I leqcia

leqciebis kursi “Tavis tvini, cnobiereba da qceva” warimarTeba

biologiuri orientaciiT. misi centraluri koncefcia Semdegi
Sinaarsisaa: yvelafers, rasac Tavis tvini akeTebs normalur
pirobebSi da yvelaferi, rac mas gadaxdeba, Tu is arajanmrTelia,
SeiZleba aixsnas misi ZiriTadi komponentebis urTierTmoqmedebidan
gamomdinare.
biologiuri orientaciis ZiriTadi poziciebis gamyarebis mizniT
moxdeba Semdegi sakiTxebis ganxilva:
1. Tavis tvinis zogadi organizacia; Tavis tvinis Semadgeneli
komponentebisa da maTi erToblivi muSaobis detaluri aRwera;
aqedan gamomdinare, im fundamenturi principebis gamokveTa,
romelic safuZvlad udevs Tavis tvinis struqturasa da funqcias.
2. rogor ganapirobebs Tavis tvini organizmis mier samyaros
aRqmas da masSi gadaadgilebis SesaZleblobas, da amave dros,
rogor unarCunebs Sinagan garemos im mdgomareobas, romelic
aucilebelia optimaluri fizikuri da gonebrivi moqmedebisTvis;
3. Tavis tvinis funqcionirebas qcevis organizaciis procesSi: a)
Tavis tvinis unars moaxdinos ramdenime funqciuri sistemis
aqtiurobis koordinireba garemos moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad; b)
Tavis tvinis aqtiurobis doneebis cvlilebis ritmul xasiaTs,
romelic dokidebulia organizmis gare samyarosTan kavSiris
maregulirebel sistemebze; g) am sistemebis moqmedebis CarTvas
kidev ufro msxvili sistemebis SemadgenlobaSi, romlebSic gare

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signalebis aRqma iZens dadebiT an uaryofiT emociur elfers da
aadvilebs Sesabamisi pasuxis arCevis SesaZleblobas.
4. qcevis rTuli formebis biologiur safuZvlebs da tvinis iseT
funqciebTan dakavSirebul procesebs, rogoricaa: daswavla,
mexsiereba, azrovneba da cnobiereba;
5. axal Sexedulebebs Tavis tvinis WeSmaritad adamianuri
funqciebis meqanizmebis axsnaSi, romelTa gagebaSi didi wvlili
miuZRvis cxovelebis nervuli sistemis kvlevas da adamianis Tavis
tvinis Seswavlis axal mZlavr meTodebs.
6. biologiuri midgomis kidev erTi sferos – sulieri
daavadebebis problemas. nevrologiuri da qceviTi darRvevebis
Sedareba iZleva safuZvels ganvixiloT fsiqikuri daavadeba,
rogorc im cvlilebebis Sedegi, romelic SesaZlebelia
gamovlindes biologiuri meTodebiTac.
7. neirobiologiis ganviTarebis Semdgom perspeqtivebs.

Tavis tvinze, azrovnebaze da qcevaze Sexedulebebis ganviTarebis

gza

adamianma unda icodes, rom mxolod tvini, da sxva araferi,

warmoadgens siamovnebis, gaxarebis, sicilisa da mxiarulebis,
tanjvis, ubedurebis, sasowarkveTilebisa da godebis wyaros. da
amgvarad, gansakuTrebuli midgomiT, Cven viZenT sibrZnesa da
codnas, vxedavT, gvesmis da vigebT ra aris sibilwe da ra aris

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siwminde, ra aris kargi da ra aris cudi, ra gvsiamovnebs da ra
gvezizReba......... da igive organos meSveobiT, Cven vxdebiT
ganusjelebi da ugunurebi, da gveufleba SiSi da
sasowarkveTileba............ yvela am grZnobas Cven ganvicdiT tvinidan,
Tu is arajanmrTelia.......... Amitom, me vTvli, rom tvini avlens
adamianis udides Zalas.
_hipokrate “RvTiur daavadebaze” (IV saukune
C.w.a. 460-370)

antikuri saberZneTi

heraklite (berZeni filosofosi, moRvaweobda VI saukuneSi Cvens

w.a-mde), azrovnebas adarebda uzarmazar sivrces, romlis
“sazRvrebis miRweva SeuZlebelia, TiToeuli bilikis gaswvriv
romc iaro ”
aristotele (IV saukune Cvens w.a-mde) werda: tvini sisxls ar
Seicavs, xolo guli ara mxolod nervul kontrols axdens,
aramed sulis sasufevelsac warmoadgens.
dRes aristoteles mier SemoRebuli azrovnebis sistemuri stili
ufro mniSvnelovania, vinem misi neiroanatomiuri ideebi

II saukuneSi Cvens w.a-mde anatomebi arwmunebdnen “ama qveynis

Zlierebs”, rom maTi kvlevis mizania mxolod nervuli sistemis
centris Seswavla, romlis daxmarebiT sxeuls SeuZlia SeigrZnos
da imoZraos.

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Semdgom aTasze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi tvinis Semswavleli yvela
mecnieri icavda msgavs usafrTxoebas. eklesias SenarCunebuli
hqonda Zalaufleba adamianis azrovnebaze: “suli da misi
adgilsamyofeli uSualo kvlevas ar eqvemdebareba”.
analizi analogiis mixedviT
mecnierebis istorikosebi aRniSnaven, rom warsulis moazrovneebi
(filosofosebi), tvinisa da azrovnebis moqmedebis asaxsnelad,
eZebdnen garemomcvel materialur samyaroSi analogebs.
poeturad es idea ase JRers: “azrovnebis metaforaa samyaro,
romelsac is acnobierebs” (Jaynes, 1976)
II saukune Cven w.a.-mde - am periodSi mTavari teqnikuri miRweva
iyo wyalsadeni da kanalizaciuri sistema, dafuZnebuli siTxis
meqanikis principebze. amitom galenis (berZeni eqimi) Sexeduleba,
rom organizmSi tvinis nivTierebaze ufro mniSvnelovan rols
asrulebs siTxiT avsebuli Rruebi (dReisTvis cnobili, rogorc
tvinis parkuWovani sistema da cerebro-spinaluri (Tavisa da
zurgis tvinis)) siTxe, SemTxveviTi ar iyo.
galenis mixedviT, organizmis fizikuri funqciebi, janmrTelobis
mdgomareoba da daavadebebi damokidebulia siTxis oTxi tipis –
sisxlis, lorwos (flegmis), Savi da yviTeli naRvelis
gadanawilebaze. TiToeuli maTgani specifikur funqcias asrulebs:
flegma - modunebas; Savi naRveli - melanqolias; yviTeli naRveli
- risxvas. Ges Sexeduleba imdenad Rrmad SeiWra dasavleTis
mecnierul azrSi, rom aTaswleulze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi eWvis
qveS arsebiTad ar damdgara.

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sxeulis oTxi siTxe:
Tayvanismcemels SeyvarebulisTvis sakravze dakvras aiZulebs
sisxlis Warbi raodenoba; yviTeli naRveli aiZulebs qolerik-
qmars fizikuri ZaladobiT gauswordes cols; Savi naRvelis
zedmetad didi raodenoba melanqoliks sawolSi ayovnebs.
leonardo da vinCi (1452 – 1519), epoqis saukeTeso mxatvari,
udidesi mecnieri, gamomgonebeli, inJineri, moqandake - swavlobda
anatomias, maTematikas, xatvis Teoriasa da praqtikas.
anatomiiT gataceba aiZulebda leonardo da vinCis gvamebis
preparirebas, Tavis CanaxatebSi leonardo mihyveboda Sua
saukuneobriv warmodgenas sferul parkuWebze. wina parkuWs is
uwodebda “saRi azris sakans”, sadac ganTavsebulia suli.
XVII saukune - sawarmoo revoluciasTan dakavSirebiT Seiqmna
manqanebis samyaro da damkvidrda Sexeduleba, rom yvelafris axsna
SeiZleba meqanikis poziciidan. pirvelad es Seexo tvinis iseT
nawilebs, rogoricaa mxedvelobisa da smenis organoebi. keplerma
(germaneli astronomi) Tvalis moqmedeba Seadara Cveulebriv
optikur instruments, romelic baduras specialur mgrZnobiare
nervebze axdens mxedvelobis velSi movedrili sagnis xatis
proecirebas. Tomas uilisma (ingliseli anatomi) aRiara, rom
smenas safuZvlad udevs haerSi gavrcelebuli bgeris gardaqmna
lokokinas specialuri receptorebis aqtivaciad.
meqanisturma aRmoCenebma gamoiwvia sxeulze da azrovnebaze
warmodgenaSi azrTa gayofa, rac mravali problemis mizezi
aRmoCnda. biologiuri xasiaTis sakiTxebi adamianebisa da

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cxovelebis Sesaxeb, exeboda mxolod im struqturebs, romlebic
orive saxeobisTvis saerTo iyo. Mmagram am struqturebiT
miRebuli xatebis aRqmisa da analizis procesebi, miekuTvneboda
gansakuTrebul samyaros – azrovnebis samyaros, romelic
axasiaTebda mxolod adamianis arsebas. aseTi midgomiT adeqvaturad
da maTematikuri sizustiT aRiwera mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi xatis
transformacia, magram pasuxis gareSe darCa ufro Rrma sakiTxebi
imis Taobaze, Tu rogor xdeba samyaros gaazrebuli anareklis
sinTezi miRebuli SegrZnebebidan.

balonistebis Teoriebi

nervebi warmoadgens Rru mils, romelSic gadis kunTebis

amagznebeli airebis nakadi.
wylis qveS am Teoriis Semowmebis Semdeg airebis nakadi uaryves da
Secvales “sasicocxlo siTxiT”.
siTxeebis es hipoTeza (sasicocxlo siTxe + kunTebis siTxe
=kunTis SekumSvas) iyo axlad Seqmnili inglisis samefo
sazogadoebis pirveli warmateba. isaak niutonis (ingliseli
fizikosi) mtkicebiT organoebs Soris gadacema xorcieldeba
vibraciuli “efiruli garemoTi”, romelic damaxasiaTebelia
“biologiuri eleqtrobisTvisac”.

XVIII-XIX saukune - luiji galvani (italieli mecnieri) – man

aRmoaCina, rom nervebi da kunTebi floben eleqtrul agznebadobas.

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erTxel eleqtroforuli manqanis ganmuxtvam luiji galvanis
laboratoriaSi SemTxveviT gamoiwvia axlad preparirebuli bayayis
kiduris kunTis SekumSva. gamotanilma daskvnam imis Taobaze, rom
eleqtrul stimuls SeuZlia kunTis SekumSvis gamowveva, dasawyisi
misca “cxoveluri” eleqtrobis Ziebas.
emili diubua-raimoni (germaneli biologi) Seecada aexsna tvinis
yvela funqcia qimiisa da fizikis kanonebis safuZvelze. man SesZlo
cocxali moqmedi nervebisa da kunTebis eleqtruli potencialebis
gazomva.
am periodSi SemuSavdaATavis tvinis sxvadasxva struqturis
dazianebis da eleqtruli gaRizianebis meTodebi, ramac ganapiroba
Tavis tvinSi garkveuli funqciis lokalizaciis dadgena.
dazianebisAmeTods dResac SemorCa udidesi mniSvneloba nervuli
sistemis kvlevaSi.
avstrieli anatomis franc ioseb gaalis mier wamoyenebuli
hipoTezis (1790 w.) Tanaxmad, adamianis gonebrivi niWi –
dawyebuli iseTi zogadidan, rogoricaa metyveleba da
mizanmimarTuli moZraobis unari, ufro specifikuramde, rogoricaa
xelis memarjveneoba, gonebamaxviloba da RvTismosaoba, - SeiZleba
qalaze kopebis adgiliT da maT qveS mdebare Sesabamisi ubnebiT
ganisazRvros. frenologiad wodebulma am mecnierebam dRes dakarga
Tavisi popularoba.
Tumca analogiuri strategia cxovelebis tvinis SeswavlaSi
aRmoCnda bevrad ufro sasargeblo: tvinis struqturebis

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funqciebis lokalizaciis gamovlena SesaZlebeli gaxda maTi
eleqtruli gaRizianebiT da dazianebiT.
1790 wels frenologiis warmoqmnis Semdeg, Tavze kopebis
mosinjvam didi popularoba moipova. frenologias eridebodnen
mxolod isini, visac kopebi yurebis garSemo esinjeboda, rac
Cxubis, dangrevis, sixarbis da aRviraxsnilobis maCvenebeli iyo.
amgvarad, me-19 saukunis bolos, mecnierebs tvinis umniSvnelovanesi
struqturebis funqciuri rolis Sefaseba SeeZloT dazianebisa da
eleqtruli gaRizianebis ori meTodis, gamoyenebiT.

eqsperimentulad iyo naCvenebi, rom Tavis tvinis gareTa Sreebi

ufro mniSvnelovania azrovnebis umaRlesi formebisa da SegrZnebis
(sensoruli) funqciobisaTvis. xolo ufro Rrma Sreebi
(geografiuli gaTxrebis analogiurad), miekuTvneba uZveles
struqturebs, romelTagan yvelaze primitiulad CaiTvala Sua
tvinis struqturebi. maTi dazianeba iwvevda cxovelebis daRupvas.
Semdgomi progresi dakavSirebuli iyo tvinis arqiteqturis
detalur analizTan.
august fon valerma (ingliseli anatomi) SeimuSava qimiuri
meTodi, romlis saSualebiTac SeiZleboda ujredis sxeuls
mocilebuli nervuli boWkos msvlelobis identifikacia. am meTods
daerqva “valeris degeneraciis” meTodi da misi saSualebiT
dadginda grZeli periferiuli nervebis boWkoebis sawyisi - Tavisa
da zurgis tvinSi moTavsebul neironebSi.

