The aim of the book is to analyse the religious and ideological significance of the ancient Egypt... more The aim of the book is to analyse the religious and ideological significance of the ancient Egyptian Punt expeditions. In the first part (chapters 1–4), the sources concerning the ancient Egyptian Punt expeditions as well as the products imported to Egypt in their course were discussed in detail. The second part (chapters 5–8) constitutes a synthesis of the conclusions drawn as a result of the analysis of the sources in the first part. Therefore, the author discusses various toponyms related to the land of Punt (chapter 5), the problem of Punt’s exact location (chapter 6), the character of the Punt expeditions in comparison with other foreign missions (chapter 7) as well as various links between the land of Punt and Egyptian religion and ideology of kingship (chapter 8). The author concludes that the land of Punt played an important role in the Egyptian ideology of kingship being especially associated with the sun-god as well as with the goddess Hathor. Puntite products were crucial for both royal and private funerary cult as well as for the divine cult carried out in the temples. This is why the organisation of an expedition to Punt was one of the duties of the Egyptian king, who, according to the Egyptian beliefs, obeyed a direct command of the sun-god. Moreover, in various periods we may observe a wish to re-establish the contacts with Punt to restore the natural order of things after a period of crisis, which is especially visible in the reign of Hatshepsut of the 18th dynasty.
The article discusses various attitudes towards foreigners that can be perceived in ancient Egypt... more The article discusses various attitudes towards foreigners that can be perceived in ancient Egyptian material. It is argued that there was no single and unchangeable attitude towards foreigners throughout ancient Egyptian history, but instead that Egyptian attitudes to foreigners changed over time due to various historical and social factors. It is also argued that these attitudes reflected a constant negotiation between the traditional and stereotypical perception of foreigners as enemies of the Egyptian state and more nuanced approaches in which foreigners could have a number of roles to play in Egyptian society, which often led to significant transformations of Egyptians' self-identity. Therefore, the traditional image of ancient Egypt as a highly xenophobic culture is called into question.
The paper analyses the multiple influences of ancient Egypt in Terry Pratchett’s Pyramids (The Bo... more The paper analyses the multiple influences of ancient Egypt in Terry Pratchett’s Pyramids (The Book of Going Forth) (1989). In this and other works Pratchett creates a fantasy universe in which he projects some of his main concerns, while at the same time using it to expose some of his criticisms of life in the modern world. This paper, as well as the whole book, can be downloaded for free: https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/Products/9781803276267?fbclid=IwAR01HTetBHmgrLnJq2GxhkLXyLS_vFwGp1d5149B15qqPSsiqw8q98Azu6w
The article discusses the Egyptian voyage of Caesar Germanicus in AD 17. It is argued that main r... more The article discusses the Egyptian voyage of Caesar Germanicus in AD 17. It is argued that main reason of the voyage was Germanicus' wish to seek for hidden knowledge rather than to challenge the rule of Tiberius in any way.
The aim of this article is to re-analyse an inscription about a royal elephant hunt in the land o... more The aim of this article is to re-analyse an inscription about a royal elephant hunt in the land of Niyi, carved on the west wall of the Punt Portico in the temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el- Bahari. A re-examination and new collation of the original text led to the conclusion that the inscription was a later addition, whose insertion required a modification of the original decoration of this section of the wall. The author observed that, contrary to the generally accepted view of scholars, the cartouche in the first column of the inscription does not include Thutmose I’s throne name but rather that of Hatshepsut, which was subsequently changed to Thutmose II’s. This article also discusses the historical ramifications of the abovedescribed reconstruction of the creation process and the subsequent modification of the inscription in question.
The article discusses the inscription of the temple of Edfu mentioning the flight of king Ptolemy... more The article discusses the inscription of the temple of Edfu mentioning the flight of king Ptolemy X Alexander I to the land of Punt. The author argues that this passage cannot be taken as argument in favour of the hypothesis locating this mysterious land on the Arabian Peninsula. He also tries to demonstrate that the land of Punt is presented as a purely African country located to the south of Egypt in ‘historical’ inscriptions concerning the actual expeditions sent out to it by the Egyptian pharaohs, but at the same time it is associated with the eastern horizon of the sky in the religious texts. That way, the mention of Ptolemy X Alexander I’s flight to Punt should be interpreted as a metaphorical description of royal demise, which was traditionally presented in terms of the deceased king’s union with his creator, the sun-god, who is at the same time the ruler and creator of Punt.
