Plymouth Business School

Many citizens rely upon online services, and it is certain that this reliance will increase in the future. However, they frequently lack a solid appreciation of the related safety and security issues, and can be missing out on an essential aspect of awareness in everyday life. Indeed, users are often concerned about online threats, but it would be stretching the point to claim that they are fully aware of the problems. Thus, rather than actually protecting themselves, many will simply accept that they are taking a risk. This paper examines the problem of establishing end-user eSafety awareness, and proposes means by which related issues can be investigated and addressed. Recognising that long-term attitudes and practices will be shaped by early experiences with the technology, it is particularly important to address the issue early and improve awareness amongst young people. However, the problem is unlikely to be addressed via the approaches that would traditionally be applied with ...

In 2010 Jeff Baker proposed a panel for the 2010 ICIS Conference in St. Louis on the topic ” Technologies that Transform Business and Research: Lessons from the Past as we look into the Future? (Baker  et al., 2011), He invited Frank Land to be a member of the panel. Frank sought to explore some topics that were receiving a great deal of attention from the media and in particular the computer press as well amongst IS practitioners, management and academia. The topic was the apparently rapidly growing threat coming from the misuse or criminal use of information and communications technology (ICT) as well as the use of the technology in warfare (Cyberwarfare). The issues were discussed under a variety of labels but usually included terms such as security, privacy, risk and piracy.

In this paper we explore a methodological innovation in a practitioner based context-data sharing, the integration of data sets from different sources to improve organisational knowledge and strategic decision making. In this case the innovation is explored within public sector organisations. Evidence for the impact of such approaches is drawn from a case study at a UK local authority, which took part in a long term project to explore the issues of data sharing within their organisation. The paper highlights the issues that arise in trying to achieve data sharing in a live context and the breadth of barriers that such an innovation faces. However, it also highlights the value that can result from such practices, once implemented.

In November 2016, Jeremy Hunt, the UK Health Secretary, gave evidence to the Commons Health Committee’s investigation into suicide prevention, which raised concerns about the impact of technologically facilitated social behaviours on children’s mental health and wellbeing. In his submission, Mr Hunt suggested that in order to address issues that young people face, particularly sexting, online service providers should be providing technological intervention that would prohibit such practices occurring. While “sexting” has been variously defined academic and practice circles, for the purposes of this article we will use the definition of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children:

This paper describes an ongoing investigation into the potential impact that the Semantic Web could have on the personal privacy of individuals. The argument presented is that personal privacy should become part of the underlying architecture and design of the Semantic Web in order to limit the vulnerability of individuals. The current structure of the Semantic Web does not explicitly address the issue of the control of personal data, which could in turn lead to individuals being placed in positions of vulnerability. Personal privacy is seen as a major element of vulnerability and has caused some dilemmas from the legal perspective, balancing those who would hide their wrongdoing behind privacy against those who would be exposed to harm if there were no privacy. Issues of privacy are explored from the perspective of three groups of individuals: survivors of domestic violence; people who are not IT specialists; and teenagers. The impact of current web technologies on these groups is explored in order to gain insight into how the Semantic Web might be adapted. The paper concludes with a proposal for further research into the development of a Semantic Web tool which will aim to support individuals in identifying the potential threats to their privacy that arise from each sortie into cyberspace. Particular emphasis will be given to the issues faced by vulnerable groups and individuals.

I am delighted to have the opportunity to provide a foreword for this new book, that looks at the often complex relationship between enabling children to benefit technology and the Internet whilst at the same time keeping them safe. In more recent times, with growing interest from policy makers, legislators and politicians, alongside a greater sense of collaboration from industry, we have made great strides forward with regard to safety. However, we are, perhaps, still failing to appreciate that young people should be a primary stakeholder in this space, not just a passive observer to have our decisions placed upon them. Within the online safety community we have worked for many years on this complex balancing act, and, as technologies and behaviours evolve, and more stakeholders take an interest, the balance becomes more difficult to achieve. Of course, we could ensure children and young people are entirely safe from the threats posed by the online world by simply preventing them from going online. However, this is, of course, a ridiculous solution as our focus on safety would completely detract from all of the positives that digital technology and online worlds bring to young people's lives. Having worked with Andy for many years, and over that time having many discussions with him on this balance, I am so pleased to see that much of this current thinking appears in this book. Over the years we have worked together on many pieces of research, initially, way back in 2006, exploring our respective understandings of how children engage with digital technology and the development of their own coping strategies before moving on to issues such as the early research work into sexting, understanding issues of the online abuse of teachers, looking at peer learning around online safety, and the, now, annual review of online safety policy and practice in schools across the country drawing upon the significant and unique 360 degree safe dataset. Andy's position within the community is somewhat unusual-on the one hand an academic bringing all of the objectivity and understanding of research methodology to his work that academia affords, but on the other hand being incredibly hands on with his work, conducting assemblies, classes, discussion groups, staff development activities and parents forums, to name a few, in order to engage with the community, and to pass on his knowledge. He has always spoken to the whole range of stakeholders, but most importantly he speaks to children, a lot. And not just to deliver "information" sessions, but sitting with them, working with them, answering their questions and, most importantly, listening to them about their practices, beliefs and concerns. It is clear that many children are not afforded this opportunity and relish it. Putting children and their views central to any research is something he has done from the very early days of our working partnership. I must admit, sometimes I am alarmed at the sort of things he hears about, and the sort of questions he is asked (some of which he refers to in this book), but what this grass roots activity does very clearly highlight is that, given

Supporters of e-Government believe that this technology will be a panacea for enhancing the engagement and participation of citizens in politics and government. However, there is little empirical support for this assertion. Due to the rapid proliferation of e-Government in Jordan there is an impetus to determine how e-Government impacts citizen participation and engagement in politics and government within the country. Using qualitative phenomenological focus group interviews with 40 citizens who utilize e-Government, an effort was made to understand how this technology influences outcomes with regard to participation and engagement with government. The results indicate that those using e-Government were politically active before using the technology and have extensive experience with technology use. E-Government for the politically active serves to extend participation in the process. For individuals that lack technological savvy and/or are not politically active, e-Government alone may not be enough to increase citizen engagement and participation in politics and government.