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XX saukunis dasawyisi. am periodSi arsebul mikroskopebSi
ujredis struqturebis dasanaxad emilio goljim (italieli
morfologi) da sandiago raimon-kaxalma (espaneli morfologi)
gamoiyenes SeRebvis gaumjobesebuli meTodi da Tavis tvinis
struqturebSi gamoyves ujredebis ori tipi: nervuli ujredi anu
neironi da neiroglia anu glia.
amis Semdeg, Tavis tvinisa da misi nawilebis mikroskopuli
analizi gaxda mesame mniSvnelovani meTodi mkvlevaris standartul
krebulSi.
XX saukunis Sua periodi
rodesac gairkva, rom ujredebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian morCebiT,
wamoiWra morigi SekiTxvebi:Lrogor ganapirobebs neironebis
erToblivi muSaoba tvinis, rogorc erTi mTlianis,
funqcionirebas? eleqtruli Tu qimiuri gza ganapirobebs
neironebs Soris agznebis gadacemas?
ser henri deilim (ingliseli farmakologi) da oto levim
(avstrieli biologi) daamtkices qimiuri gadacemis hipoTeza:
kunTebis agzneba, gulis ritmisa da sxva periferiuli organos
regulacia, nervebSi aRmocenebuli qimiuri signalis Sedegia.
amis Semdeg daiwyo meoTxe kvlevis strategiis gamoyeneba: nervebze
da kunTebze mcenareuli eqstraqtebisa da sinTezuri preparatebis
uSualo zemoqmedebaAda maTi efeqtebis Sedareba intaqtur
agznebul nervTan.

Tanamedrove analogia

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miRebuli aRmoCenebis Sedegad Seiqmna Tavis tvinis arqiteqturis
Zalian rTuli suraTi mcire zomis cxovelebSic ki.
XX-XI saukuneSi cocxali tvinis samuSao analogad SesaZlebelia
kompiuteris gamoyeneba.
warmatebuli aris mxolod is modeli, romelic axsnis kerZod ras
akeTebs tvini da rogor akeTebs.

II leqcia

ratom unda SeviswavloT Tavis tvini da misi funqciebi adamianis

tvini samyaroSi urTulesia cocxal struqturebs Soris.
warmoidgineT miliardobiT nervuli ujrediT gadatenili tvini,
sadac TiToeuli neironi msgavsia gadamcemi mowyobilobis,
romelic ramdenime kilometris sigrZis cocxali mavTuliT
SeerTebulia aTasobiT winaswar gansazRvrul msmenelTan.
struqturebis mTel am kompleqss ewodeba nervuli sistema.
mecnierebi, romlebmac mTlianad miuZRvnes Tavisi cxovreba tvinis
”muSaobis” Seswavlas, Tvlian, rom dganan urTulesi kiTxvis win:
ratom da rogor akeTeben adamianebi imas, rasac akeTeben?
dRes, tvinis erT-erTi urTulesi funqciis - mexsierebis
Seswavla SeiZleba adre miuwvdomeli meTodebiT. dRes mkvlevari
ara mxolod afasebs imas, Tu rogor daimaxsovra adamianma an
sacdelma cxovelma raime, aramed adgens specifikur cvlilebebs

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tvinis nervuli ujredebis muSaobaSi, aRZruls “damaxsovrebis”
procesSi.
msgavsi miRweva uflebas aZlevs mkvlevars mivides im daskvnamde,
rom mecniereba iwyebs SeRwevas saidumloebaSi, romelic
ukavSirdeba cnebas “azrovneba” an “cnobiereba”.
magram arc erTi ”azrovnebis” procedura, romelsac Cven mivawerT
“cnobierebas”, dRemde ver daukavSirda tvinis romelime
specifikur ubans. amitom msjeloba azrovnebis fizikur
safuZvlebze inarCunebs filosofiur elfers.
dRes ukve SeiZleba imis danaxva, Tu rogor aagznebs tvinis
uricxv nervul wreebSi qcevis ama Tu im formis gamSveb procesebs
zogierT gare samyaros signalze moreagire tvinis struqtura.
magram rogor unda gadavideT im procesebis gacnobierebaze,
romlebic ganapirobeben azrovnebasTan dakavSirebul aqtebs -
magaliTad, gonebaSi meTematikuri an verbaluri amocanis amoxsnas;
leqsebis weras, gaumjobesebuli konstruqciis saTaguris
gamogonebas an im uecar ”aha!”-s, rodesac uceb iwyeb megobris
qcevis arsis amocnobas an fardobiTobis Teoriis gagebas.
azrovnebasTan dakavSirebuli aqtebis (igive kognituri anu
gonivruli) da Sinagani samyaros kvleva istoriulad gamoyofili
iyo cxovelebis tvinis mowyobisa da qcevisagan. “cnobiereba”
rCeboda abstraqtulisa da subieqturis TavSesafrad, romelSic
mrwamsTan damokidebulebiT CarTuli iyo ”pirovneba”,
TviTSemecneba, suli. zogierTi mkvlevaris azriT, Sinagani gancdis
samyaro arsebobs tvinisgan damoukideblad da ar ukavSirdeba mas,

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rogorc fizikur substrats.
zogierTis azriT ki, fsiqikuri funqciebis nebismieri
dasrulebuli analizi unda efuZnebodes tvinis mecnierul
gamokvlevas.
“azrovneba”- es rTuli da saCoTiro sagania. tvinis fizikuri
Tvisebebisa da misi funqciuri elementebis Sesaxeb codnis SeZenis
paralelurad, Cven albaT mogvixdeba azrovnebis procesze Cveni
Sexedulebis gadaxedva. manamde ki SeiZleba ukeTesi iyos
gvaxsovdes, rom cnobiereba (rogorc ar unda aixsnas es termini)
saukeTesod funqcionirebs maSin, rodesac moqmedebs Riad.
yvelaferma aman SeiZleba klinicistebis, mkvlevarebisa da
filosofosebis didi interesi gamoiwvios.
tvinis Semswavleli mecnierebis zerele gadaxedvac ki dagvexmareba
ukeT gavigoT zogierTi faqtori, romelic unikalur pirovnebad
gvaqcevs.
xSirad mTeli sicocxle vsargeblobT tviniT ise, rom araferi an
TiTqmis araferi viciT mis Sesaxeb. ukidures SemTxvevaSi, imis
gageba, Tu ra xdeba Cven tvinSi, SesaZleblobas mogvcems am
saocari aparatis rolis meti gaazrebiT gavakeToT is, rasac
vakeTebT.

ras akeTebs tvini?

ramdenime wuTiT SewyviteT mosmena da SeadgineT mocemul momentSi

Tqveni tviniT kontrolirebadi moqmedebebis sia:

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 1. garemosTan urTierTqmedeba
2. organizmis funqciebi
3. gonebrivi moqmedeba

ukeTesia CaweroT qaRaldis furcelze, Semdeg sia SevadaroT

tabulas da gavaanalizoT
Tavis tviniT gakontrolebuli zogierTi moqmedeba

garemosTan organizmis
gonebrivi moqmedeba
urTierTqmedeba funqciebi
daswavla, wera,
mxedveloba sunTqva
kiTxva,
sisxlis wneva da
smena xatva, Zerwva, analizi,
temperatura
sxeulis mdebareoba,
taqtiluri SegrZneba moZraoba
gadawyveta, gamoTvla,

refleqsebi
ynosva warmodgena, dayuradeba,
(mag. xamxami)

gemovneba kveba, sma, ignorireba, SegrZneba,

metyveleba hormonuli statusi Zili, sizmari

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tabulaSi CamoTvlili tvinis moqmedeba SeiZleba gaerTiandes xuT
ZiriTad kategoriaSi:

1. SegrZneba
2. moZraobis marTva
3. Sinagani regulacia
4. aqtiuroba, mimarTuli modgmis gagrZelebaze
5. garemosTan adaptacia
moZraoba
sxeuls axasiaTebs ori tipis moZraoba: nebiTi, da uneblie (ar
emorCileba neba-survils)
Sinagani regulacia
Sinagani organoebis zusti regulacia eqvemdebareba nervuli
sistemis aqtiur kontrols, da praqtikulad ar eqvemdebareba Cvens
neba-survils. magaliTad, sxeulis temperatura rCeba mudmivi,
miuxedavad Cveni sxvadasxva donis aqtiurobisa. vidre garemo
pirobebi erTi da igivea, manamde tvini yoveldRiurad winaswar
gegmavs da axdens organizmis Sinagani procesebis koordinacias
drois im periodTan Sesabamisad, romelic gankuTvnilia
sadReRamiso muSaobaze, kvebaze an Zilze.
tvini marTavs reproduqciul sistemas (gamravlebis organoebs)
hipofiziT gamoyofili hormonebis daxmarebiT
mcire gansxvaveba mamrobiTi da mdedrobiTi Tavis tvinis im
ubnebSi, romelic dakavSirebulia gamravlebasTan, arsebobs didi

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xniT adre, vidre tvini ubrZanebs sxeuls gaxdes dakunTuli an
SeiZinos natifi moxazuloba.
adaptacia
gare samyaro mudmivad icvleba, gadasarCenad organizmi unda
Seeguos axal pirobebs. aseT adaptaciur reaqciebSi tvini
TavisTavze iRebs Suamavlis funqcias.
axal pirobebTan adaptirebis sxvadasxva gzaa: vixsenebT, adre
rogor wydeboda msgavsi problemebi; vebrZviT siZneleebs an
vpasiurobT.
zogjer adaptacia martivad mimdinareobs da Cven arc vufiqrdebiT
mas – vWamT, Tu gvSia; vsvamT, Tu gvwyuria; gvZinavs, Tu
daviRaleT. Tu adaptaciuri reaqcia iwvevs qcevaSi mdgrad
cvlilebas, mas ewodeba “daswavla”. Cveulebriv, adapturi reaqcia
sasargebloa organizmisTvis. zogjer sazianoa, magaliTad,
gadametebuli Wama iwvevs miCvevas, aseve moqmedebs adiqciuri
nivTierebebis (Tambaqo, alkoholi, narkotikebi) moxmareba

ra aris tvini?

tvini aris organo, romelic zrunavs Cvens SegrZnebebze da

moZraobaze, anxorcielebs Sinagani garemos regulacias,
ganapirobebs modgmis gagrZelebas da adaptacias. cnobilia, rom es
Tvisebebi axasiaTebs mTel cocxal samyaros, mcenareuls da
cxovelurs. magram, Tu yvela arseba - didi da patara, tviniT da

15
mis gareSe, ZiriTadad asrulebs erTsa da igives, maSin risTvisaa
saWiro tvini?
swrafi pasuxi SeiZleba mogveCvenos martivi: etyoba msxvili arseba
tviniT ufro unariania qcevis iseT formebTan, romlebic martivi
organizmebisa da erTujredianebis, SesaZleblobis zRvars iqeTaa
moTavsebuli. adamianebs, rom ar hqondes tvini da nervuli
sistemis sxva nawilebi, isini aucileblad naklebi tvinis mqone
xorcismWameli cxovelebis nadavli gaxdebodnen.
sakiTxi SeiZleba sxvanairad ganvixiloT: Tavis tvini aris organo,
specialurad Seguebuli imisTvis, rom daexmaros calkeul
individs mTavari sasicocxlo aqtebis ganxorcielebaSi.
warmateba, miRweuli organizmiT konkretul sasicocxlo pirobebSi,
damokidebulia Tavis tvinis sirTuleze da mis unarianobaze, agreTve
im moTxovnilebebze, romlebsac uyenebs garemo _ kvebiTi qceva, SiSis
reaqciebi, agresiuli qceva, ganrideba, konfliqti, reproduqciuli
qceva.
baqteria moZraobs sinaTlisken da “SeigrZnobs” sakvebi nivTierebis
arsebobas, magram mravalujredian organizms SeuZlia bevrad metis
gakeTeba: mas gaaCnia ujredebis gansxvavebuli jgufebi, romlebic
saSualebas aZleven aRiqvas signali, imoZraos da adaptirdes.
struqturis garTuleba iwvevs specializacias, romelic organizms
aZlevs mraval upiratesobas, Tu saWiroa sakvebis mopoveba an
mtaceblisagan Tavis daRweva.
zvigeni ver iTvlis, magram grZnobs okeaneSi eleqtruli velis mcire
cvlilebas, romelsac ver daaregistrirebs urTulesi eleqtronuli

16
mowyobiloba. Aadaptacia yvela cxovelis Tvisebaa, magram imaT, visac
rTuli tvini gaaCnia, garda imisa, rom ufro imaxsovreben wina
gamocdilebas, SeuZliaT gadawyviton ufro rTuli amocanebi da
gamoigonon xelsawyoebi, romelTa daxmarebiT garemos pirobebs Tavisi
gemovnebiT Secvlian.
cxovelebisa da adamianis Tavis tvinis struqturisa da funqciebis
Sedarebisas, SeiZleba wamoiWras kiTxva - raSi mdgomareobs adamianis
Tavis tvinis unikaloba.
adamiani arwivis msgavsad ver dafrinavs, ver sjobnis mas basr
mxedvelobaSi, ar gaaCnia unari irbinos mTebze ise msubuqad, rogorc
amas akeTebs puma. samagierod, Zalian rTuli problemebis gadawyvetis
dros, sxva cxovelze ukeTesad wyvets iseT amocanebs, rogoricaa
dakvirveba da analizi.
magram, rodesac unda ganvsazRvroT, Tu ra aris “azrovneba”, Cven
vxvdebiT iseT cnebebs, romlebic sakmaod araerTmniSvnelovan
interpretacias ganicdis.

