Joanna Gierowska-Kałłaur
Dr hab., professor at the Institute of History of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Centre for East European Studies, University of Warsaw.
Author of, among others:
Straż Kresowa a Zarząd Cywilny Ziem Wschodnich. Współdziałanie czy rywalizacja? (Warszawa, 1999);
Zarząd Cywilny Ziem Wschodnich (19 lutego 1919 – 9 września 1920) (Warszawa, 2003); English version in 2022 : The Civil Administration of Eastern Territories (1919–1920). The Reasons for the Failure of Piłsudski’s Federation Idea. „Polish Studies – Transdisciplinary Perspectives”, vol. 40, Peter Lang.
Raporty Straży Kresowej 1919–1920. Ziem Północno-Wschodnich opisanie (Warszawa-Pułtusk, 2011);
"Aleksander Szklennik, Wspomnienia o wydarzeniach w Wilnie i w kraju. Dziennik” (Warszawa, 2018-2019);
Józef Piłsudski wobec kwestii białoruskiej (1918-1920) (Warszawa, 2023).
Research interests – the fate of the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the First World War and the Polish-Soviet War.
Author of, among others:
Straż Kresowa a Zarząd Cywilny Ziem Wschodnich. Współdziałanie czy rywalizacja? (Warszawa, 1999);
Zarząd Cywilny Ziem Wschodnich (19 lutego 1919 – 9 września 1920) (Warszawa, 2003); English version in 2022 : The Civil Administration of Eastern Territories (1919–1920). The Reasons for the Failure of Piłsudski’s Federation Idea. „Polish Studies – Transdisciplinary Perspectives”, vol. 40, Peter Lang.
Raporty Straży Kresowej 1919–1920. Ziem Północno-Wschodnich opisanie (Warszawa-Pułtusk, 2011);
"Aleksander Szklennik, Wspomnienia o wydarzeniach w Wilnie i w kraju. Dziennik” (Warszawa, 2018-2019);
Józef Piłsudski wobec kwestii białoruskiej (1918-1920) (Warszawa, 2023).
Research interests – the fate of the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the First World War and the Polish-Soviet War.
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Papers by Joanna Gierowska-Kałłaur
War by raising the level of regional culture. The Polish-Soviet war began on
5 January 1919. The invasion of the Bolsheviks caused an exodus of prominent pedagogical forces. April 1919 brought a dramatic change in the geopolitical-military situation. In the Vilnius Proclamation, Józef Piłsudski announced to ‘the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania’ that a temporary Civil Administration of the Eastern Territories would be established to administer the liberated territories on an ongoing basis. The future of these lands was to be decided by their inhabitants themselves. The summer of 1919 was a crucial time for the success of the Eastern plans of the Head of the Polish State, which – for a number of reasons – ultimately failed. However, in July 1919 it seemed to many of the inhabitants of the lands of Historic Lithuania – the so-called “rank and file”, not “functionaries” – who were making their living from their own labour, that their opinion might have a bearing on the development of events. The author of the twenty-two-page text presented here, entitled “On Schooling in White Russia”, Felicjan Śliwiński, who was a science teacher in Kobryń in July 1919, identified with the needs of the 1-1.5 million Poles living in White Russia. However, he did not ignore the aspirations of the other national groups, and even for the needs of those of them he considered ‘endemic’ he expressed a far-reaching understanding. In this source, in addition to the obvious information about Polish education, we find significant news about Russian education, Jewish education, even Ukrainian education introduced after the Treaty of Brest. There is no information at all about Belarusian education. The value of the presented text lies in its depiction of the state of knowledge, mood and motivation of the representatives of the Polish intelligentsia.
(Nikołaj Czajkowski and Borys Wiktorowicz Savinkov) to overthrow Bolshevism with the help of Russian troops formed with Polish input on Polish soil, and (ii) the disappointment of Stanisław Bułak, who described himself as “Belarusian” Bułak–Bałachowicz, to the campaign under the patronage of Kastuś Jezowitow in Latvia. He wanted to create the conditions for the Belarusians to create a “Third Belarus”. A Belarus friendly to Poland. In the presentation, the author will highlight the title problem in several aspects: (i) the plan. (ii) circumstances, (iii) manner of implementation, and (iv) effects.
