facial-composite system has enabled an investigation into the effects of image view in face construction. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of constructing full-face and three-quarter-view composites under different encoding conditions. It also examines the potential value of three-quarter-view composites that can be generated automatically from a front-view composite. The authors also investigate whether there is an identification benefit for presenting full-face and three-quarter composites together. Design/methodology/approach – Three experiments examine the impact of encoding conditions on composite construction and presentation of composites at the evaluation stage. Findings – The work revealed that while standard full-face composites perform well when all views of the face have been encoded, care should be taken when a person has only seen one view. When a witness has seen a side view o...
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Papers by Hayley Ness