mecnieruli meTodi

eqsperimentuli mecniereba tvinis Sesaxeb saWiroebs meTods, romelic

miscems zogierTi faqtis dadgenis SesaZleblobas, mis gamoyenebas
ufro Rrma sakiTxebis Sesaswavlad da ufro fundamenturi pasuxebis
misaRebad.
mecnieruli meTodi Seicavs ramdenime komponents:

17
 1. dakvirvebas - gamoyenebuli meTodebis, eqsperimentuli pirobebis
da eqsperimentis Sedegebis zust dafiqsirebas;
2. Semowmebas – sxva mkvlevarebis muSaobis gameorebas igive pirobebSi
dadasturebis an miRebuli Sedegebis eWvqveS dayenebis mizniT;
3. interpretacias – msjelobas Sedegebis mniSvnelobaze, Semdgomi
eqsperimentisTvis adeqvaturi hipoTezis gamomuSavebis mizniT.
dakvirvebidan ganzogadebul hipoTezis formulirebaze da mis
eqsperimentul Sefasebaze gadasvlis procesi cnobilia rogorc
azrovnebis induqciuri xerxi.
misi sapirispiro procesia azrovnebis deduqciuri xerxi – iwyeba
globaluri hipoTeziT, romelsac mosdevs misi damamtkicebeli
eqsperimentebis dagegmva.
mkvlevarebis umravlesoba iyenebs orive meTodis garkveul
komponentebs. praqtikulad SeuZlebelia winaswari STabeWdilebis an
mixvedris gareSe eqsperimentis dawyeba, aseve SeuZlebelia ar
gamoiyeno raime idea sawyisi fonis saxiT.
mkvlevaris xelovneba mdgomareobs agreTve meore mkvlevaris mier
gakeTebuli dakvirvebebis axleburad SefasebaSi, Semdeg ki axali
eqsperimentebis organizebaSi, romelic daadasturebs an axleburad
axsnis igive faqtebs.

III leqcia

Tavis tvinis, azrovnebisa da qcevis mecnieruli kvleva

18
termini neiromecnierebebi, anu mecnierebebi nervuli sistemis Sesaxeb,
SemoiRo frensis Smitma (amerikeli biologi) 1960-iani wlebis
bolos. Aam sferoSi specialistebi cdiloben SeaRwion Tavis tvinis
funqciobis molekulur, ujredul da sitemur (ujredSorisul)
procesebSi.
sferos, romelic Seiswavlis organizmis qceviT reaqciebs garkveul
Sida an gare gamRizianeblebze, ewodeba fsiqologia. fsiqologiis im
nawils, romelic koncentrirebulia adamianis umaRlesi
inteleqtualuri funqciebis (metyveleba, abstraqtuli maTematikuri
an logikuri analizi) Sesrulebaze, ewodeba kognituri fsiqologia.
am disciplinebis mizania imis gageba, Tu ra ganapirobebs an cvlis
qcevas.
am movlenebis sruli gagebisaTvis, saWiroa pirvel rigSi ganmarteba,
dafuZnebuli Tavis tvinis sxvadasxva ubnis muSaobis biologiur
kanonzomierebaze.
Tu ki Tavis tvini aseTi rTuli obieqtia, xolo procesebi,
romlebzedac dafuZnebulia azriani (gonieri) aqtebi Zneli
gamosamJRavnebelia, maSin rogor SeiZleba saerTod misi Seswavlis
dawyeba?
am kiTxvaze pasuxis saukeTeso xerxs Tavis tvinis agebulebis
ganxilva warmoadgens.

nervuli sistemis agebuleba

19
centraluri nervuli sistema (cns) nervuli sistemis im nawilebs
Seicavs, romlebic mdebareobs qalas da xerxemlis SigniT.
Tavis tvini qalaSia moTavsebuli, xolo zurgis tvini xerxemalSi.
qalasa da xerxemlis gareT mdebare nervebi qmnian periferiuli
nervuli sistemas.
zogierTi nervuli komponenti moSorebulia cns da SeuZlia
damoukidebeli moqmedeba, mas avtonomur an vegetatur nervul
sistemas uwodeben. es sistema pasuxismgebelia gulis, filtvebis,
sisxlismimoqcevis da sxv. organoebis regulaciaSi.
saWmlis momnelebel traqts kidev gaaCnia sakuTari Sinagani
vegetaturi nervuli sistema, romelic Sedgeba difuzuri nervuli
badisgan.

tvinis organizaciis sqema

Tavis tvini Sedgeba sxvadasxva gansxvavebuli ganyofilebisgan;

ganyofilebebi iyofa mraval qveganyofilebad;
qveganyofilebebi Seicaven ubnebs, kompleqsebs an formaciebs, rogorc
maT tvinis mkvlevarebi uwodeben;
es struqturuli erTeulebi, Tavis mxriv, dayofilia ufro mcire
monakveTebad, romelTac uwodeben velebs an birTvebs, imisda mixedviT,
ramdenad mWidrod arian ganlagebuli maTSi calkeuli
“macxovreblebi”- neironebi.
amgvarad “planeta tvini” Sedgeba ori materikisgan, romelic
eqvivalenturia marjvena da marcxena naxevarsferoebis

20
planetis sami didi kontinentia - wina, Sua da ukana tvini
wina tvini Seicavs didi naxevarsferoebis qerqis garda oTx ufro
patara “saxelmwifos”: amigdalas (mogvagonebs nuSs), hipokamps
(mogvagonebs zRvis cxens), bazalur gangliebs da septums (Zgides or
parkuWs Soris).
wina tvinis struqturebs, Cveulebriv miaweren “umaRles”
inteleqtualur funqciebs.
es “saxelmwifoebi”, Tavis mxriv, iyofa Sinagan administraciul
Statebis msgavs erTeulebad.
didi tvinis qerqis mTavari “Statebia” misi wilebi, romlebmac miiRes
saxelwodeba adgilmdebareobis mixedviT: kefis wili (mxedveloba);
safeTqlis wili (smena, adamianebSi metyvelebac); Txemis wili
(reaqciebi sensorul stimulebze da moZraobis marTva); Sublis wili
(qerqis sxva ubnebis koordinacia).
amigdalas, hipokamps, Zgides da bazalur gangliebs xSirad
ganixilaven, rogorc “alians” anu gaerTianebas.

Sua tvini - am kontinentis “saxelmwifoebis” tipis warmonaqmnebia

Talamusi da hipoTalamusi.
Talamusis gansakuTrebul velebSi da birTvebSi xdeba wina tvinSi
Sesuli da iqedan gamosuli TiTqmis mTeli informaciis gadarTva-
gadmorTva. isini asruleben gadamcem (sareleo) sadgurebis funqcias.
hipoTalamusis velebi da birTvebi aseve asruleben Sinagani
maregulirebeli sistemebis gadamcemi sadgurebis funqcias– isini

21
akontroleben informacias momavals avtonomuri nervuli sistemidan
da marTaven organizms vegetaturi nervebisa da hipofizis daxmarebiT.
ukana tvini - ZiriTadi “qveynebia” Rero, varolis xidi, mogrZo tvini
da naTxemi (patara tvini).
struqturebi, romlebic mdebareoben xidis, mogrZo tvinis, Reros da
naTxemis SigniT, urTierTqmedeben wina tvinTan Sua tvinSi
moTavsebuli reles saSualebiT.
xidSi da ReroSi gadis mTavari gzebi, romlebic akavSireben wina
tvins zurgis tvinTan da periferiul nervul sistemasTan. Tavis
tvinis xidisa da Reros velebi da birTvebi akontroleben sunTqvas,
gulis ritms da aqvT udidesi mniSvneloba sicocxlis SenarCunebaSi.
naTxemi dakavSirebulia ukana tvinTan da iRebs informacias sxeulisa
da kidurebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da cvlis mas manam, sanamde es
informacia miaRwevs Talamuss da qerqs.
naTxemSi inaxeba aTvisebuli moZraobiTi reaqciebis ZiriTadi
programebi, romlebic SeiZleba dasWirdes mamoZravebel qerqs.

aliansebi

dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilze mcxovrebi adamianebi, xSirad

erTiandebian garkveuli miznis misaRwevad.
arsebobs eqimebis, kosmosis mkvlevarebis, birTvuli iaraRis
winaaRmdeg mebrZolebis asociaciebi.

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tvinis zogierTi ujredi/neironi aseve erTiandeba koleqtiuri miznis
misaRwevad, rasac eniWeba funqciuri saxelwodeba: ”sensoruli
sistema”, “mamoZravebeli sistema” da a.S.
tvinis organizaciaSi SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT ramdenime qveynis mier
saerTo miznebis ganxorcielebisTvis Seqmnili politikuri kavSirebis
analogebi. tvinis struqturebis erT-erTi aseTi mniSvnelovani
kavSiria – limburi sistema, romelic aerTianebs qerqis Sida kideebis
struqturebs da amitom miiRo es saxelwodeba (limbus-laTinurad
”arSiaa”). es sistema monawileobs emociuri mdgomareobis
regulaciaSi.
Tavis tvinis struqturebis aliansebi da maTi funqciebi

aliansi funqcia
sensoruli specifikuri SegrZnebebi
kanisa da kunTebis receptorebi; _> mxedveloba, smena, ynosva,
zt-isa da Talamusis gadamrTveli birTvebi; gemovneba, somaturi mgrZnobeloba
qerquli _> proeqciebi
mamoZravebeli specifikuri moZraoba
kunTebi, spinaluri motoneironebi _> refleqsebi
naTxemi, bazaluri gangliebi _> moZraobis aqtivobis
garkveuli formebis gaSveba, da
kontroli,
mamoZravebeli qerqi, Talamusi _> rTuli moZraoba saxsrebSi
Sinagani regulaciis
hipoTalamusis birTvebi, hipofizi _> gamravleba, mada, marilebisa da wylis
balansi
qceviTi statusi

23
tvinis Rero, xidi, qerqi _> Zili, RviZili, yuradReba

tvinis ganviTareba

nervuli sistemis ontogenezis ZiriTadi etapebis ganxilva

dagvexmareba ukeT davimaxsovroT tvinis qvedanayofebi da maTi
struqturebi;
ontogenezis adreul etapze CanasaxSi warmoiqmneba brtyeli firfita
– embrionuli diski. firfita eqtodermis Semadgeneli nawilia. is
dasabams aZlevs nervul sistemas da kans.
diski male iwyebs gamsxvilebas da zrdas Sua xazis gaswvriv. am
stadiaze masSi ganirCeva pirveladi nervuli firfita, romlis
TiToeuli segmenti pasuxismgebelia tvinis specifikuri struqturis
(“Statis” an “qveynis”) formirebaSi. am stadiaze romelime segmentis
mocileba kompensirdeba sxva segmentiT da viTardeba mTliani Tavis
tvini. odnav mogvianebiT dakarguli segmentis kompensacia veRar xdeba
da tvini srulyofilad ver viTardeba.
nervuli firfita swrafad izrdeba, misi kideebi msxvildeba da
ramdenime dReSi uaxlovdeba erTmaneTs, xdeba maTi Sezrda Suaxazis
gaswvriv da formirdeba nervuli mili.
nervuli milis Caxvevis periodSi, zogierTi ujredi gareT rCeba da
qmnis nervul qeds, nervuli milisa da kans Soris. nervuli qedidan
formirdeba periferiuli nervuli sistema.

24
maleve, milis im boloSi, sadac sabolood Tavi formirdeba,
aRmocendeba sami specializebuli Seberiloba – tvinis pirveladi
buStebi.
TiToeuli buStidan viTardeba tvinis sami ZiriTadi “materikidan”
erTi: wina, Sua da ukana tvini.
nervuli tvinis danarCeni nawilidan formirdeba zurgis tvini.
sami pirveladi buStis ganviTarebis Semdeg aRiniSneba Tvalebis
ganviTarebis pirveli niSnebi; amas mosdevs xveulebis gaCena,
romlebic SemosazRvraven struqturebs da farTo Sinagan Rrus,
romelic Semdgom parkuWebis sistemad iqceva.
Semdgom ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelovan nabijs warmoadgens wina tvinis
didi buStis gayofa saboloo tvinad (telencephalon), romlidanac
viTardeba didi naxevarsferoebis qerqi da Suamdebare tvinad
(diencephalon), romlidanac formirdeba Talamusi da hipoTalamusi.
adamianis Tavis tvinis ganviTarebis es adreuli etapebi msgavsia
umdablesi cxovelebis naklebad rTuli Tavis tvinis formirebis
Sesabamisi etapebis;
Suamdebare tvinis qveviT ganlagebuli ZiriTadi struqturuli
erTeulebis ganviTareba da diferencireba frinvelebSi, amfibiebSi da
TevzebSi TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba;
samagierod, saboloo tvinis ganviTareba ZuZumwovrebSi atarebs metad
specializebul xasiaTs da gansakuTrebiT progresirebs primatebSi,
ris gamoc, maTi nervuli sistemis funqciuri SesaZleblobebi
gacilebiT farToa dabal safexurze mdgomi jgufebis
warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT.