The aim of the article is to re-evaluate the question of the location of Bia-Punt. The author re-... more The aim of the article is to re-evaluate the question of the location of Bia-Punt. The author re-analyses the sources mentioning the toponym in question. As a result, he observes that Bia-Punt is not mentioned outside of the site of Mersa/Wadi Gawasis; moreover all attestations come from the 12th dynasty. This leads to a conclusion that Bia-Punt should be interpreted as the Egyptian name of the coastal region of the Red Sea within which the port of Mersa Gawasis was situated rather than as a name of a mining region within or in a vicinity of Punt as previously suggested by other scholars. This hypothesis seems to be corroborated by the testimony of the stela WG 05 dated to the reign of Amenemhat III.
The article presents a previously unpublished block coming from the Southern Lower Portico (also ... more The article presents a previously unpublished block coming from the Southern Lower Portico (also known as the Punt Portico) in Hatshepsut’s temple of millions of years at Deir el-Bahari. It contains a depiction of a young Nubian man carrying two mysterious objects. The one is the double tjsw-staff, while the other is most likely a wooden stool. In order to support his identification of the objects in question, the author discusses some parallels coming from early 18th dynasty private tombs at Thebes.
The article presents new evidence in favour of the African location of the land of Punt, bsaing o... more The article presents new evidence in favour of the African location of the land of Punt, bsaing on the newly discovered fragments of Hatshepsut's Punt reliefs from the Southern Middle Portico of her temple of millions of years at Deir el-Bahari. Among the Nubian products brought back to Egypt in consequence of Hatshepsut's Punt expedition, we can see a mysterious bird, which is only partly preserved, due to which it has never been properly identified. Thanks to the newly discovered fragments of the blocks representing a procession of the foreigners in the Southern Middle Portico , it is now possible to identify the mysterious creature as a secretary bird (Sagittarius serpentarius), a species endemic to Africa. The author argues that the presence of the secretary bird in Hatshepsut's Punt reliefs indicates that in her times the land of Punt must have been situated on the African coast of the Red Sea on the one hand, and in the vicinity of the Nubian lands overlapping with the habitat of the secretary bird on the other.
The aim of the article is to reconsider the question of the co-regency of Thutmose III and Amenho... more The aim of the article is to reconsider the question of the co-regency of Thutmose III and Amenhotep II in the light of recent research casting into doubt the existence of this institution in the Middle Kingdom. The author re-examines the sources cited in favour of the co-regency, showing that the co-regency hypothesis generates more problems than it allegedly solves. Instead of searching for one simple solution for all seemingly insurmountable problems raised up by the available evidence, the author proposes to explain each problem individually. As a result, it seems that questions such as the alleged double coronation date of Amenhotep II, the problem of his two ‘first victorious campaigns’, or the presence of the images of Thutmose III and Amenhotep II in the temple of Amada can be satisfactorily explained without any necessity to maintain that both pharaohs ever ruled together, even for a brief period of time.
The article examines the layout of Hatshepsut’s Punt reliefs, proposing a new interpretation of t... more The article examines the layout of Hatshepsut’s Punt reliefs, proposing a new interpretation of their internal structure and ideological function within the decorative programme of the Deir el-Bahari temple. The author argues that the reliefs form a cycle of subsequent scenes, starting at the southernmost end of the west wall, continuing through the south wall up to the northern part of the west wall. As for the scenes represented on the northernmost end of the west wall and on the north wall, it is argued that they should be viewed as forming a single ideological entity, which at the same time corresponds to the long historical inscription placed on the easternmost end of the south wall. That way the reliefs reflect both aspects of Egyptian eternity: the linear (in the cycle of subsequent episodes) and the circular one (in the ideological link between the southern- and northernmost extremities of the Punt Portico). As for the function of the reliefs, it is argued that they were supposed to magically repeat Hatshepsut’s Punt expedition and thus provide her divine father Amun-Ra with all exotic products necessary in his cult. The author also tries to demonstrate, how Hatshepsut was gradually identified with the goddess Hathor in her aspect of the Lady of Punt and the female counterpart of Amun-Ra throughout the Punt reliefs.
