Papers by Katarzyna Czarnecka
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Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2022
During the amateur excavations carried out by Seweryn Tymieniecki in the 1880s at the Roman Perio... more During the amateur excavations carried out by Seweryn Tymieniecki in the 1880s at the Roman Period cemetery at Kwiatków
(Greater Poland), a complex iron fitting was discovered. There are no straight parallels for this fitting in the Przeworsk Culture. Determination of its function is not obvious, but it is most likely to be the fitting of a lock of a wooden casket. The lock from Kwiatków
may have been a kind of hybrid – a variety of the Kietrz type lock with some elements of the Wetzendorf type. The replica of a casket
fitted with such lock showed that the proposed solution was fully functional. Among the finds from the Kwiatków cemetery, there is
no key matching this lock; however, such keys are known from three other cemeteries of the Przeworsk Culture
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Wiadomości Archeologiczne, Dec 31, 2005
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Wiadomości Archeologiczne, Jun 30, 2001
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Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2018
Miecz, spatha z Konina
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Donum cordis. Studia poświęcone pamięci Profesora Jerzego Kolendo, 2019
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Światowit. Supplement. Series B. Barbaricum, 2021
Weapons as Sign of Prestige, Ritual Attribute, and Indicator of Mutual Contacts in Barbaricum in ... more Weapons as Sign of Prestige, Ritual Attribute, and Indicator of Mutual Contacts in Barbaricum in Late Pre-Roman and Roman Periods. Not only had had weapons the practical, martial functions, but they had also played an important role in the construction and expression of the image, status in the society, identity, and mythology of the social category of warriors (Fig. 1). Swords and spears in legends and myths have their names and ‘personality’ (Fig. 2). Their symbolic functions explain the particular treatment of weapons in magic or ritual contexts, in burials or in bog offerings. Importance of weapons as indicators of social status, prestige, and also certain magical or religious content, is clearly visible in the rituals of the Germanic societies of Barbaricum in the Late Pre-Roman and Roman Period. The Przeworsk culture materials are highly suitable for such studies, as the burial rites of that culture involved depositing large numbers of weapons in graves. Another, complementary...
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Graves of two warriors equipped with rich sets of weapons, emerge on the Celtic territories from ... more Graves of two warriors equipped with rich sets of weapons, emerge on the Celtic territories from the early La Tène period till the end of phase D 2. Graves with double sets of weapons (one and two-edged swords) placed in metal vessels are known from the apparently Germanic cultures of northern Europe. Celtic graves are evident burials of two (or more) persons, warriors of similar status expressed by analogous weaponry. " Germanic " Oksywie Culture, and Scandinavian finds are burials of individual persons, notable warriors, who were given special sets of weapons to show their social position. A similar situation observed at an archaeological level could have had different grounds and meant different phenomena.
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Graves of two warriors equipped with rich sets of weapons, emerge on the Celtic territories from ... more Graves of two warriors equipped with rich sets of weapons, emerge on the Celtic territories from the early La Tène period till the end of phase D2. Graves with double sets of weapons (one and two-edged swords) placed in metal vessels are known from the apparently Germanic cultures of northern Europe. Celtic graves are evident burials of two (or more) persons, warriors of similar status expressed by analogous weaponry. “Germanic” Oksywie Culture, and Scandinavian finds are burials of individual persons, notable warriors, who were given special sets of weapons to show their social position. A similar situation observed at an archaeological level could have had different grounds and meant different phenomena.