25
saboloo tvini Semdgom ganviTarebis kidev sam etaps ganicdis. pirvel
etapze yalibdeba tvinis saynosavi wilebi, amigdala, hipokampi da sxva
mezobeli ubnebi, romlebic mdebareoben ganviTarebadi saboloo tvinis
kideebis irgvliv. SemdegSi aqedan yalibdeba limburi sistema.
meore stadiaze xdeba wina tvinis kedlebis gamsxvileba da masSi
ujredebis mzardi masidan - bazaluri gangliebis Camoyalibeba.
Semdgom maTgan viTardeba kudiani birTvi, mkrTali buSti da CenCo,
romlebic asruleben umniSvnelovanes funqcias sensoruli da
mamoZravebeli sistemebis muSaobis kontrolis koordinaciaSi;
aseve viTardeba amigdala (nuSiseburi birTvi) - sensoruli
signalebisa da Sida adaptaciuri reaqciebis integraciis
umniSvnelovanesi centri;
saboloo tvinis ganviTarebis mesame stadiaze adgili aqvs didi
naxevarsferoebis qerqis formirebas misi Semadgeneli specifikuri
nawilebiT.
vinaidan pirvel stadiaze saynosavi da limburi struqturebi Zalian
primitiuli xerxemlianebis Tavis tvinSic aris, qerqis am ubans
ewodeba paleokorteqsi anu uZvelesi qerqi.
qerqs, romelic viTardeba mesame stadiaze, ewodeba neokorteqsi anu
axali qerqi.
rodesac promatebSi neokorteqsi aRwevs zrdis maqsimalur siswrafes
(wuTSi daaxloebiT 250 aTasi ujredi iyofa), misi zedapiri qmnis
naoWebs - tvinis xveulebs. es zrdis qerquli qsovilis moculobas
Tavis tvinis saerTo zomebis Sesabamisi gazrdis gareSe.

26
ganvixiloT nervuli sistemis ganviTarebis ori martivi, magram
arsebiTi aspeqti:
1) embrionuli gadarTvebi, romelic mimarTulia ZiriTadi funqciebis
gansazRvrisken (funqciebis determinaciisken) da 2) ujreduli
diferencirebis zogierTi momentebi.
1. determinaciis procesis mniSvnelovani momenti iwyeba, rodesac
nervuli milis orive gverdze warmoqmnili grZivi Rari milis fuZes
gamohyofs “saxuravisgan”. amiT moxdeba agreTve sensoruli funqciebis
(dakavSirebulia “saxuravis” warmoebulebTan) mamoZravebeli
funqciebisgan (dakavSirebuls fuZis warmoebulebTan) ganacalkeveba.
es principi moqmedebs mTel gzaze zurgis tvinidan Sua tvinis
CaTvliT.
ganviTarebad wina tvins es demarkaciuli xazi ar exeba!
yvelaferi rac sabolood viTardeba wina tvinis buStidan, maT Soris
Suamdebare tvini da bazaluri gangliebi, atarebs arsebiTad
“sensorul” xasiaTs.
Suamdebare tvinis fuZe, romelic SemdgomSi warmoqmnis hipoTalamuss,
SeiZleba ganixilos, rogorc wina tvinis “mamoZravebeli” nawili,
Tumca es nawili SemdgomSi ZiriTadad gaakontrolebs Sinagan
maregulirebel sistemebs.
ujreduli diferencirebis umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi aseve iwyeba
nervuli milis formirebisas, rodesac ujredebi qmnian sam
gancalkevebul fenas.
ujredTa Sres, romelic amofens nervul mils- parkuWebis
momaval sivrces- ewodeba ependima. ependimas ujredebi, romlebic

27
Semdgom garkveul adgilebSi ganaviTareben neironebis gansazRvrul
tips, gadadian Sualedur fenaSi, sadac grZeldeba maTi
diferencireba.
da bolos, nervuli boWkoebi gamosuli am ujredebidan formireben
arSiis zonas.
aseTi samSriani Seneba, mihyveba zurgis tvins saboloo tvinamde.
qerqul ubnebSi diferencireba mimdinareobs ufro rTuli
maRalmowesrigebuli formiT. pirvelad diferencirdeba ama Tu im
ubnis yvelaze msxvili ujredebi; maTi morCebi ukavSirdebian mocemul
ubanSi garedan SeWril sxva nervul boWkoebs. mcire neironebi,
romlebic kavSirs ZiriTadad igive ubnis neironebTan amyareben bolos
formirdebian.
Tavis tvinis yvela nawili Tavis ganviTarebis gzaze rva mTavar
stadias gadis:
1. nervuli firfitis ujredebis determinacia romelime zogadi tipis
neironebad. varaudoben, rom nervuli firfitis qveS mdebare
mezodermis neironebi gamohyofen sasignalo nivTierebebs, romlebic
zemoqmedeben ependimidan gamozrdil ujredebze.
2. determinirebuli ubnis ujredebi iwyeben dayofas;
3. dayofili ujredebi iwyeben migrirebas maTi daniSnulebis
Sualedur an saboloo adgilebTan;
4. saboloo lokalizaciis adgilamde miRweuli moumwifebeli
neironebi ikribeba jgufebad, romlidanac mogvianebiT yalibdeba
zrdasruli nervuli sistemis birTvebi;

28
5. embrionuli neironebi, romlebic qmnian grovebs wyveten dayofas da
iwyeben SemaerTebeli morCebis ganviTarebas.
6. es iwvevs kavSirebis adreul Camoyalibebas da ganapirobebs
neiromediatorebis sinTezisa da gamoyofis SesaZleblobas;
7. sabolood xdeba “swori” kavSirebis stabilizacia, xolo
ujredebi, romelTa kavSirebi aRmoCnda “uiRblo” an Zalian
mcirericxovani, iRupeba. am process “ujredebis daprogramirebul
daRupvas” uwodeben.
8. mas Semdeg, rac neironebis saerTo ricxvi stabilizirdeba, gamtar
gzebSi xdeba umniSvnelo cvlileba ama Tu im sistemaSi funqciuri
datvirTvis Sesabamisad.
im sakiTxis Seswavla, Tu ratom xdeba nervuli kavSirebis
zrdisa da formirebis Sewyveta, dRes intensiuri kvlevis sagania. am
meqanizmebis dadgena daexmareba nervuli funqciebis aRdgenas bavSveSi
da zrdasrulebSic, Tu tvinis dazianeba moxda ganviTarebis
dasrulebis Semdeg.

neirobiologiis “centraluri dogma”

“centraluri” dogma neirobiologiaSi gulisxmobs, imis mtkicebas,

rom janmrTeli Tavis tvinis funqciebi da misi paTologiuri
darRvevebi, ra sirTulisac ar unda iyos, SeiZleba aixsnas tvinis
ZiriTadi struqturuli komponentebis Tvisebebidan gamomdinare.
tvinis moqmedebas (normalurad funqciobs, Tu ara) safuZvlad udevs
movlenebi, romlebic viTardeba mis garkveul ubnebSi da

29
struqturebSi. sityvaSi “movlenebi” igulisxmeba is moqmedebebi,
romelsac erToblivad awarmoeben es nawilebi.
magram, tvinis moqmedebis umetesoba sakmaod rTulia da mecnierebs
jer kidev ar ZaluZT zustad gansazRvron, tvinis romeli nawilia
ufro mniSvnelovani mis ganxorcielebSi, da kerZod, ras akeTeben es
nawilebi.
miuxedavad amisa, dRes mecnierebas gaaCnia Tavis tvinis moqmedebis
Sesaxeb umniSvnelovanesi cnobebis didi raodenoba.
ZiriTadi monacemebi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor aris tvini
organizebuli da rogor funqciobs, Seadgens nervul sistemaze
mecnierebis safuZvels.
dRes mimdinare Zalian saintereso kvlevebis ZiriTad mizans
warmoadgens arsebuli monacemebis gaRrmaveba im donemde, rom
sabolood gasagebi gaxdes Tavis tvinis moqmedebis yvelaze rTuli
gamovlinebebi.

msjeloba “azrovnebaze”

ra igulisxmeba gamoTqmaSi “yvelaferi, rasac tvini akeTebs”?

rasakvirvelia, igulisxmeba moZraoba, SegrZneba, Wama, sma, sunTqva,
metyveleba, Zili da yvela is moqmedeba, rac adre CamovTvaleT. magram
CarTulia, Tu ara “fsiqikuri” aqtebic? – Cveni fiqrebi, ocnebebi,
azrebi da uecari aRmoCenebi, imedebi da eWvebi? adre iTvleboda, rom
es fsiqikuri aqtebi gamoyofilia tvinis funqciebisgan da

30
dakavSirebulia aramaterialur da idumal sferosTan, romelsac
ewodeba “cnobiereba”.
SesaZlebelia gavataroT is Tvalsazrisi, rom “azrovneba” da
“cnobiereba” aRmocendeba tvinis mravali ujredis erToblivi
moqmedebis Sedegad, iseve rogorc saWmlis moneleba aris
saWmlismomnelebeli traqtis ujredebis erToblivi moqmedeba.
SesaZlebelia amis mtkiceba ar iyos advili, magram aman ar unda
Caaqros Cveni cnobismoyvareoba. Tu mecnieri Sexvdeba “faqts”,
romelic eCveneba saeWvo, is rogorc wesi, eqsperimentulad amowmebs
an aanalizebs mas.
Tu mtkiceba “fsiqika tvinis moqmedebis produqtia” gvexamuSeba,
gavaanalizoT Semdeg leqciebze ganxiluli faqtebi, da Semdeg
gadavwyvitoT, Tu ras vfiqrobT amis Sesaxeb.

ZiriTadi koncefciebi

ganvixiloT ori ZiriTadi Tezisi, romelic unda iyos

gaTvaliswinebuli Semdgomi masalis ganxilvisas:
1. nervuli sistema moqmedebs mTeli sxeulis farglebSi. is sxeulis
organoTa sistemaa, romelic pasuxismgebelia gare samyaros aRqmasa da
masze reagirebaze; sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis organoebis funqciebis
koordinaciaze; miRebuli informaciis Senaxvasa da mis gamoyenebaze.
nervuli sistema ori ganyofilebisgan Sedgeba: cns da pns. pns Sedgeba
kanis, kunTebis, Zvlebisa da saxsrebis periferiuli nervebisgan, da
aseve ori qvesistemis Semcveli vegetaturi nervuli sistemisgan,

31
romelic aregulirebs Sinagani organoebis funqciebs, da nawlavebis
difuzuri nervuli sistemisgan, romelic saWmlismomnelebeli
traqtis funqciebs marTavs.
2. nervuli sistemis calkeuli funqciebi xorcieldeba qvesistemebiT,
romlebic organizebulia daniSnulebis Sesabamisad.

tvinis TiToeuli funqcia – SegrZneba, moZraoba, sxvadasxva

regulaciuri moqmedeba – sruldeba calkeuli sistemiT, romlis
nawilebs Soris ierarqiuli damokidebulebaa. Tumca, maT Soris
specifikuri da Zalian mniSvnelovani kavSirebia.
amave dros is, rac xdeba nervul sistemaSi mogvagonebs televizoris
an kompiuteris nawilebis muSaobas, rodesac maTSi gadis
eleqtronuli informaciis nakadi. sxvadasxva eleqtronuli
komponenti cnobs signalis xasiaTs da reagirebs mxolod
daprogramirebulze; amave dros, sxva komponenti filtravs signalis
arasaWiro da arasasurvel formebs.
nervuli sistemis komponentebi, anu neironebi, aseve avlenen
eleqtrul aqtivobas, da Tumca Cven ara gvaqvs sakmarisi safuZveli
CavTvaloT isini cocxal tranzistorebad, dRes es analogia iTvleba
sakmaod warmatebulad.

leqcia 4. Tavis tvinis ujreduli meqanizmebi

32
tvinis efeqturi funqciobisaTvis, nervul sistemaSi sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiT gatarebuli signalebis nakadi, unda gakontroldes
Zalian mgrZnobiare meqanizmebiT, romlebic Tavidan aicileben qaoss.
Tu tvinSi ganimuxteba eleqtruli “qariSxali”, informaciis
gadacema aseve irRveva. magaliTad,Eepilefsiis dros tvinis zogierTi
ubani iwyebs mouwesrigebeli impulsebis gagzavnas. es iwvevs qaosur
aqtiobaSi tvinis sxva ubnebis CarTvas da qaosis gaZlierebas im
donemde, sanam ar moxdeba yvela gzis blokireba ise, rom araferi
gaaRwevs maTSi.
msgavsi darRvevebisa da nervuli sistemis moqmedebis normaluri
regulirebis gzebis gasagebad, ganvixiloT tvinis zogierTi
struqturuli da funqciuri erTeulebi.

neirobiologiuri midgoma

neirobiologia Seiswavlis nervul sistemas da mis mTavar organos –

Tavis tvins mraval doneze, dawyebuli calkeuli molekulebis
qimiuri struqturis ganxilviT da urTulesi qceviTi movlenebis
kvleviT damTavrebuli.
aseT strategias uwodeben “qvevidan zeviT” mimarTul kvlevis meTods.
analizis dawyeba SeiZleba piriqiT, “zevidan qveviT”, romelic aseve
efeqturia, magram Cveni miznebisTvis Cven gamoviyenebT pirvel meTods.
Cven mogvixdeba garkveuli struqturebisa da procesebis aRsaniSnavad
rigi specialuri terminebis damaxsovreba, vinaidan es aucilebelia

