Administrative Law

What are the foundations of public service ethics? What is a good ethics code look like? What makes “the Code”? And what will make it applicable? Is the public service globalizing or strengthening in its own nation? Is there value-neutrality in the public service? And how many other questions rise at the word “public service ethics”! However, these questions need to be asked whether we would like to become aware of today’s new challenges in civil service.

In 2010 Hungary was in the fortunate position as the traditions of the Hungarian public law have precedents for the new aims. However, to achieve satisfactory reforms, the administration shall serve the citizens as the legendary inter-war administrative professionals believed, like István Ereky, Zoltán Magyary and their school. We cannot ignore the inter-war period’s experiences and findings without saying a word. Facing the conclusions and results of that time is not only a possibility, but the duty of the administration, both theoretically and practically. The paper reflects on the early reforms of 2010.

In the following I would like to present the public prosecutor’s' role at the Supreme Courts through five cases of case law. The Benelux states’ legal system has long been familiar with the concept of amicus curiae, which goes back to the time of the 18th century'’s monarchies. Between 1970 and 1998 the European Court of Human Rights in several judgments dealt with the Belgian and Dutch practice. In the past almost 30 years, the court’'s opinion has changed on the one hand, and on the other hand it also had an effect on the Benelux state’s' legal systems, since the national legislation has been amended by the sovereign legislature in order to conform to the practice of the court, around the turn of the millennium.

(This is a book that is based on a comparative research on the use of minority language in various Central European Countries. The exhasutive research focuses on the official use of languages referring the most current literature, the official documents of the Council of Europe and a 6000 km long on-the-field empirical research.)

Ez a kötet nemcsak egy közel tíz évvel ezelotti, teljes Kárpát-medencét érintő átfogó vizsgálat megismétlése. Célom az, hogy az eddigi utatások eredményeit egymás után rendezve folyamatokat tudjak feltárni, fejlődési (esetleg visszafejlődési) íveket meglátni és bemutatni. A könyv gerincét továbbra is a körkép adja, ami azt is hivatott szimbolizálni, hogy a határon túli kutatásaimban mindig egységes Kárpátmedencében gondolkozom. Emellett azonban több új, illetve teljesen felújított fejezetet is tartalmaz ez a kiadás (különösen a nyelvi jogok dogmatikája és a határon túli politika tekintetében), amely segíti a tájékozódást e különösen összetett, a jog és a szociolingvisztika határán mozgó területen. Tárgya szerint e körkép az anyanyelvű jogérvényesítés lehetőségeinek, gyakorlatának és problémáinak feltárásával, azaz a hivatalos  anyanyelvhasználat lehetőségének a vizsgálatával foglalkozik.

This paper was published in The Yearbook of Education Law 2017. After a Brief Historical Background, it summarizes the Constitutional Provisions of the Right to Education and the main provisions of Cardinal Acts on Public and Higher Education. This paper has a special focus on the values of education and two human rights: the Freedom of Religion and Rights of Minorities in education.

Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok egynyelvű ország? Az angol hivatalos nyelve az USA-nak?

Ha ezekre a kérdésekre egyelőre nem tudunk még egyértelmű válaszokat adni, ne essünk kétségbe. Az amerikaiak jó része sem tudja a megfejtést. Egy felmérés szerint 1986-ban az USA állampolgárai közül megkérdezettek 64%-a biztosan állította, hogy az angol alkotmányosan elismert hivatalos nyelv, míg 34% mondta, hogy nem az. Egy megismételt kutatás 1997-ben már azt mutatta ki, hogy a megkérdezetteknek csak 35%-a gondolta az angolt hivatalos nyelvnek, 58%-uk pedig az ellenkezőjét gondolta. Mi hát akkor a válasz?

Ez a könyv megpróbálja összegyűjteni azokat az okokat, amelyek a kérdések megválaszolásához vezetnek bennünket. Különös figyelmet fordít a spanyol-ajkú hispán vagy latínó népcsoportra, amely jelenleg az USA legdinamikusabban gyarapodó közössége - egyszerre nemzetiségi és bevándorló jellemvonásokkal.

A könyv az Egyesült Államokban, terepen végzett kutatás alapján készült, így a nagy szakirodalmi háttérbázis mellett érezhető a szerző személyes tapasztalata és európai nézőpontból való érdeklődése, valamint az emberi jogok és kisebbségi jogok védelme iránti elkötelezettsége is.