The Germans used a small number of aware Belarusians in the occupied part of Lithuania against the Poles in Vilnius, creating for them comfortable conditions for the proclamation of „paper” independence in exchange for official protests against Poles (from 1916) and against the Polish First Corps (1918). Nota bene conditions not used by Belarusians.
Statutorily, the task of the Polish Minsk Land Council was to defend the Polish raison d’etat. The Poles realized that the postulate of unification with Poland being preached in Vilnius and Grodno was simply unrealistic in Minsk. Members of the Polish Minsk Land Council in the awakening of Belarusian separateness saw the prospects of securing Belarusians, and themselves, from the greed of Russia. They filed their accession to the Belarusian Democratic Republic Council (1918). A sine qua non
condition for both the security of Poles in Minsk and the Polish raison d’etat was to keep the Soviet influence away from the Belarussian lands. Belarussians could have become the beneficiaries of this policy, but they didn’t.
перыяд 1916–1923 гг.) «нямецка-białorosyjsko-польска-літоўска-беларуска-ўкраінска-савецкіх вузлоў», а не «двухбаковых вузлоў», з цікавасцю чытала гэты зборнік яшчэ на этапе рэдакцыйнай працы, і амаль кожны прадстаўлены дакумент выклікае ланцужок асацыяцый, правакуе да інтэрпрэтацыі. Сёння, ужо больш не пад ціскам выканання тэрмінаў публікацыі, спакойна праглядаючы гэту працу, я заўважыла недахоп, які проста трэба дапоўніць. Справа тычыцца польска-савецкіх адносін, якія маюць ключавое значэнне для польска-беларускіх адносін.
War by raising the level of regional culture. The Polish-Soviet war began on
5 January 1919. The invasion of the Bolsheviks caused an exodus of prominent pedagogical forces. April 1919 brought a dramatic change in the geopolitical-military situation. In the Vilnius Proclamation, Józef Piłsudski announced to ‘the inhabitants of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania’ that a temporary Civil Administration of the Eastern Territories would be established to administer the liberated territories on an ongoing basis. The future of these lands was to be decided by their inhabitants themselves. The summer of 1919 was a crucial time for the success of the Eastern plans of the Head of the Polish State, which – for a number of reasons – ultimately failed. However, in July 1919 it seemed to many of the inhabitants of the lands of Historic Lithuania – the so-called “rank and file”, not “functionaries” – who were making their living from their own labour, that their opinion might have a bearing on the development of events. The author of the twenty-two-page text presented here, entitled “On Schooling in White Russia”, Felicjan Śliwiński, who was a science teacher in Kobryń in July 1919, identified with the needs of the 1-1.5 million Poles living in White Russia. However, he did not ignore the aspirations of the other national groups, and even for the needs of those of them he considered ‘endemic’ he expressed a far-reaching understanding. In this source, in addition to the obvious information about Polish education, we find significant news about Russian education, Jewish education, even Ukrainian education introduced after the Treaty of Brest. There is no information at all about Belarusian education. The value of the presented text lies in its depiction of the state of knowledge, mood and motivation of the representatives of the Polish intelligentsia.
(Nikołaj Czajkowski and Borys Wiktorowicz Savinkov) to overthrow Bolshevism with the help of Russian troops formed with Polish input on Polish soil, and (ii) the disappointment of Stanisław Bułak, who described himself as “Belarusian” Bułak–Bałachowicz, to the campaign under the patronage of Kastuś Jezowitow in Latvia. He wanted to create the conditions for the Belarusians to create a “Third Belarus”. A Belarus friendly to Poland. In the presentation, the author will highlight the title problem in several aspects: (i) the plan. (ii) circumstances, (iii) manner of implementation, and (iv) effects.
The Germans used a small number of aware Belarusians in the occupied part of Lithuania against the Poles in Vilnius, creating for them comfortable conditions for the proclamation of „paper” independence in exchange for official protests against Poles (from 1916) and against the Polish First Corps (1918). Nota bene conditions not used by Belarusians.