33
 tvinis funqciebisa da maTi darRvevebis detaluri da zusti
ganxilvisTvis.
specialuri terminebi:
 neironi -Nnervuli ujredi;
 sinafsi - Nnervuli ujredebis kontaqtis adgili, sadac
ujredSorisi sivrce arsebobs
 aqsoni -
 dendriti –
 divergentuli neironi
 kavSirebis konvergencia
 presinafsuri neironi
 postsinafsuri neironi
 neiromediatori

neironuli Teoria, neironebi da glia

nervuli sistema ramdenime miliardi neironisgan agebul urTules

bades warmoadgens.

neironuli Teoriis mixedviT neironi aris nervuli sistemis

struqturuli da funqciuri erTeuli, romelSic miRebuli
informaciis gadamuSaveba da Senaxva xdeba. struqturulad neironebi
erTmaneTisgan membraniT gamijnul nervul ujredebs warmoadgenen,
xolo funqciurad erTmaneTTan kavSirs amyareben da am kavSirebis

34
safuZvels struqturuli elementebis erTmaneTTan Sexeba, kontaqti
warmoadgens. kontaqtis adgilebSi ujredSorisi sivrce arsebobs.
Tanamedrove “neironuli doqtrinis” debulebaTa Secnobis gaadvilebis
mizniT, ganvixiloT neironisa da sinafsis agebuleba

dRes cnobilia, rom calkeuli neironi Tavis funqcias ar asrulebs

rogorc izolirebuli erTeuli.
neironebis muSaoba mdgomareobs imaSi, isini iReben signalebs sxva
neironebidan da gadascemen mesame neironebs.
mimRebi da gadamcemi ujredebi gaerTianebuli arian nervul jaWvSi an
qselSi.
calkeuli neironi divegentuli struqturiT agzavnis signalebs
ramdenime gansazRvrul neironTan, magram SeuZlia gagzavnos aTas da
met sxva neironTan. aseve, romelime neirons SeuZlia miiRos
Semosuli informacia erTi, ramdenime an mravali kavSiriT sxva
neironebidan, Tu masze xdeba kavSirebis konvergencia. rasakvirvelia,
yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze, Tu romel ujreds vixilavT, da
romel qselSi aRmoCnda is CarTuli ganviTarebis procesSi.
neironi fesvebianad amoglejil xes waagavs: fesvebi” ujredis
sxeulia, romelic misgan gamomavali wanazardebiT - dendritebiTaa
dafaruli.“Rero”- aqsonia, sxeulidan gamozrdili grZeli boWko.
boloSi aqsoni datotvilia - es im xis totebia, romelsac nervuli
ujredi mivamsgavseT. totebi kontaqtSi imyofeba meore neironis
dendritTan an sxeulTan. SeerTebis adgils sinafsi ewodeba

35
nervuli qseli. msxvili neironi mravali dendritiT iRebs
informacias sinafsuri kontaqtis gziT sxva neironidan. mielininuri
garsis mqone aqsoniT warmoqmnis sinafsur kontaqts mesame neironTan.
sinafsebi. specifikur wertilebs neironebis zedapirze, sadac
mimdinareobs maTi kontaqti- ewodeba sinafsi, am adgilebSi
informaciis gadacemis process ki – sinapsuri gadacema.
signalis gamgzavni presinafsuri neironi gamohyofs garkveul
nivTierebas mimRebi postsinafsuri neironis receptorul zedapirze.
es nivTiereba, wodebuli neiromediatorad, asrulebs molekuluri
Suamavlis rols informaciis gadacemaSi gadamcemi neironidan mimReb
neironze. neiromediatori ketavs jaWvs, anxorcielebs ra informaciis
qimiur gadacemas sinafsuri napraliT (struqturuli wyveta gadamcem
da mimReb neironebs Soris sinafsis adgilSi).
neironebis Taviseburebebi. zogadi Taviseburebebi, romelic sxeulis
yvela ujreds axasiaTebs:
plazmuri membrana - gansazRvravs ujredis sazRvrebs, urTierTqmedebs
sxva neironebTan da reagirebs gare signalebze masSi moTavsebuli
molekuluri meqanizmebiT;
citoplazma - Seicavs organelebs, aucilebels neironis
arsebobisTvis da funqciobisTvis;
mitoqondriebi – uzrunvelyofs ujreds energiiT;
mikrotubulebi – Txeli sayrdeni struqturebi- unarCunebs ujreds
garkveul formas;
endoplazmuri retikulumi – Sida membranuli arxebi, romelTa
saSualebiT ujredi anawilebs produqtebs, aucilebels misi

36
funqciobisTvis. ori saxisaa granularuli da agranularuli.
granularulis membrana mofenilia ribosomebiT, romlebic
aucilebelia mis mier sinTezirebuli da Semdgom gamoyofili
cilebisTvis; gluv endoplazmur bades uwodeben goljis aparats, is
fuTavs produqtebs, da gamohyofs ujredis gareT.
dendriti, gluvi endoplazmuri bade, birTvi, birTvaki, granularuli
endoplazmuri bade, ujredis membrane, aqsoni, mikrotubulebi,
mitoqondriebi, sinafsuri buStuki, ukuSTanTqma, sinafsi, mediatoris
receptorebi, mediatoris gamosvla. citoplazmis centrSi
moTavsebuli ujredis birTvi, Seicavs genebis qimiur struqturaSi
kodirebul genetikur informacias.
 am informaciis Sesabamisad ukve formirebuli ujredi
asinTezebs specifikur nivTierebebs, romlebic gansazRvraven am
ujredis formas, qimizms da funqciebs. sxva ujredebisagan
gansxvavebiT, zrdasruli neironi ar iyofa. neironebi gansxvavdebian
zomebiT, formiT, kavSirebiT da funqcionirebiT. neironebs axasiaTebT
sxeulis araswori moxazuloba: gaaCniaT morCebi, xSirad
mravalricxovani da datotvili. morCebi – cocxali “mavTulebia”,
romelTa meSveobiT warmoiqmneba jaWvebi. neirons aqvs erTi mTavari
gamonazardi - aqsoni, romliTac is jaWvSi gadascems informacias
momdevno neirons. Tu neironi warmoqmnis gamomaval kavSirebs
ujredebis did ricxvTan, misi aqsoni itoteba mravaljeradad, raTa
signali miawodos TiToeuls. neironis sxva morCebs uwodeben
dendritebs (dendron-berZnulad xes niSnavs) da Zlier itotebian.
maTze moTavsebulia Semavali sinafsebi, warmoqmnili sxva uredis

37
aqsoniT. amis gamo TiToeuli neironi SeiZleba ramdenime neironuli
qselis rgoli iyos. granularuli endoplazmuri bade da Tavisufali
ribosomebi aRmoCenilia mxolod neironis sxeulSi da dendritebSi,
aqsonebSi isini ar gvxvdeba, amitom cilis sinTezi aq ar
mimdinareobs. aqsonis daboloeba Seicavs sinafsur buStukebs,
romlebSic moTavsebulia neironis mier gamoyofili mediatoris
molekulebi. varaudoben, rom maTi ricxvi ramodenime aTasia
dendritebi da aqsonebi inarCuneben formas miktotubulebis
daxmarebiT, romlebic monawileoben agreTve sinTezirebuli
produqtebis gadaadgilebaSi centraluri citoplazmidan aqsonebisa
da dendritebis Soreul daboloebisken.
neironebis sxvadasxva saxelwodeba. neironebis saxelwodeba
konteqstis mixedviT SeiZleba Seicvalos. magaliTad, garemoebis
mixedviT, Cven erTsa da imave qaliSvils vaxsenebT saubarSi, rogorc
students, Svils, das, oqrosferTmian lamaz qals, mocuraves,
satrfos da a.S. sxvadasxva mecnieri, etyoba neironebis yvela
RirSesaniSnav Tvisebas MmaTi klasifikaciis safuZvlad iyenebs.
erTi meTodi: magaliTad, neironebs, romlebic gvexmarebian gare da
Sida samyaros aRqmaSi da mimdinare movlenebis kontrolSi, daarqves
sensoruli (mgrZnobiare) neironebi. neironebs, romlebic iwveven
kunTebis SekumSvas da Sesabamisad sxeulis moZraobas, daarqves
motoruli anu mamoZravebeli neironebi.
meore kriteriumi: neironebis ganlagebis mixedviT wreSi. magaliTad,
moqmedebis adgilTan axlos ganlagebuli neironebi – pirveladi
sensoruli an mamoZravebeli neironebia (maT pirveli rigis

38
neironebsac uwodeben). Semdeg modis meoradi (meore rigis) neironebi,
mesameuli (mesame rigis) neironebi a.S.
neironuli aqtiobis regulacia. nervuli sistema - eleqtruli
gamtarebis rTuli xlarTia, sadac deni ise ar moZraobs, rogorc
mavTulebSi. bunebam eleqtronebis gza dabrkolebaTa gadalaxvad aqcia.
XVIII saukunis bolos luiji galvanis (italia) SromebiT cnobili
gaxda nervuli sistebisa da kunTebis unari warmoqmnas eleqtruli
potencialebi. mxolod XX saukunis dasawyisSi Catarebuli kvlevebis
safuZvelze dadginda, Tu rogor aRiZvreba biologiuri eleqtroba
nervuli sistemis funqciobis dros.
yvela cocxali ujredisTvis damaxasiaTebelia “eleqtruli
polaroba”. es niSnavs, rom romeliRac mocilebuli an aSkarad
neitraluri wertilis mimarT (eleqtrikosebi xSirad uwodeben mas
“miwas”) ujredis Sida ares aklia dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakebi
da amitom, rogorc amboben, uaryofiTad aris damuxtuli ujredgare
mxris mimarT. ra nawilakebi imyofebian Cveni sxeulis ujredebis
SigniT da gareT?
Cveni sxeulis siTxeebi - plazma, romelSic dacuraven sisxlis
ujredebi, ujredgare siTxe, romelic avsebs sxvadasxva organos
ujredSoris sivrces, zurgis tvinis siTxe, romelic imyofeba tvinis
parkuWebSi - yvelaferi aris mariliani wylis gansakuTrebuli
saxesxvaobebi.
zogierTi mecnieri, istoriuli kategoriebiT moazrovne, amaSi xedavs
evoluciis periodis kvals, rodesac yvelaferi cocxali arsebobda
pirvelad okeaneSi. bunebaSi arsebuli marilebi, Cveulebriv Sedgeba

39
ramdenime qimiuri elementisgan - natriumi, kaliumi, kalciumi da
magniumi, romlebic atareben dadebiT muxts sxeulis siTxeebSi;
qlori, fosfori da zogierTi rTuli mJavis narCenebi, warmoebuli
ujredebiT atarebs uaryofiT muxts. damuxtul molekulebs
ewodebaT ionebi.
ujredgare sivrceebSi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi ionebi isea
Tavisuflad da Tanabari raodenobiT ganTavsebuli, rom aneitraleben
erTmaneTs.
magram ujredis SigniT dadebiTad damuxtuli ionebis SedarebiT
deficits ganapirobebs saerTo uaryofiTi muxti. es uaryofiTi muxti
imitom aRiZvreba, rom plazmuri membrana ar aris Tanabrad ganvladi
yvela marilisTvis. K+-is ionebi ufro advilad gadian membranaSi,
vidre natriumis (Na+-is) da kalciumis (Ca2+)-is ionebi. U aseve
ujredgare siTxe Seicavs sakmaod bevr natriums da cota kaliums.
ujredSida siTxe SedarebiT Raribia natriumiT da mdidaria
kaliumiT, magram dadebiTi ionebis ujredSida Semcveloba srulad
ver awonasworebs qloridis, fosfatisa da organuli mJaveebis
uaryofiTY muxts. kaliumi membranaSi sxva ionebze ukeTesad gadis da,
etyoba, gareT gasvlis didi midrekileba aqvs, radgan misi ujredSida
koncentracia bevrad ufro maRalia, vide ujredgareTa. amgvarad,
ionebis ganawileba da maTi gamorCeviTi gadasvla naxevradgamtar
membranaSi iwvevs ujredSigniT uaryofiT muxts.
ionebis koncentracia neironuli membranis SigniT da gareT. ujredis
citoplazma ujredSorisi siTxisadmi uaryofiTadaa damuxtuli.
ionebis aqtiur da SerCeviT gadatanas membranis zedapiris

40
eleqtruli Zabva uwyobs xels. neironis Siga uaryofiTi potenciali
daaxloebiT 65 mv-s udris.
zogierTi biologiuri procesi xels uwyoben uaryofiTi muxtis
SenarCunebas.
erT-erTi aseTi faqtoria – Zalian efeqturi ionuri tumbo, romelic
arsebobs plazmur membranaSi da energias iRebs mitoqondriebidan.
aseTi tumboebi “qaCaven” ukan natriumis ionebs, romlebic Sedian
ujredSi wylisa da Saqris molekulebTan erTad.
ujredis garsi ganuwyvetliv “amotumbavs “ Na+-s ujredidan gareT
da protoplazmaSi K+ -s “Catumbavs”.

moqmedebis potenciali

rodesac neironi sinafsebiT sxva neironebisagan Rebulobs eleqtrul

impulsebs, mosvenebis potenciali ecema, xdeba depolarizacia,
romelic garkveuli zRurblis miRwevis Semdeg iwvevs membranis
ganvladobis swraf Secvlas - arxebis gaxsnas.
arxebSi Na- is “karis” gaxsna iwvevs Na+ -is membranis SigniT
Sesvlas da dadebiTi potencialis ganviTarebas. mas moqmedebis
potencials uwodeben. is mirbis aqsonis gaswvriv mxolod erTi
mimarTulebiT: Tavisi neironisagan sxva neironSi.
membranaSi adgili aqvs K -is “karis “ gaxsnasac daK Na –K -is tumbos
amoqmedebasac, raTa ujredis membranam kvlav daamyaros segregacia NA
-sa da K -is ionebs Soris.

