گاليوم

Gallium, ₃₁Ga
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈɡæliəm/ ; GAL-ee-əm
Appearance	silvery blue
Gallium په دوراني جدول کې
zinc ← gallium → germanium	‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	31
گروپ, پیریود	group 13 (boron group), period 4
بلاک	p-block
Element category	post-transition metal
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	کينډۍ:Val
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 3
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	302.9146 K (29.7646 °C, 85.5763 °F)
يشنا ټکی	2673 K (2400 °C, 4352 °F)
Density near r.t.	5.91 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	6.095 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	5.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	256 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	25.86 J/(mol·K)
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4, −5 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.81
Ionization energies	1st: 578.8 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1979.3 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2963 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 135 pm
Covalent radius	122±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	187 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	orthorhombic Orthorhombic crystal structure for gallium
Speed of sound thin rod	2740 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	18 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	40.6 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	270 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	−21.6·10−6 cm3/mol (at 290 K)
Young's modulus	9.8 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.47
Mohs hardness	1.5
Brinell hardness	56.8–68.7 MPa
CAS Number	7440-55-3
History
Naming	after Script error: The function "Lang" does not exist. (Latin for: France), homeland of the discoverer
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery and first isolation	Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
Main isotopes of gallium
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گاليوم (په انگرېزي: Gallium) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Ga سمبول او ۳۱ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

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سرچينې

↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
↑ ^۲٫۰ ^۲٫۱ Zhang Y; Evans JRG; Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
↑ Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (په جرمني). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. ISBN 3728125970.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې په بشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.

[CIAAW2016-1] Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)

[Zhang-2] ۲٫۰ ^۲٫۱ Zhang Y; Evans JRG; Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.

[3] Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (په جرمني). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. ISBN 3728125970.

[4] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

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