It is widely believed that women could not have exercised kingship in ancient Egypt. Although roy... more It is widely believed that women could not have exercised kingship in ancient Egypt. Although royal mothers and wives could occasionally be proclaimed a queen regent from the earliest times of ancient Egyptian history, if a woman assumed royal power, according to many scholars, she was considered to be a usurper. This interpretation seems totally inaccurate. The aim of the paper is therefore to demonstrate that women were not precluded from royal power in any way. The analysis of known cases of women exercising royal power proves that women could have successfully reigned as kings, although such situation was extremely rare in ancient Egyptian history, exactly as in other monarchies were women are allowed to rule as is proven by the analogies of the European examples.
The aim of the present paper is to examine, whether the ancient Egyptian kings knew how to read a... more The aim of the present paper is to examine, whether the ancient Egyptian kings knew how to read and write. By analysing the textual and iconographical material from various periods of Egyptian history the author argues that most of the Egyptian rulers were indeed literate. This view is supported not only by the sources directly mentioning royal literacy or making clear allusions to it but also by some indirect evidence indicating the literacy of particular rulers (like holding important administrative offices by certain kings prior to their accessions). The author discusses also the problem of the education of the future kings and consequently concludes that royal princes were taught both hieratic and hieroglyphic scripts for practical as well as ideological reasons. As for the kings of foreign origin it seems that, although many of them were not only illiterate but even unable to speak Egyptian, at least some of them could have mastered the Egyptian script.
The article discusses the stela of king Merenptah of the 19th dynasty (ca. 1213-1203 BC), which d... more The article discusses the stela of king Merenptah of the 19th dynasty (ca. 1213-1203 BC), which describes the victory of the ruler in the war against the Libyans in the context of the whole military activity of the pharaoh. A particular attention is given to the people of Israel, mentioned in the text, noting the existence of another ancient Egyptian source, possibly much older than Merenptah's stela, in which the same tribe occurs. The article is followed by the first complete Polish translation of the Israel Stela's inscription.
The aim of the book is to analyse the religious and ideological significance of the ancient Egypt... more The aim of the book is to analyse the religious and ideological significance of the ancient Egyptian Punt expeditions. In the first part (chapters 1–4), the sources concerning the ancient Egyptian Punt expeditions as well as the products imported to Egypt in their course were discussed in detail. The second part (chapters 5–8) constitutes a synthesis of the conclusions drawn as a result of the analysis of the sources in the first part. Therefore, the author discusses various toponyms related to the land of Punt (chapter 5), the problem of Punt’s exact location (chapter 6), the character of the Punt expeditions in comparison with other foreign missions (chapter 7) as well as various links between the land of Punt and Egyptian religion and ideology of kingship (chapter 8). The author concludes that the land of Punt played an important role in the Egyptian ideology of kingship being especially associated with the sun-god as well as with the goddess Hathor. Puntite products were crucial for both royal and private funerary cult as well as for the divine cult carried out in the temples. This is why the organisation of an expedition to Punt was one of the duties of the Egyptian king, who, according to the Egyptian beliefs, obeyed a direct command of the sun-god. Moreover, in various periods we may observe a wish to re-establish the contacts with Punt to restore the natural order of things after a period of crisis, which is especially visible in the reign of Hatshepsut of the 18th dynasty.
The article discusses various attitudes towards foreigners that can be perceived in ancient Egypt... more The article discusses various attitudes towards foreigners that can be perceived in ancient Egyptian material. It is argued that there was no single and unchangeable attitude towards foreigners throughout ancient Egyptian history, but instead that Egyptian attitudes to foreigners changed over time due to various historical and social factors. It is also argued that these attitudes reflected a constant negotiation between the traditional and stereotypical perception of foreigners as enemies of the Egyptian state and more nuanced approaches in which foreigners could have a number of roles to play in Egyptian society, which often led to significant transformations of Egyptians' self-identity. Therefore, the traditional image of ancient Egypt as a highly xenophobic culture is called into question.
The paper analyses the multiple influences of ancient Egypt in Terry Pratchett’s Pyramids (The Bo... more The paper analyses the multiple influences of ancient Egypt in Terry Pratchett’s Pyramids (The Book of Going Forth) (1989). In this and other works Pratchett creates a fantasy universe in which he projects some of his main concerns, while at the same time using it to expose some of his criticisms of life in the modern world. This paper, as well as the whole book, can be downloaded for free: https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/Products/9781803276267?fbclid=IwAR01HTetBHmgrLnJq2GxhkLXyLS_vFwGp1d5149B15qqPSsiqw8q98Azu6w
The article discusses the Egyptian voyage of Caesar Germanicus in AD 17. It is argued that main r... more The article discusses the Egyptian voyage of Caesar Germanicus in AD 17. It is argued that main reason of the voyage was Germanicus' wish to seek for hidden knowledge rather than to challenge the rule of Tiberius in any way.