41
amgvarad, yoveli arxi imave Zalis impulss warmoqmnis, rogorc
mezobeli arxidan wamosuli, misi amagznebeli impulsi iyo. impulsebi
Tavis gavrcelebis gzaze mravaljer aRdgebian.
ionTa segregacia sicocxlis atomis sazRvrebze aris energiis
pirveladi wyaro Cveni SegrZnebebisa da grZnobebisaTvis
zogierTi nivTierebis zemoqmedebisas “agznebad” sinapsebSi,
postsinafsuri neironis plazmuri membranis Tvisebebi icvleba.
ujredis SigTavsi kargavs Tavis uaryofiT muxts, da natriums aRar
xvdeba dabrkoleba ujredSi Sesasvlelad. natriums ujredSi mihyveba
sxva dadebiTad damuxtuli ionebi (kaliumi da kalciumi), adgili
aqvs “depolarizacias” da ujredis SigTavsi 1/1000 wm-ze naklebi
drois ganmavlobaSi xdeba dadebiTad damuxtuli. ujredSida
Cveulebrivi uarofiTi mdgomareobidan xanmokle dadebiT
mdgomareobaSi aseT gadasvlas uwodeben moqmedebis potencials anu
nervul impulss.
dadebiTi mdgomareoba grZeldeba mcire drois ganmavlobaSi, vinaidan
agznebis reaqcia (ujredSi natriumis gazrdili raodenobis Sesvla)
TviTregulirebadi xasiaTisaa. natriumisa da kalciumis gazrdili
raodenoba zrdis kaliumis evakuacias ujredidan imis da mixedviT,
Tu rogor sustdeba amagznebeli impulsis moqmedeba. neironi swrafad
aRadgens eleqtroqimiur wonasworobas da Semdeg signalamde
ubrundeba mdgomareobas ujredSida uaryofiTi potencialiT.
moqmedebis potencialTan dakavSirebuli depolarizacia vrceldeba
aqsonis gaswvriv, rogorc aqtiurobis talRa ionebis moZraoba
aRZruli depolarizaciul ubanTan, xels uwyobs Semdegi sinafsis

42
depolarizacias da amis Sedegad agznebis talRa swrafad aRwevs
aqsonis yvela sinafsur daboloebas. aqsonze eleqtruli impulsis
gatarebis mTavar upiratesobas warmoadgens is, rom agzneba swrafad
vrceldeba Sor manZilze signalis dasustebis gareSe.
rodesac neironi aqtiurdeba misuli amagznebeli impulsebiT,
depolarizaciis talRa droebiT kargavs membranuli potencialis
niSans. depolarizaciuli talRis gavrceleba aqsonis gaswvriv iwvevs
aqsonis momdevno ubnebis droebiT reversias. moqmedebis potenciali
SeiZleba aRvweroT, rogorc dadebiTad damuxtuli natriumis ionebis
nakadi mimarTuli ujredis SigniT
sinafsuri mediatorebi. zogierTi sinafsi SeiZleba SevadaroT
gzajvaredinebs tvinis gamtar gzebSi. sinafsebSi signali gadis
mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT- maTi gamgzavni presinafsuli neironis
bolo totidan postsinafsuri neironis axlomdebare ubanze. aqsonSi
ase kargad moqmedi swrafi eleqtruli gadacema sinafsSi ar
moqmedebs. am movlenis biologiuri mizezebis ganxilvis gareSe Cven
SegviZlia martivad im faqtis konstantireba, rom sinapsebSi qimiuri
kavSiri ganapirobebs postsinafsuri ujredis membranis
Taviseburebebis ufro natif regulacias.
rodesac adamianebi urTierToben isini erTmaneTs gadascemen Tavisi
moxsenebis ZiriTad Sinaars sityvebiT. am dros sargebloben xmis
tembriT, mimikiT JestebiT, rom ufro natifi aqcenti gaakeTon, an
damatebiT xazi gausvan sityvebis azrobriv mxares.

43
neironebis komunikaciis dros informaciis ZiriTadi erTeulebis
gadacema xdeba specifikuri qimiuri SuamavlebiT – sinafsuri
mediatorebiT (garkveuli neironi iyenebs erTsa da imave mediators
yvela sinafsSi).
Tu gavagrZelebT Cvens analogias verbalur da araverbalur
urTierTobaze, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom erTi qimiuri Suamavali
gadascems “faqtebs”, xolo sxva – damatebiT azrobriv elfers da
aqcentebs. sinafsebis ori saxe arsebobs: amagznebeli da Semakavebeli
pirvel SemTxvevaSi erTi ujredi ubrZanebs meores gadavides aqtiur
mdgomareobaSi, xolo meoreSi, piriqiT aZnelebs signalis mimRebi
ujredis aqtivacias.
mudmivi Semakavebeli brZanebis qveS, zogierTi ujredi gaCumebulia
manamde, sanam amagznebeli signalebi ar aiZuleben maT gaaqtiurebas.
magaliTad, zurgis tvinis neironebi, romlebic ubrZaneben Cvens
kunTebs imoqmedon, siarulis an cekvis dros, Cveulebriv “Cumad”
arian, sanam ar miiReben amagznebel impulsebs motoruli qerqis
ujredebidan.
spontanuri amagznebeli brZanebis zemoqmedebiT, zogierTi ujredi
aqtiurdeba gacnobierebuli signalis gareSe; magaliTad, neironebi
romlebic aregulireben sunTqvis dros gulmkerdisa da diafragmis
moZraobas, eqvemdebarebian maRali donis neironebs, sisxlSi mxolod
O2 da CO2-is koncentraciaze moreagire. amgvarad, tvinSi mimdinare
urTierTobebi neironebs Soris, ZiriTadad aixsneba amagznebeli da
Semakavebeli sinafsuri urTierTqmedebiT.

44
amagznebeli da Semakavebeli mediatorebis urTierT sawinaaRmdego
moqmedeba SeiZleba aixsnas sxvadasxva ionur arxze zemoqmedebiT
magram, arsebobs ufro rTuli mamodificirebeli zemoqmedeba,
romelic aZlierebs an asustebs neironis sapasuxo reaqciis
intensiobas meore gansxvavebuli neironidan Semaval signalebze.
mamodificirebel mediatorul signalebs aqvT pirobiTi xasiaTi.
termin “pirobiTSi” igulisxmeba, rom ujredebi reagireben maTze
mxolod garkveul pirobebSi, anu maSin, rodesac es signalebi
moqmedeben sxva amagznebel an Semakavebel signalebTan erTad,
romlebic modian sxva gziT.
magaliTad, musikosebs, SeuZliaT pirobiTad CaTvalon pedlebis
zemoqmedeba fortepianoze – im gagebiT, rom raRac efeqtis
misaRwevad, pedlebze daWera unda emTxveodes sxva moqmedebas.
uazrobaa mxolod pedlebze daWera, klaviSebze dartymis gareSe.
notis JReradoba mxolod maSin icvleba, rodesac erTdroulad
vaWerT pedalze da klaviSze. pirobiTi funqciis ganmaxorcielebeli,
mravali neironuli wre - aris is, romlis mediatorebi asruleben
mniSvnelovan rols depresiis, Sizofreniis da zogierTi sxva
fsiqikuri darRvevis mkurnalobaSi.
procesebi, romlebic safuZvlad udevs mediatorebiT warmoebul
sxvadasxva cvlilebas ujredebze:
cvilebebi, ganpirobebuli ionuri meqanizmebiT, dakavSirebulia
membranis Tvisebebis eleqtrul da qimiur regulaciasTan. neironis
agznebadobis cvlileba gamowveulia imiT, rom mediatori cvlis
ionebis nakadis mimdinareobas ujredis SigniT da gareT. ionebi gadian

45
membranaSi arsebuli milebiT – Seqmnili specifikuri cilis didi
molekuliT, romelsac “arxi” ewodeba . zogierTi arxi specifikuria
garkveuli ionisTvis - magaliTad, natriumis, kaliumis an
kalciumisTvis; sxva arxi arCeviTi ar aris.
zogierTi arxi ixsneba eleqtrul brZanebaze (aseTia moqmedebis
potenciali, membranis depolarizacia). zogierTi arxis gaxsna da
daxurva qimiuri Suamavlis, mediatoris meSveobiT xdeba. varaudoben,
rom yoveli qimiuri mediatori ujredze gavlenas axdens qimiuri
cvlilebiT ionur ganvladobaSi. amitom, garkveuli ioni an
molekula, gamoyenebuli ama Tu im mediatoriT, xdeba gadacemuli
signalis eqvivalenti.
neironis funqciebis cvalebadoba
amgvarad, neironma warmatebiT unda Seasrulos garkveuli amocanebi,
rom ifunqcioniros, rogoc nervuli wris specifikurma nawilma.
neirons unda gaaCndes zedapiruli receptorebi, romlis meSveobiT is
daikavSirebs mediators sinafsebSi. mas unda hqondes energiis saWiro
maragi, zedmeti ionebis ”gadasatumbaT” ukan membraniT.
neironebma grZeli aqsonebiT unda agreTve gadaitanon fermentebi,
mediatorebi da sxva molekulebi citoplazmis centraluri ubnidan,
sadac maTi sinTezi xdeba, dendritebisa da aqsonebis Soreul ubnebSi,
sadac maTi saWiroebaa. rogorc wesi, siCqare, romliTac neironebi
asruleben am funqciebs damokidebulia maT aqsonur da dendritul
masaze da ujredis aqtiurobis saerTo doneze.
ujredis energiis saerTo gamomuSaveba-metaboluri aqtiuroba –
icvleba ujredSorisi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad ujredSida

46
fundamenturi procesebis regulaciis es unari, saSualebas aZlevs
neirons moqnilad Seeguos aqtiurobis sruliad gansxvavebul doneebs.

neironebis wreebis ZiriTadi tipebis genetikuri

determinacia

imisTvis, rom tvinma normalurad ifunqcios, nervuli signalis

nakadma, unda ipovos saTanado marSruti sxvadasxva funqciuri
sistemisa da regionTaSoris gaerTianebebSi. sainteresoa, rogor
axerxeben gazrdas sxvadasxva neironis aqsonebi da dendritebi
zustad im mimarTulebiT, rom Seqmnan funqciobisTvis specifikuri
kavSirebi.
saocaria is faqtic, rom ganviTarebadi cxovelebis Tavis tvinSi
Taobidan TaobaSi, namdvilad, myardeba saWiro kavSirebi. SedarebiTi
neiroanatomiis monacemebiT, tvini agebulebis fundamenturi gegmis
mixedviT evoluciis procesSi Zalian mcired Seicvala. mxedvelobis
receptoruli organos specializebuli neironebi yovelTvis
uerTdebian mxedvelobis meorad da ara smenis an Sexebis sistemis
neironebs. Aaseve iqcevian sxva grZnobaTa organoebis receptoruli
neironebi.
tvinis struqturis maRal specifikurobas aqvs arsebiTi mniSvneloba.
etyoba, neironebis umravlesobis kavSirebis zogadi diapazoni
winaswar gansazRvrulia, Tanac es exeba neironebis im Tvisebebs,
romlebsac mecnierebi Tvlian genetikurad kontrolirebads. genTa
krebuli, gankuTvnili ganviTarebad ujredSi gamosavlenad,

47
gansazRvravs yoveli nervuli ujredis momaval tips da mis
monawileobas ama Tu im wreSi.
genetikuri determinaciis koncepcia moqmedebs neironis sxva
TaviseburebasTan mimarTebaSi– gamoyenebul mediatoris, ujredis
zomebis da formis da aseve ujredis neironTaSorisi urTierTobebis.

genetikurad determinirebuli neironuli wris sami tipi arsebobs.