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Iron Blacksmiths and Tools Ancient European Crafts Acts of the Instrumentum Conference at Podsreda in April 1999 2000 Isbn 2907303252 Pags 89 92, 2000
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Wiadomości Archeologiczne, 2021
: In 1938, the State Archaeological Museum received a collection of artefacts from the village of... more : In 1938, the State Archaeological Museum received a collection of artefacts from the village of Łady Nowe
(presently Łady, central Poland). The collection consists of two small earthenware vessels (a mug and a bowl) and metal
artefacts: an imported, decorated iron brooch of Kostrzewski type B, a unique socketed knife, a fragment of an iron shield
boss with a separately mounted spike as well as an iron spearhead, an iron knife and fragments of bent and melted bronze
sheet, probably from a bronze vessel. The artefacts listed probably come from a Przeworsk Culture cremation cemetery
and date to the Late Pre-Roman Period
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Ze świata dawnych barbarzyńców, 2021
Jednym z najbardziej uniwersalnych narzędzi jest nóż. Prawie każdy nóż, zarówno współczesny, jak ... more Jednym z najbardziej uniwersalnych narzędzi jest nóż. Prawie każdy nóż, zarówno współczesny, jak i starożytny, może pełnić rozmaite funkcje, jednak kształt, wymiary, proporcje ostrza, czasem dodatkowe elementy pozwalają na ustalenie, do jakich czynności był najbardziej dostosowany. Wśród noży stanowiących bardzo częste wyposażenie grobów w całym Barbaricum można wyróżnić egzemplarze szczególne, wykonane z nietypowych surowców: brąz, nie żelazo, lub zaopatrzone w inną od standardowej rękojeść. Niektóre z nich są interpretowane jako narzędzia medyczne. Do tej kategorii pasują noże określane jako skalpele. Jeden z najlepiej zachowanych egzemplarzy pochodzi z grobu książęcego I, z Łęgu Piekarskiego, pow. turecki. Znaleziska z tego grobu były kilkakrotnie publikowane, jednak uwaga badaczy skupiała się głównie na naczyniach brązowych, szczególnie na unikatowej misie z zoomorficznym dzióbkiem (Bochnak, Czarnecka 2019, tam dalsza lit.). Pozostałe przedmioty pojawiły się w pierwszej publikacji A. Kietlińskiej (Kietlińska, Piętka-Dąbrowska 1961, tabl. 32/3: 9), jednak bez szerszego omówienia. Opis brązowego noża (określonego zresztą błędnie jako lancet 1) pojawił się w katalogu importów z Polski środkowej (Jakubczyk 2018, 102). Przedmiot ten ma 16,2 cm długości; wąskie ostrze, o długości 5,5 cm, szerokości 1 cm, jest lekko łukowato wygięte, zarówno krawędź tnąca, jak i tylec. Rękojeść stanowi masywna prosta sztabka o prosto ściętym zakończeniu, będąca przedłużeniem ostrza, oddzielona obustronnie wysklepionym żeberkiem. Szerokość sztabki to 0,8 cm, a grubość 0,3 cm (ryc. 1, ryc. 2) Noże tego typu nie należą do znalezisk częstych, niemniej można wskazać kilka analogii z obszaru kultury przeworskiej i terenów sąsiednich 2. Bardzo podobny brązowy egzemplarz pochodzi z miejscowości Stogi, pow. strzeliński (d. niem. Reisau, Kr. Strehlen), jest to znalezisko luźne i brak pewnego kontekstu nie pozwala na dokładne datowanie (
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Papers by Katarzyna Czarnecka
(Greater Poland), a complex iron fitting was discovered. There are no straight parallels for this fitting in the Przeworsk Culture. Determination of its function is not obvious, but it is most likely to be the fitting of a lock of a wooden casket. The lock from Kwiatków
may have been a kind of hybrid – a variety of the Kietrz type lock with some elements of the Wetzendorf type. The replica of a casket
fitted with such lock showed that the proposed solution was fully functional. Among the finds from the Kwiatków cemetery, there is
no key matching this lock; however, such keys are known from three other cemeteries of the Przeworsk Culture
(presently Łady, central Poland). The collection consists of two small earthenware vessels (a mug and a bowl) and metal
artefacts: an imported, decorated iron brooch of Kostrzewski type B, a unique socketed knife, a fragment of an iron shield
boss with a separately mounted spike as well as an iron spearhead, an iron knife and fragments of bent and melted bronze
sheet, probably from a bronze vessel. The artefacts listed probably come from a Przeworsk Culture cremation cemetery
and date to the Late Pre-Roman Period
(Greater Poland), a complex iron fitting was discovered. There are no straight parallels for this fitting in the Przeworsk Culture. Determination of its function is not obvious, but it is most likely to be the fitting of a lock of a wooden casket. The lock from Kwiatków
may have been a kind of hybrid – a variety of the Kietrz type lock with some elements of the Wetzendorf type. The replica of a casket