This study examines the citizen-to-citizen and citizen-to state relationship focusing on the use of different languages in society. According to the basic assumption, there is necessarily a kind of competition between the different languages spoken in one state, which determines the relations between the languages. The development and maintenance of peaceful coexistence between languages (thus social groups of different languages) is part of the protection function of the state. This study examines the four key points of intervention needed to develop appropriate language policy and legislation, which it summarizes as the "law of coexisting languages".

Ebben a könyvben egyfelől bemutatom az amerikai jogrendszer és jogi kultúra több sajátosságát, amely segíthet megérteni az európai kontinensről nézve sajátos amerikai gondolkodást. Mindenkinek ajánlom a könyvet, aki a latínók nagy társadalmi kérdésének több árnyalatát szeretné megismerni. Ez a munka kiegészíti az eddigi gazdasági, politikai és nyelvészeti elemzéseket azzal, hogy e színterek között szintetizál. Ezenkívül, ez a könyv kiemeli azt, hogy az ember kulturális gyökerei olyan fontos kérdést jelentenek, amelyek akár a gazdasági érdekeket is át tudják törni

Milyen alapokra támaszkodik ma a közszolgálati etika? Milyen a jó etikai szabályozás? Mitől lesz kódex? És mitől lesz alkalmazható? Globalizálódik-e vagy nemzetiesedik a közszolgálat? Van-e értéksemlegesség a közszolgálatban? És még mennyi kérdés merül fel bennünk arra a szóra, hogy "közszolgálati etika"! Ezeket szükséges feltenni ahhoz, hogy tudatára ébredjünk napjaink új kihívásainak.

This study examines the citizen-to-citizen and citizen-tostate relationship focusing on the use of different languages in society. According to the basic assumption, there is necessarily a kind of competition between the different languages spoken in one state, which determines the relations between the languages. The development and maintenance of peaceful coexistence between languages (thus social groups of different languages) is part of the protection function of the state. This study examines the four key points of intervention needed to develop appropriate language policy and legislation, which it summarizes as the “law of coexisting languages”.

Education in Hungary: the centralized regulation of public education began with Maria Theresa (Ratio Educationis, 1777). Subsequently, an intensive change was made during the World War II era and the communism that followed. From 1948 onward, attacks and strong propaganda occurred against churches, and both church and private schools became state owned. In 1989 democratic political change aimed at alleviating the damage caused by communism and to compensate the churches. Since 2012, the new Constitution has stabilized schools but has also raised new political and legal difficulties that need to be solved.

Administrative regimes are no longer isolated phenomena: they are constantly confronted with international influences, which shape the internal structure and system of the states. The cooperation between the European Union and the Member States’ administration is today a kind of convergence in principles. This is what the EU expects from the candidate countries and in the neighbourhood policy. The main question of the study is whether the content of the principles used by the EU is cognisable and consistent. The study covers two policy instruments: the SIGMA project, which is a joint EU–OECD collaboration, and the comparative legal activities of the ReNEUAL. These instruments testify two completely different attitudes: one does not explain the principle but holds it accountable, the other seeks the means to understand its content and the reasons for the differences in interpretations. Both programs have undergone internal development, but while SIGMA has moved away from its administ...

Within the Common Core of European Administrative Law Project (CoCEAL), and within the vast field of adjudication, this volume develops one of the most traditional sets of procedures, namely procedures that interfere with the right to private property. As in the CoCEAL project as a whole, the structure of our questionnaire takes the fundamentals of expropriations in a given legal order as its starting point and examines a number of cases: the main requirements for property rights restrictions are presented briefly through national reports and discussed through hypotheticals, while our search for comparative evidence focuses on procedural propriety and fairness, leaving aside other aspects, such as the right to compensation. Through a comparative survey spanning twelve legal systems and a transnational regime, our research aims to shed light on the core of administrative activity that exemplifies the 'negative state'. Our main conjectures are as follows: first, that a new property paradigm is emerging; secondly, that this paradigm regards both what property is and how it might be protected; and thirdly, that a common core is emerging, whose relevance counts especially at the level of procedural propriety. Our findings support the idea that much of this shift is grounded in the very essence of a shared understanding of procedural requirements protecting private property against any kind of public restrictions.

This paper examines the role of external tools that support the right to education. Such tools are in focus: bilateral agreement (concordat), decisions of the Constitutional Court, lex spcialis rules, and contractual framwork for private schools.