It doesn't appear that it's currently possible via the action API to obtain all of the possible display titles for a page given the language variants enabled on its wiki. This should be relatively easy to do, perhaps by exposing the results of language->autoConvertToAllVariants for a given title string as a new titlevariants or some such page property in action=query&prop=pageprop?
This will be useful both for the REST page summary API and in general for clients seeking to improve their language variant support.