During the dot com era the word “personalisation” was a hot buzzword. With the fall of the dot com companies the topic has lost momentum. As the killer application for UMTS has yet to be identified, the concept of multi‐dimensional‐personalisation (MDP) could be a candidate. Using this approach, a recommendation of online content, as well as offline events, can be offered to the user based on their known interests and current location. Instead of having to request this information, the new service concept would proactively provide the information and services – with the consequence that the right information or service could therefore be offered at the right place, at the right time. Following an overview of the literature, the paper proposes a new approach for MDP, and shows how it extends the existing implementations.

The World Wide Web has experienced explosive growth as a content delivery mechanism, delivering hypertext files and static media content in a standardised way. However, this content has been unable to interact with other content, making the web a distribution system rather than a distributed system. This is changing, however, as distributed component architectures are being adapted to work with the web's architecture. This paper tracks the development of the web as a distributed platform, and highlights the potential to employ an often neglected feature of distributed computing: migration. The paper argues that all content on the web, be it static images or distributed components, should be free to migrate according to either the policy of the server, or the content itself. The requirements of such a content migration mechanism are described, and an overview of a new migration mechanism, currently being developed by the authors, is presented.

Today's software units (classes, components and services) require large amounts of information during their development and use that can be documented for future reference, like documentation, multimedia files, specification, and models. The availability of certain information, for example documentation, is one of the factors that determines the capabilities of a unit, especially by reusing it. Additional information is necessary and essential for the success of the entire development process when applying certain procedure models, like Rational Unified Process (RUP). Acquiring these units and their content is important for reuse. However, this causes a problem in the area of global cooperation. Currently, approaches are missing that deal with software reuse in distributed software reuse scenarios. Especially the problem of missing knowledge about integration of reusable software units in these scenarios has not yet been addressed. This knowledge is also an important factor for reuse and reuse decisions. As a result software development teams locate at different locations my have problem to integrate exchanged reusable software units. This paper discusses the challenges of integration in distributed reuse scenarios by focusing on an industrial example and create a model extension for a existing reuse system. As an result integration of reusable software units can be done remotely without the necessary integration knowledge.

Given that minors who generate and share sexual images of themselves are frequently blamed when images are spread further, terms such as 'youth-produced' and 'self-generated' do little to move the focus of responsibility away from the victim. While there is undoubtedly involvement by the victim in the generation of the image, these terms fail to acknowledge the production might have been as a result of, for example, pressure, coercion or extortion. We propose the term "youth involved sexual imagery" as a more realistic term and one that reflects the complexity of the context in which an image might be generated. ARTICLE The modern-day phenomenon of "sexting" is something rarely out of the press-almost daily, news media issue reports of teenagers, and younger children, engaged in the exchange of sexual images. These reports are usually accompanied by salacious headlines highlighting the irresponsibility of those young people engaged in "sexting" practices, feeding the social anxiety and moral panic that pervades much of the media discourse on this phenomenon, for example 1 : "Police investigate children as young as SEVEN for sending x-rated pictures on their phones as sexting epidemic sweeps across Britain." "Sexting" behaviours have attracted great concern from legislators, police and policy-makers alike, and continue to present a range of major challenges to law enforcement. Recent reports, based upon Ministry of Justice data, have suggested that "sexting" cases involving children have more than doubled in the last two years 2 and that increasing numbers of children and young adults are becoming engaged with the criminal justice system for offences involving "indecent images" of children 3. However, over the same period, both the Crown Prosecution Service 4 and National College of Policing 5 have raised parallel concerns around the criminalisation of children who have engaged in these practices, with current policing and prosecutorial policies offering discretionary powers to law enforcement to avoid disproportionate law enforcement responses in 1 Hayward, E. (2017, April 12). Police investigate children as young as SEVEN for sending x-rated pictures on their phones as sexting epidemic sweeps across Britain. Mail Online. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4404024/Britain-facing-child-sexting-epidemic.html 2 Smith, H. (2017, November 6). Sexting cases involving children more than double in two years, police say. Independent. Retrieved from http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/sexting-cases-children-double-two-yearspornography-impact-police-nspcc-a8040156.html 3

This book considers the rapidly evolving, both legally and socially, nature of image-based abuse for both minors and adults. Drawing mainly from UK data, legislation and case studies, the book presents a thesis that the law is, at best, struggling to keep up with some fundamental issues around image-based abuse, such as the sexual nature of the crimes and the long-term impact on victims, and at worst, in the case of supporting minors, it is not fit for purpose. It shows, through empirical and legislative analysis, that the dearth of education around this topic, coupled with cultural norms, creates a victim-blaming culture that extends into adulthood. It proposes both legislative developments and the need for wider stakeholder engagement to understand and support victims, and the impact the non-consensual sharing of intimate images can have on their longterm mental health and life in general. The book is of interest to scholars of law, criminology, sociology, police and socio-technical studies, and also to those who practice law, law enforcement or have a wider social care role in both child and adult safeguarding.