The aim of this article is to re-analyse an inscription about a royal elephant hunt in the land o... more The aim of this article is to re-analyse an inscription about a royal elephant hunt in the land of Niyi, carved on the west wall of the Punt Portico in the temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el- Bahari. A re-examination and new collation of the original text led to the conclusion that the inscription was a later addition, whose insertion required a modification of the original decoration of this section of the wall. The author observed that, contrary to the generally accepted view of scholars, the cartouche in the first column of the inscription does not include Thutmose I’s throne name but rather that of Hatshepsut, which was subsequently changed to Thutmose II’s. This article also discusses the historical ramifications of the abovedescribed reconstruction of the creation process and the subsequent modification of the inscription in question.
The article discusses the inscription of the temple of Edfu mentioning the flight of king Ptolemy... more The article discusses the inscription of the temple of Edfu mentioning the flight of king Ptolemy X Alexander I to the land of Punt. The author argues that this passage cannot be taken as argument in favour of the hypothesis locating this mysterious land on the Arabian Peninsula. He also tries to demonstrate that the land of Punt is presented as a purely African country located to the south of Egypt in ‘historical’ inscriptions concerning the actual expeditions sent out to it by the Egyptian pharaohs, but at the same time it is associated with the eastern horizon of the sky in the religious texts. That way, the mention of Ptolemy X Alexander I’s flight to Punt should be interpreted as a metaphorical description of royal demise, which was traditionally presented in terms of the deceased king’s union with his creator, the sun-god, who is at the same time the ruler and creator of Punt.
The aim of the article is to re-evaluate the question of the location of Bia-Punt. The author re-... more The aim of the article is to re-evaluate the question of the location of Bia-Punt. The author re-analyses the sources mentioning the toponym in question. As a result, he observes that Bia-Punt is not mentioned outside of the site of Mersa/Wadi Gawasis; moreover all attestations come from the 12th dynasty. This leads to a conclusion that Bia-Punt should be interpreted as the Egyptian name of the coastal region of the Red Sea within which the port of Mersa Gawasis was situated rather than as a name of a mining region within or in a vicinity of Punt as previously suggested by other scholars. This hypothesis seems to be corroborated by the testimony of the stela WG 05 dated to the reign of Amenemhat III.
The article presents a previously unpublished block coming from the Southern Lower Portico (also ... more The article presents a previously unpublished block coming from the Southern Lower Portico (also known as the Punt Portico) in Hatshepsut’s temple of millions of years at Deir el-Bahari. It contains a depiction of a young Nubian man carrying two mysterious objects. The one is the double tjsw-staff, while the other is most likely a wooden stool. In order to support his identification of the objects in question, the author discusses some parallels coming from early 18th dynasty private tombs at Thebes.
The article presents new evidence in favour of the African location of the land of Punt, bsaing o... more The article presents new evidence in favour of the African location of the land of Punt, bsaing on the newly discovered fragments of Hatshepsut's Punt reliefs from the Southern Middle Portico of her temple of millions of years at Deir el-Bahari. Among the Nubian products brought back to Egypt in consequence of Hatshepsut's Punt expedition, we can see a mysterious bird, which is only partly preserved, due to which it has never been properly identified. Thanks to the newly discovered fragments of the blocks representing a procession of the foreigners in the Southern Middle Portico , it is now possible to identify the mysterious creature as a secretary bird (Sagittarius serpentarius), a species endemic to Africa. The author argues that the presence of the secretary bird in Hatshepsut's Punt reliefs indicates that in her times the land of Punt must have been situated on the African coast of the Red Sea on the one hand, and in the vicinity of the Nubian lands overlapping with the habitat of the secretary bird on the other.
The aim of the article is to reconsider the question of the co-regency of Thutmose III and Amenho... more The aim of the article is to reconsider the question of the co-regency of Thutmose III and Amenhotep II in the light of recent research casting into doubt the existence of this institution in the Middle Kingdom. The author re-examines the sources cited in favour of the co-regency, showing that the co-regency hypothesis generates more problems than it allegedly solves. Instead of searching for one simple solution for all seemingly insurmountable problems raised up by the available evidence, the author proposes to explain each problem individually. As a result, it seems that questions such as the alleged double coronation date of Amenhotep II, the problem of his two ‘first victorious campaigns’, or the presence of the images of Thutmose III and Amenhotep II in the temple of Amada can be satisfactorily explained without any necessity to maintain that both pharaohs ever ruled together, even for a brief period of time.