fitted with such lock showed that the proposed solution was fully functional. Among the finds from the Kwiatków cemetery, there is
no key matching this lock; however, such keys are known from three other cemeteries of the Przeworsk Culture
(presently Łady, central Poland). The collection consists of two small earthenware vessels (a mug and a bowl) and metal
artefacts: an imported, decorated iron brooch of Kostrzewski type B, a unique socketed knife, a fragment of an iron shield
boss with a separately mounted spike as well as an iron spearhead, an iron knife and fragments of bent and melted bronze
sheet, probably from a bronze vessel. The artefacts listed probably come from a Przeworsk Culture cremation cemetery
and date to the Late Pre-Roman Period
From the Roman Period, to the Early Medieval time, relics of caskets (locks and keys) were deposited in richly furnished women’ graves. Locks and keys were made in different way basing on various construction principles, mostly invented by Celts. Most popular were locks with a spring and hook-shaped key. Simple but very practical, were used for a very long time, from the beginning of the Roman Period till the Migration Period (5th century) in the whole Barbaricum. Less frequent were locks with the barbed bolt, invented by Celts, but redesigned by Germanic smiths (these are: locks type Lachmirowice with barb of both sides of the bolt, and a key in a form of a rectangular frame; type Kietrz with loose bolt and forked key; very popular in Merovingian times, locks type Lauffen with bolt attached to the lid, and key with two sideway notches and type Wetzendorf with characteristic mounting with convex cover and simple, bend key).
Caskets were made of wood, with iron fittings and locking devices. In caskets were kept jewellery and personal equipment.
Locking devices used to close doors or gates were less frequent. Large iron keys – latch lifters – are known from the Przeworsk culture from the Late Roman Period. Also cylindrical shaped iron padlocks have been in use since late Roman Period.
Keys symbolised in early medieval times and later an authority over the household gained by marriage. However locked caskets found in graves indicated rather personal belongings more than the whole household. Keys (and also padlocks found in graves) could also be used as magical or religious symbols – closing one stage of life and entering another (here the Otherworld). Keys were, from the very beginning, linked with sacral sphere as attribute of various goddesses connected with the Underworld like Greek and Roman Hekate, or Celtic Epona. Another symbolic meaning is connected with fertility- “opening” of the womb. Most probably keys found in graves can referred to all this interpretation, not only the social position of the lady of the house.
From the Roman Period, to the Early Medieval time, relics of caskets (locks and keys) were deposited in richly furnished women’ graves. Locks and keys were made in different way basing on various construction principles, mostly invented by Celts. Most popular were locks with a spring and hook-shaped key. Simple but very practical, were used for a very long time, from the beginning of the Roman Period till the Migration Period (5th century) in the whole Barbaricum. Less frequent were locks with the barbed bolt, invented by Celts, but redesigned by Germanic smiths (these are: locks type Lachmirowice with barb of both sides of the bolt, and a key in a form of a rectangular frame; type Kietrz with loose bolt and forked key; very popular in Merovingian times, locks type Lauffen with bolt attached to the lid, and key with two sideway notches and type Wetzendorf with characteristic mounting with convex cover and simple, bend key).
Caskets were made of wood, with iron fittings and locking devices. In caskets were kept jewellery and personal equipment.
Locking devices used to close doors or gates were less frequent. Large iron keys – latch lifters – are known from the Przeworsk culture from the Late Roman Period. Also cylindrical shaped iron padlocks have been in use since late Roman Period.
Keys symbolised in early medieval times and later an authority over the household gained by marriage. However locked caskets found in graves indicated rather personal belongings more than the whole household. Keys (and also padlocks found in graves) could also be used as magical or religious symbols – closing one stage of life and entering another (here the Otherworld). Keys were, from the very beginning, linked with sacral sphere as attribute of various goddesses connected with the Underworld like Greek and Roman Hekate, or Celtic Epona. Another symbolic meaning is connected with fertility- “opening” of the womb. Most probably keys found in graves can referred to all this interpretation, not only the social position of the lady of the house.