1. ierarqiuli wre. sensorul wreebSi ierarqiuli organizacia

aRmavali xasiaTisaa: informacia gadadis pirveladi receptoruli
neironebidan meorad Cadgmul neironebTan, Semdgom mesameul da Aa.S.
mamoZravebeli sistemebi, piriqiT, organizebulia daRmavali principiT:
ujredebi, romlebic ganlagebulia, “zemoT” nervul sistemaSi,
gadascemen informacias “qvemoT”,zurgis tvinis specifikur motorul
ujredebs, isini ki kunTovani ujredebis specifikur ujredebs.
ierarqiuli sistemebi ganapirobeben informaciis Zalian zust
gadacemas. konvergenciis (rodesac erTi donis ramdenime neironi
kontaqts amyarebs Semdegi donis neironebis ufro mcire ricxvTan) an
divergenciis (rodesac kontaqti damyarebulia Semdegi donis
neironebis ufro did ricxvTan) gziT, informacia ifiltreba da
Zlierdeba. nebismieri sistemis msgavsad, ierarqiuli sistema Tavis
yvelaze sust rgolze metad Zlieri ver iqneba. nebismier donis
nebismier inaqtivacias, gamowveuls daavadebiT, daWriT, insultiT an
simsivniT, gamohyavs sistema mwyobridan. konvergencias da divergencias

48
aqvs Sansi daicvas sistema. ierarqiuli sistema arsebobs sxva
specifikur sistemaSi, maT Soris aliansSic.
2. lokaluri wreebi. neironebi mokle aqsonebiT qmnian lokalur
wreebs da filtrebis rols asruleben: akaveben informacias
ierarqiuli sistemis romelime doneze. isini farTod arian
gavrcelebuli tvinis wreebSi da samizne neironebze moqmedeben
amagzneblad an Semakaveblad. garkveul ierarqiul ubanSi maTi
SeTanxmeba konvergenciul da divergenciul moqmedebasTan
informaciul nakads afarTovebs, an aviwrovebs, an iwvevs mis
fokusirebas.
3. divergenciuli wre erTi SesavliT. zogierT nervul wreSi
neironebis jgufi qmnis gasavals sxva didi raodenobis ujredebTan.
es jgufebi ZiriTadad moTavsebulia Sua tvinSi da tvinis ReroSi. am
sistemis upiratesoba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom erTdroulad SeuZlia
mraval neironze zemoqmedeba da zogjer yvela ierarqiuli sistemis
(mamoZravebeli, sensoruli da sxva funqciuri aliansebi) yvela
donesTan dakavSireba. maT xSirad araspecifikurs uwodeben da isini
mniSvnelovan rola asruleben ns-is mravali saxis integraciul
moqmedebaSi. sxva sityvebiT, es sistemebi gamodian masobrivi
moqmedebis organizatirebad da xelmZvaneloben calkeuli jgufebis
SeTanxmebul moqmedebas. maTi mediatorebi “pirobiTi” moqmedebisaa:
efeqti damikidebulia garemo pirobebze.
genetikurad determinirebuli tipis wreebis cvalebadoba
Tumca, erTi saxeobis yvela warmomadgenelSi specifikuri funqciuri
wreebis kavSirebis zogadi suraTi saocrad msgavsia, calkeuli

49
individis gamocdileba gavlenas axdens neironTaSoris kavSirebze da
iwvevs maTSi indivindualur cvlilebebs da maTi funqciis koreqcias.
magaliTebi:
1) virTagvebis Tavis tvinSi, mxedvelobis sistemis me-3 donis TiTo
neironi divergenciulad dakavSirebulia me-4 donis 50 neironTan.
virTagvas, romelic gazrdilia sibneleSi, mxedvelobis sistemis me-3
donis TiTo neironi divergenciulad dakavSirebulia me-4 donis 5 an
10 neironTan. 2) mecnierebis varaudiT, mexsierebis zogierTi formis
cvlileba ganpirobebulia ujredSorisi sinafsuri kontaqtebis
cvlilebiT (mikrostruqturuli cvlilebebiT-kontaqtebis ricxvis
gazrdiT an SemcirebiT; aseve, gamoyofili mediatoris raodenobiT, an
ujredis reagirebiT masze. sinafsebis lokaluri funqciebis aseTi
natifi regulireba metad mniSvnelovania tvinis zogierTi daavadebis
dros. 3). marTalia, neironebi ar iyofian, magram maT gaaCnia
plastikuri cvlilebebis unari, rogor xdeba es? amas ganvixilavT
mogvianebiT.
nervuli sistemis sxva ujredebi da struqturebi.

glia. nervul ujredebsa da maT morCebs Soris sivrce avsebulia

specializirebuli damxmare ujredebiT, gliiT. maTi raodenoba 5-10
jer aRemateba neironebis raodenobas da maTgan gansxvavebiT isini
iyofian. glias tipebia: astrocitebi- asufTaveben ujredSoris
sivrces zedmeti mediatorisa da ionebisgan; emsaxurebian glukozisa
da Jangbadis miwodebas aqtiur ujredebTan; gadascemen sinafsuri
funqciebis maregulirebel signalebs; tvinis lokaluri dazianebis

50
Semdeg axdenen mkvdari nawilebis mocilebas, rac zRudavs toqsikuri
nivTierebebis gavrcelebas. oligodendrocitebi – qmnian mielinis
gars.

leqcia 5
SegrZneba da moZraoba.

Cveni sxeuli da cnobiereba mudmivad SeigrZnobs axal “samyaros”;

afiqsirebs Sinagan da garegan cvlilebebs;
Cveni cxovreba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramdenad warmatebulad
SevigrZnobT “samyaros”, romelSic vmoZraobT, da ramdenad zustad
xdeba am SegrZnebiT Cveni moZraobis regulacia.
Cven gavurbivarT saxifaTo gamRizianeblebs – ukidures sicxes,
mtaceblis suns, xmebs da danaxvas – da viswrafviT komfortisa da
keTildReobisken.
SegrZneba da moZraoba damaxasiaTebelia yvela cocxali
organizmisTvis, magram nervuli sistemis mqone organizmebs axasiaTebs
ufro rTuli meqanizmebi.
sensoruli da moZraobiTi sistemebis saerTo modeli. sensoruli
sistemebi, rogorc martiv, aseve rTul nervul sistemaSi ZiriTadad
Semdeg komponentebs moicaven: 1) stimulis deteqtorebs (specifikuri
receptoruli neironebia); 2) pirvelad aRqmis centrs (sadac xdeba
informaciis dagroveba deteqtorebis blokebidan); 3) meorad aRqmis
da maintegrirebel centrs (informaciis dagroveba xdeba pirveladi

51
aRqmis centridan); ufro rTul nervul sistemaSi, maintegrirebeli
centrebi erTmaneTTan arian dakavSirebuli da ganapirobeben aRqmas).
sensoruli sistema iwyebs moqmedebas, rodesac gamRizianebeli
(fizikuri faqtori: sinaTle, bgera, siTbo, wneva) aRiqmeba pirveladi
sensoruli receptoriT da gardaiqmneba moqmedebis potencialSi anu
nervul impulsSi; es nervuli impulsebi gadaecema pirvelad aRqmis
centrs, rac imis maCvenebelia, rom warmoiqmna movlena, romelic
miekuTvneba mocemul sensorul arxs.
gadacemuli impulsebis sixSire da receptorebis saerTo ricxvi
asaxavs stimulis Zalas da aRsaqmeli obieqtis zomebs. yvavilis
aRqmis dros gamoiyofa misi feri, forma, zomebi da daSorebis
manZili. es informacia gadaecema mesame centrs, sadac adgili aqvs
aRqmuli movlenebis Semdgomi gansjis formirebas. sensoruli
sistemis Semdgom integraciul centrebs SeiZleba daematos
informacia sxva wyarodan da agreTve informacia mexsierebidan, msgavs
warsul gamocdilebaze.
ras SevigrZnobT? cxovelebis msgavsad, adamianebic aRiqvamen
mxedvelobis, smenis, gemovnebis, ynosvis stimulebs da aseve
mizidulobis Zalas (rac gansazRvravs informacias wonasworobis
Sesaxeb).
naklebad mkafio sxva SegrZneba saSualebas gvaZlevs vakontroloT
kidurebisa da maTi calkeuli nawilebis mdebareoba da vareguliroT
Cveni moZraobebi – viaroT fexis dacdenis gareSe; movifxanoT cxviri,
TvalSi TiTis moxvedris gareSe da a.S.

52
kidev ufro naklebad SesamCnevia signalebi, romlebic moemarTeba
Sinagani organoebidan – isini gvatyobineben sxeulis temperaturas,
qimizms, sisxlis moculobas da endokrinuli jirkvlebiT
kontrolirebadi organoebis cvlilebebs.
qvewarmavlebi msxverpls pouloben, siTbos infrawiTeli sxivebis
daWeriT, zRvis binadarni cnoben maTi mtrebis, msxverplis an
sakuTari saxeobis individebisgan gamosul eleqtrul signalebs;
SegrZnebis yvela formas moaqvs informacia drois faqtorze; aseve
ganasxvavebs aRsaqmeli signalis erT an ramdenime Tvisebas – vxedavT
fers da sikaSkaSes, gvesmis tembri da bgeris simaRle; vgrZnobT
tkbil, mJave da marilian gemos, Sexebisas varCevT blagv da maxvil
sagnebs, maRal da dabal temperaturas, mudmiv da vibraciul dawolas
kanze;
smenas, mxedvelobas, ynosvas da Sexebas SeuZlia sivrceSi signalis
wyaros mdgomareoba gansazRvros;

receptorebis aqtiurobis done gansazRvravs aRqmuli signalis

intensiobas. intensiobam SeiZleba Secvalos signalis interpretacia:
Rutuni, Tu didxans gagrZelda an gaZlierda, SeiZleba Semawuxebeli
gaxdes;

rodesac vambobT, rom “vgrZnobT tkivils”, ufro zusti iqneboda

gveTqva, rom garkveuli sensoruli signalebis (dawolis, bgeris da
sinaTlisac ki) xarisxisa da Zalis mier warmoqmnil SegrZnebas
vafasebT, rogorc mtkivneuls. “tkivili” “subieqturi” grZnobaa,

53
 adamianebi ki gansxvavdebian Tavisi mgrZnobelobiT mtkivneul
gamRizianebelze.

ZiriTadi kategoriebi sensoruli procesebis sferoSi – modaloba da

xarisxi

modaloba mgrZnobiare organo xarisxi receptorebi

mxedveloba badura sikaSkaSe Cxirebi da kolbebi

kontrastuloba
moZraoba
zomebi, feri
smena lokokina simaRle bususebiani ujredi
tembri
wonasworoba vestibularuli organo simZimis Zala makularuli da vestibularuli
brunva ujredebi
Sexeba kani wneva rufinis daboloeba
vibracia merkelis diskebi
paCinis sxeulakebi
gemovneba ena tkbili da mariliani gemovnebis sawovrebi enis wverze
gemo gemovnebis sawovrebi enis Zirze
mware da mJave gemo

ynosva saynosavi nervebi yvavilis, xilis, saynosavi receptorebi

pikanturi suni

sensoruli natifi procesebis awyoba. ganvixiloT stimulze

sensoruli reaqciis ori aspeqti: adaptacia da informaciis arxebSi
gatareba.
receptoris roli mdgomareobs gare samyaroSi mimdinare cvlilebebis
registraciaSi. zogierTi receptori signalis zemoqmedebis dawyebas
intensiurad pasuxobs, Semdeg ki reaqcia sustdeba. pasuxis
intensivobis aseT Semcirebas uwodeben adaptacias.

54
adaptaciis siCqare da xarisxi signalis xangrZliv zemoqmedebaze
varirebs sxvadasva grZnobis organoSi da damokidebulia garemoebaze.
viwro fexsacmeli ar gvaxsendeba, rodesac gvagviandeba leqciaze an
samsaxurSi. ar gvesmis quCis xmauri, sanam sirenis an satvirTo
manqanis xmauri ar miipyrobs Cvens yuradRebas. Cven veCveviT mudmiv
suns – magaliTad, gazis suns misi gadenis dros, an kargi sunamos
gamabruebel aromats. suni rom kvlav SevigrZnoT, unda Rrmad
CavisunTqoT, rom davrwmundeT mis arsebobaSi.
stimulis moqmedebaze receptori dasawyisSi energiulad reagirebs.
gaxangrZlivebul stimulaciaze receptori adaptirdeba da aqtivoba
sensorul boWkoSi mcirdeba. stimulis xanmokle da perioduli
gamoyeneba kvlav iwvevs receptoris srul reagirebas masze,
adaptaciis gareSe. SegrZnebis dasawyisi emsaxureba axali movlenis
CarTvas informaciul fondSi, romliTac afaseben mimdinare moments;
xangrZliv stimulaciaze reaqciis Sesusteba, aadvilebs axali
sensoruli signalebis aRqmas;
axali da winmswrebi stimulebi erTnairi siZlieris rom yofiliyo,
yvela receptoridan wamosuli sensoruli informaciis nakadSi
CaviZirebodiT;
TiToeuli sensoruli sistemis agznebuli receptori, sensorul
informacias sinafsuri gadarTvebis jaWviT agzavnis Tavis tvinis
ufro maRal sarTulebze, sadac xdeba signalis damatebiTi
damuSaveba.
fizikuri gamRizianeblebi - sinaTlis an bgeris talRebi, sxvadasxva
suni, sicxe, sicive, mudmivi an vibraciuli wneva - receptorebis mier

55
 gardaiqmneba nervul impulsebad da kargavs damoukidebel
mniSvnelobas.
am momentidan isini specifikur sensorul arxebSi nervuli
impulsebis kodis saxiT arseboben.
SemdgomSi Tavis tvini, gaaqtivebuli receptorebidan miRebuli mTeli
informaciis Sejamebis gziT, axdens gare samyaros aRqmas.

specifikuri sensoruli signalebis gzebi

modaloba gadarTvis done

pirveladi (done 1) meoradi (done 2) mesameuli (done 3)
mxedveloba badura lateraluri damuxluli pirveladi mxedvelobis zona
sxeuli;
oTxgorakis zeda borcvebi meoredi mxedvelobis zona

smena lokokina maryuJis, oTxgorakisa da pirveladi smeniTi zona

medialuri damuxluli sxeulis
birTvebi
wonasworoba vestibuluri birTvi Talamusi, zurgis tvini, somatosensoruli qerqi
TvalismamoZravebeli birTvebi,
Tvinis Rero, naTxemi

Sexeba zurgis tvini an Talamusi somatosensoruli qerqi

Tvinis Rero

ynosva saynosavi bolqvi piriformuli qerqi limburi sistema, hipoTalamusi

gemovneba mogrZo tvini Talamusi somatosensoruli qerqi

yoveli receptoruli ujredi gare samyaros movlenaze reagirebs

SezRuduli zonis fargalSi - receptoruli veliT.