The article examines the layout of Hatshepsut’s Punt reliefs, proposing a new interpretation of t... more The article examines the layout of Hatshepsut’s Punt reliefs, proposing a new interpretation of their internal structure and ideological function within the decorative programme of the Deir el-Bahari temple. The author argues that the reliefs form a cycle of subsequent scenes, starting at the southernmost end of the west wall, continuing through the south wall up to the northern part of the west wall. As for the scenes represented on the northernmost end of the west wall and on the north wall, it is argued that they should be viewed as forming a single ideological entity, which at the same time corresponds to the long historical inscription placed on the easternmost end of the south wall. That way the reliefs reflect both aspects of Egyptian eternity: the linear (in the cycle of subsequent episodes) and the circular one (in the ideological link between the southern- and northernmost extremities of the Punt Portico). As for the function of the reliefs, it is argued that they were supposed to magically repeat Hatshepsut’s Punt expedition and thus provide her divine father Amun-Ra with all exotic products necessary in his cult. The author also tries to demonstrate, how Hatshepsut was gradually identified with the goddess Hathor in her aspect of the Lady of Punt and the female counterpart of Amun-Ra throughout the Punt reliefs.
It is widely believed that women could not have exercised kingship in ancient Egypt. Although roy... more It is widely believed that women could not have exercised kingship in ancient Egypt. Although royal mothers and wives could occasionally be proclaimed a queen regent from the earliest times of ancient Egyptian history, if a woman assumed royal power, according to many scholars, she was considered to be a usurper. This interpretation seems totally inaccurate. The aim of the paper is therefore to demonstrate that women were not precluded from royal power in any way. The analysis of known cases of women exercising royal power proves that women could have successfully reigned as kings, although such situation was extremely rare in ancient Egyptian history, exactly as in other monarchies were women are allowed to rule as is proven by the analogies of the European examples.
The aim of the present paper is to examine, whether the ancient Egyptian kings knew how to read a... more The aim of the present paper is to examine, whether the ancient Egyptian kings knew how to read and write. By analysing the textual and iconographical material from various periods of Egyptian history the author argues that most of the Egyptian rulers were indeed literate. This view is supported not only by the sources directly mentioning royal literacy or making clear allusions to it but also by some indirect evidence indicating the literacy of particular rulers (like holding important administrative offices by certain kings prior to their accessions). The author discusses also the problem of the education of the future kings and consequently concludes that royal princes were taught both hieratic and hieroglyphic scripts for practical as well as ideological reasons. As for the kings of foreign origin it seems that, although many of them were not only illiterate but even unable to speak Egyptian, at least some of them could have mastered the Egyptian script.
The article discusses the stela of king Merenptah of the 19th dynasty (ca. 1213-1203 BC), which d... more The article discusses the stela of king Merenptah of the 19th dynasty (ca. 1213-1203 BC), which describes the victory of the ruler in the war against the Libyans in the context of the whole military activity of the pharaoh. A particular attention is given to the people of Israel, mentioned in the text, noting the existence of another ancient Egyptian source, possibly much older than Merenptah's stela, in which the same tribe occurs. The article is followed by the first complete Polish translation of the Israel Stela's inscription.