Statutorily, the task of the Polish Minsk Land Council was to defend the Polish raison d’etat. The Poles realized that the postulate of unification with Poland being preached in Vilnius and Grodno was simply unrealistic in Minsk. Members of the Polish Minsk Land Council in the awakening of Belarusian separateness saw the prospects of securing Belarusians, and themselves, from the greed of Russia. They filed their accession to the Belarusian Democratic Republic Council (1918). A sine qua non
condition for both the security of Poles in Minsk and the Polish raison d’etat was to keep the Soviet influence away from the Belarussian lands. Belarussians could have become the beneficiaries of this policy, but they didn’t.
перыяд 1916–1923 гг.) «нямецка-białorosyjsko-польска-літоўска-беларуска-ўкраінска-савецкіх вузлоў», а не «двухбаковых вузлоў», з цікавасцю чытала гэты зборнік яшчэ на этапе рэдакцыйнай працы, і амаль кожны прадстаўлены дакумент выклікае ланцужок асацыяцый, правакуе да інтэрпрэтацыі. Сёння, ужо больш не пад ціскам выканання тэрмінаў публікацыі, спакойна праглядаючы гэту працу, я заўважыла недахоп, які проста трэба дапоўніць. Справа тычыцца польска-савецкіх адносін, якія маюць ключавое значэнне для польска-беларускіх адносін.
na nie społeczności lokalnych (samorządowych, społecznych i narodowych), poprzez kronikę wydarzeń lokalnych, aż po wiele informacji z zakresu życia politycznego zarówno w wymiarze miejscowym, jak i ogólnopolskim, a nawet ogólnoeuropejskim i ogólnoświatowym. Umieszczenie w publikacji zebranych przez Szklennika i wklejonych między zapiski odręczne rozmaitych materiałów zewnętrznych – wycinków prasowych, druków ulotnych, ogłoszeń etc. nie tylko wzbogaca przekaz o rzeczywistości relacjonowanej przez autora, ale stanowi kapitalne źródło, służące rekonstrukcji zasobu informacji (także pogłosek i plotek funkcjonujących w obiegu publicznym), jakimi dysponowali uczestnicy ówczesnych wydarzeń.
Dziewięć zeszytów bieżących notatek Aleksandra Szklennika z okresu od maja 1915 do listopada 1918 r, opatrzono wspólnym tytułem: Wspomnienia o wydarzeniach w Wilnie i w kraju. Autor rozpoczął swe zapiski w Wilnie, w momencie przygotowań Rosjan do ewakuacji i oczekiwania mieszkańców na nowego okupanta.
W tekst pierwszego zeszytu wpleciona jest niezwykle ciekawa relacja, opisująca obserwacje autora powracającego do Wilna przez Kraków, Jędrzejów i Kielce pełne legionistów. (Wybuch wojny zaskoczył autora w trakcie kuracji w Truskawcu.) Tom pierwszy tej edycji kończy zapis z marca 1917 r., z ostatniego dnia zanim do Wilna dotarły pierwsze konkretne informacje o wydarzeniach w Petersburgu. Tom drugi obejmować będzie wydarzenia od rewolucji lutowej do końca zapisów, tzn. do 31 października 1918 r.
Dziewięć zeszytów bieżących notatek Aleksandra Szklennika z okresu od maja 1915 do listopada 1918 r, opatrzono wspólnym tytułem: Wspomnienia o wydarzeniach w Wilnie i w kraju. Autor rozpoczął swe zapiski w Wilnie, w momencie przygotowań Rosjan do ewakuacji i oczekiwania mieszkańców na nowego okupanta.
W tekst pierwszego zeszytu wpleciona jest niezwykle ciekawa relacja, opisująca obserwacje autora powracającego do Wilna przez Kraków, Jędrzejów i Kielce pełne legionistów. (Wybuch wojny zaskoczył autora w trakcie kuracji w Truskawcu.) Tom pierwszy tej edycji kończy zapis z marca 1917 r., z ostatniego dnia zanim do Wilna dotarły pierwsze konkretne informacje o wydarzeniach w Petersburgu. Tom drugi obejmować będzie wydarzenia od rewolucji lutowej do końca zapisów, tzn. do 31 października 1918 r.