Review of Ángeles Jiménez-Higueras, The Sacred Landscape of Dra Abu
el-Naga during the New Kingdo... more Review of Ángeles Jiménez-Higueras, The Sacred Landscape of Dra Abu el-Naga during the New Kingdom: People Making Landscape Making People. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 113 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2020). ISBN 978-90-04-43567-4; 978-90-04-43568-1 (e-book). Pp. xviii + 283 figures [maps, plans, illustrations (mostly colour), diagrams], 11 tables. $202.00
Każdy badacz pragnie stać się inspiracją dla młodszego pokolenia. Mnie przywilej ten spotkał na s... more Każdy badacz pragnie stać się inspiracją dla młodszego pokolenia. Mnie przywilej ten spotkał na stosunkowo wczesnym etapie rozwoju naukowego; oto bowiem w "Meandrze" ukazała się krytyczna recenzja mojego przekładu zachowanych fragmentów dzieł Manethona z Sebennytos 1 autorstwa Marcina Janusa 2. Zaszczyt to tym większy, że-jak się wydaje-Recenzent obrał moją pracę za cel swego pierwszego poważnego artykułu naukowego 3. Zacznijmy więc od samokrytyki. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że przygotowując przekład fragmentów dzieł Manethona nie ustrzegłem się rozmaitych błędów. Przyznaję, że niewłaściwie przełożyłem fr. 5 zaczerpnięty z kroniki Jana Malalasa, jak słusznie zwrócił uwagę Marcin Janus (recenzja, s. 180). Nie jestem dumny także ze wszystkich literówek i innych drobnych pomyłek wskazanych przez Recenzenta. Szczególnie kompromitujący wydaje się błędny zapis nazwiska Williama G. Waddella, które konsekwentnie pisałem przez jedno tylko "l", zwłaszcza że sam wytknąłem podobną pomyłkę w recenzji przekładu I księgi Biblioteki historycznej Diodora Sycylijskiego 4. Okazuje się, że błąd ten towarzyszy mi od dłuższego czasu, a niewłaściwą wersję nazwiska owego badacza zdarzyło mi się umieścić także w innych moich pracach. Jestem więc niezwykle wdzięczny Marcinowi Janusowi za zwrócenie uwagi na ten i wszystkie inne mankamenty. Podjąłem już działania zmierzające do tego, aby przed kolejnym, trzecim już, dodrukiem przygotować wydanie poprawione i uzupełnione, w którym wszystkie wskazane w recenzji błędy i niedociągnięcia zostaną usunięte. Zawsze uważałem bowiem, że osoby, które nie są otwarte na krytykę, nie mają czego szukać w nauce, a publikowanie służy między innymi temu, aby poddawać swe pomysły i idee pod dyskusję.
Za każdym razem, gdy ukazuje się nowy przekład tekstu źródłowego, zwłaszcza gdy mamy do czynienia... more Za każdym razem, gdy ukazuje się nowy przekład tekstu źródłowego, zwłaszcza gdy mamy do czynienia z utworem, który nigdy wcześniej nie został przełożony na język polski, badacz starożytności może się tylko cieszyć. Gorzej jednak, gdy tak długo oczekiwane wydanie nie spełnia pokładanych w nim nadziei. Na wstępie zaznaczyć trzeba, że Diodor Sycylijski ma swego rodzaju pecha-nie dość, że przez długi czas nie cieszył się on zbyt pochlebną opinią wśród uczonych 1 , to jeszcze owa nieprzychylna opinia, a także wielka objętość dzieła, doprowadziły do tego, że jak dotąd nie doczekaliśmy się pełnego przekładu wszystkich zachowanych ksiąg jego Biblioteki historycznej na język polski. W naszym kraju Diodor ukazuje się, niczym dziewiętnastowieczna powieść, w odcinkach, za każdym razem w serii "Fontes historiae antiquae"-poszczególne księgi publikowane są w niej jednak nie po kolei. Najpierw, jeszcze w r. 1993, ukazał się przekład dwóch partii księgi I, poświęconych kwestii źródeł Nilu oraz budowy piramid w przekładzie Witolda Maciejewskiego 2. Na pierwszy przekład całej księgi trzeba było jednak poczekać aż do r. 2010, kiedy to ukazała się księga IV w przekładzie Sylwestra Dworackiego 3 , później (w r. 2013)
Report of a conference on Polish-French co-operation in Egyptology, held in Paris on 7th-8th June... more Report of a conference on Polish-French co-operation in Egyptology, held in Paris on 7th-8th June 2022.
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Books by Filip Taterka
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The author discusses also the problem of the education of the future kings and consequently concludes that royal princes were taught both hieratic and hieroglyphic scripts for practical as well as ideological reasons. As for the kings of foreign origin it seems that, although many of them were not only illiterate but even unable to speak Egyptian, at least some of them could have mastered the Egyptian script.
The author discusses also the problem of the education of the future kings and consequently concludes that royal princes were taught both hieratic and hieroglyphic scripts for practical as well as ideological reasons. As for the kings of foreign origin it seems that, although many of them were not only illiterate but even unable to speak Egyptian, at least some of them could have mastered the Egyptian script.
el-Naga during the New Kingdom: People Making Landscape Making People. Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 113 (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2020). ISBN 978-90-04-43567-4; 978-90-04-43568-1 (e-book). Pp. xviii + 283 figures [maps, plans, illustrations (mostly colour), diagrams], 11 tables. $202.00