56
magaliTad, baduras erTi mxedvelobiTi receptori aigzneba mxolod
maSin, rodesac brolSi gamavali sinaTle ecema mocemuli receptoris
“receptorul” vels.
kanis receptori aRiqvams mxolod imas, rac xdeba mis receptorul
velSi.
kanis TiToeuli receptori agzavnis Tavis mTavar signals zurgis
tvinis erT sensorul neironTan; amave dros informaciis mcire
raodenobas gadascems sxva zustad gansazRvrul samiznesac.
informaciis koncentrireba TiToeul sinafsur kavSirSi xdeba
konvergenciisa da divergenciis principiT. amgvarad, aSkaraa, rom
informaciis gadamuSaveba yvela doneze xdeba ujredebs Soris
urTierTqmedebiT.
mxedveloba. mxedvelobis sistema reagirebs mxedvelobiT
gamRizianeblebze. es sxvadasva sigrZis talRis eleqtromagnituri
gamosxivebaa, SedarebiT mokle – wiTeli, da ufro grZeli – lurji.
Cven obieqtebs vxedavT imitom, rom isini areklaven sinaTles. ferebs,
romelsac Cven varCevT, ganpirobebulia imiT, Tu xiluli speqtris
romel nawils areklavs an STanTqavs sagani.
german helmholcma (me- 19 saukunis germaneli fizikosi) daadgina,
rom cxovelebis Tvalis agebuleba mogvagonebs martiv linzian
kameras: Tvali qmnis gamosaxulebis gadabrunebul da Semcirebul
gamosaxulebas. dRes, mxedvelobis sistemiT aRqmuli da
interpretirebuli gare samyaro, gacilebiT ufro gasagebia, vidre
nebismieri sxva sensoruli informacia.

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mxedvelobiTi sistemis struqtura. ZiriTadi komponentebia 1) Tvali,
2) mxedvelobis nervi, 3) sami wyvili birTvi _lateraluri
damuxluli sxeuli, oTxgorakis zeda borcvakebi (TalamusSi) da
supraqiazmuri birTvebi (hipoTalamusSi), 4) pirveladi mxedvelobiTi
qerqi.
Tvali - ZuZumwovrebSi fotorecepciis organoa. Sedgeba “kamerisa” da
fotoreceptoruli organosgan. kameris nawilebia: 1) rqovana- Txeli,
gamWvirvale garsi, aq iwyeba sinaTlis sxivebis fokusirebis procesi;
2) broli- linza, romelic am process asrulebs; 3) feradi garsi-
wriuli kunTi, romelic cvlis TvalSi moxvedrili sinaTlis
raodenobas centrSi moTavsebuli xvrelis- gugis gafarTovebiT an
SeviwrovebiT.
broli Camokidebulia moZrav kafsulaSi. misi misamagrebeli kunTebis
SekumSva-gafarToeba cvlis kafsulis daWimvas, rasac brolis
simrudis cvlileba mosdevs. is ufro brtyeldeba an iburceba
obieqtsa da mayurebels Soris daSorebis Sesabamisad da cvlis
fokusirebis unars. aseT Seguebas ewodeba akomodacia.
gugis zomebi icvleba - viwrovdeba, rodesac sagani Tvals
uaxlovdeba da ar uSvebs sinaTlis sxivs brolis centris gareT, rac
simkveTres aZlevs gamosaxulebas; ganaTebul oTaxSi viwrovdeba,
sibneleSi farTovdeba. gugis cvlilebas avtomaturad akontrolebs
feradi garsis uneblie kunTebSi damTavrebuli nervuli boWkoebi.
Tu badura brolis ukan normaze ufro axlos an Sors aris
moTavsebuli, brolis akomodacia sakmarisi ar aris, magaliTad, didi
manZilis SemTxvevaSi Tvali fokusirdeba axlomdebare sagnebze. amas

58
miopia (axlomxedveloba) ewodeba. mcire manZilis SemTxvevaSi, Tvali
fokusirdeba SormanZilze mdebare sagnebze - es hipermetropiaa
(Sorsmxedveloba). xandazmulobasTan dakavSirebiT, broli xdeba
ufro xisti da kunTebi ver anxorcieleben akomodacias. Yyvela
uaxloesi wertili, romelzedac xdeboda fokusireba gadainacvlebs
ufro SormanZilze, rac moiTxovs Sesabmisi saTvalis moxmarebas.
astigmatizmi (mxedvelobiTi gamosaxulebis damaxinjeba) –
dakavSirebulia rqovanas araswor gamrudebasTan da ar aris
damokidebuli manZilze brolsa da baduras Soris. astigmatizmis
gamosworeba SesaZlebelia sakontaqto linzebiT. romlebic dacuraven
rqovanas zedapirze, sacremle siTxis SreSi da akompensireben mis
gadaxras swori formidan.
badura gamosaxulebis aRmqmeli Tvalis nawilia. is
maRalorganizebuli Sreebiani struqturaa. am SreebSi specifikurad
ganlagebulia xuTi tipis neironi. kolbebi da Cxirebi uerTdeba
bipolarul neironebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, dakavSirebulia
gangliur ujredebTan, romelTa aqsonebi miemarTeba mxedvelobiTi
nervis SemadgenlobiT Tavis tvinis CarTul neironebTan. TiToeuli
Cxiri da kolba ukavSirdeba ramdenime bipolarul neirons, xolo
TiToeuli bipolaruli – ramdenime gangliurs, aseTi ierarqiuli
struqtura ganapirobebs pirveladi signalis divergenciul
damuSavebas, romelic zrdis misi aRmoCenis albaTobas. baduraSi
mdebareobs aseve ori tipis Semakavebeli neironebi, romlebic
CarTulia lokalur wreebSi: horizontaluri da amakrinuli
ujredebi, isini zRudaven signalis gavrcelebas baduras SigniT.

59
TiToeul gangliur ujreds aqvs Tavisi sakuTari receptoruli veli
– baduras mcire ubani, romlis farglebSi sinaTle axdens yvelaze
ufro intensiur amagznebel an Semakavebel gavlenas mocemul ubanze.
cnobilia ori tipis gangliuri ujredi on- da off- centrebiT.
ujredi on- centriT igzneba, rodesac sinaTle ecema receptoruli
velis centrs da kavdeba, rodesac ecema periferias. gangliuri
ujredi off – centriT, kavdeba velis centrSi moxvedrili
sinaTliT, magram igzneba, rodesac sinaTle xvdeba mis kideebs.
sinafsuri urTierTqmedeba Talamusis maintegrirebel neironebs
Soris, gansazRvravs detalebis kontrastulobas da, Sesabamisad,
sagnebis mkveTr danaxvas.
baduras Sida SreSi kolbebi koncentrirebulia im wertilSi, sadac
gamosaxuleba gansakuTrebiT mkveTrad fokusirdeba rqovanidan da
brolidan. am adgils ewodeba centraluri Rrmuli (Fovea). kolbebi
reagireben sxvadasxva ferze.
Cxirebi mgrZnobiareni arian areklili sinaTlis sikaSkaSis mimarT,
feris mimarT ki ara. mdebareoben centraluri Rrmulis kideebze da
kolbebze ufro metad gafantulni arian danarCen baduraze. Rrmulis
Semdeg baduras pirvelive Sre Sedgeba ganliuri ujredebis
aqsonebisgan. aqsonebi ikribebian erT adgilas da qmian mxedvelobiT
nervs, romelic gadascems informacias Tavis tvins. am adgilSi
receptorebi ar aris da mas “brma laqas” uwodeben.

mxedvelobis nervi da mxedvelobis traqti. mxedvelobis nervebi

miemarTebian wina hipoTalamusis fuZisken, sadac xdeba maTi gadawyoba

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gadajvaredinebul (qiazma) da pirdapir konebad. Semdeg ki kvlav
marjvena da marcxena mxedvelobis traqtebad dayofa. marcxena Tvalis
baduris Sida mxares proecirebuli informacia gadadis marjvena
traqtSi da piriqiT (marjvenis – marcxena traqtSi). informacia
baduris gare nawilebidan ki midis gadaujvaredinebeli gzebiT.
amgvarad, garemos yvela wertili proecirdeba orive baduras
Sesabamis wertilebSi, romlebic erToblivad aisaxeba mxedvelobiT
sistemaSi. maT mxedvelobis velis retinotopur proeqciebs uwodeben.
Semdgom, mxedvelobis traqtis aqsonebi miemarTebian meore rigis
centrebTan (Talamur warmonaqmnebTan): lateralur damuxlul
birTvTan da oTxgorakis zeda borcvebTan - samizne struqturebTan,
romlebic metad mniSvnelovania mxedvelobis funqciis
ganxorcielebaSi.
rodesac mxedvelobiTi informacia baduras gangliuri ujredebiT
gadaecema pirveladi mxedvelobis qerqs, iq misi gadanawileba xdeba
baduraSi miRebuli informaciis lokalizaciis Sesabamisad.
centraluri RrmuliT aRqmuli gamosaxuleba, romelic gamoirCeva
Cxirebis maqsimaluri simWidroviT da mxedvelobis umaRlesi
simkveTriT, proecirdeba mxedvelobis ufro did ubanSi, vidre
baduris periferiiT aRqmuli gamosaxuleba.
lateraluri damuxluli birTvis ujredebze gangliuri ujredebis
aqsonebi qmnian sinafsebs da asaxaven mxedvelobis velis Sesabamis
naxevrs. aqedan maTi aqsonebi qerqis pirveladi mxedvelobiTi zonis
(kefis wilSi) ujredebTan miemarTebian.

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oTxgorakis ukana borcvebs uerTdeba gangliuri ujredebis mravali
datotvili aqsoni. amis Sedegad iqmneba ori paraleluri gza
Talamusis sxvadsxva centrTan: lateralur damuxlul birTvTan da
oTxgorakis ukana borcvebTan, romelic inarCunebs Tavis
retinotopul specifikas da erTianobaSi qmnis baduris mowesrigebul
proeqcias. oTxgorakis zeda borcvebis neironebi agzavnian aqsonebs
Talamusis msxvil birTvSi-baliSSi, romelic ZuZumwovrebis tvinis
garTulebis paralelurad izrdeba da aRwevs udides zomebs adamianSi.
cvalebad samyaroSi, borcvakebi sivrciT orientaciaze informaciis
integraciis pirveladi centris funqcias asruleben.
didi tvinis qerqis mxedvelobiTi velebi. lateraluri damuxluli
birTvidan, samyaros gamosaxulebis proeqciebi mxedvelobiTi
radiaciis boWkoebiT gadaecema mxedvelobiTi qerqis marjvena da
marcxena nawilebs. Tumca isini aq zustad ar asaxaven gare samyaros.
zusti asaxva xdeba qerqis ubniT, romelic iRebs informacias
centraluri Rrmulidan – mxedvelobis umaRlesi simkveTris zonidan-
daaxloebiT 35-jer aRemateba ubans, romelic asaxavs igive sididis
wres baduris periferiaze. mas pirvelad mxedvelobiT qerqs uwodeben
da aseve aRniSnaven, rogorc “me-17 vels” anu “strialur qerqs”. is
Sedgeba mowesrigebuli fenebisgan da warmoadgens unikalur
struqturas mTel nervul sistemaSi.
qerqis sxva mxedvelobiTi zonebi. specialuri meTodebis daxmarebiT
dadgenilia kavSirebi me-17velis neironebsa da axlomdebare me-18 da
me-19 velebis IV Sris neironebs Soris. maT “prestrialur” an

62
meorad mxedvelobiT qerqs uwodeben. informacia aqedan gadadis
qerqis sxva ubnebSi da ufro dabal doneze, mag. Talamusis “baliSSi”.
amgvarad, mxedvelobiTi informaciis integracia mimdinareobs
sxvadasxva doneze. “umaRlesia” Sublis wilis mxedvelobiTi are. is
esazRvereba asociaciur qerqs, sadac xdeba sxvadasxva saxis
sensoruli informaciis gaerTianeba. SesaZlebelia, qerqis am ubans
pirdapiri kavSiri aqvs limbur sistemasTan.
signalebis gadamuSaveba qerquli neironebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom
qerqis SigniT ujredebi da ujreduli kavSirebi gaerTianebulia
horizontalur SreebSi, lokaluri procesebi mimdinareobs
vertikaluri svetebis (asambleebis) sazRvrebSi, romlebic moicaven
qerqis yvela Sres qvevidan zeviT (aRwerilia espaneli citologis
lorence de nos mier, 1930-iani wlebSi). SemdgomSi es damtkicda
eleqtrofiziologiuri meTodebiT (vernon mautkasli, amerikeli
fiziologi, 1960-iani wlebi.
nebismieri qerquli sveti Seicavs ujredebis erTnair raodenobas
daaxloebiT 100 neirons, iqneba es virTagvis, katis, maimunis, Tu
adamianis Tavis tvini.
neironebis gamorCeuli reaqcia mxedvelobiTi stimulebis calkeul
Taviseburebebze. baduras zogierTi gangliuri ujredi aigzneba maSin,
rodesac sinaTle mis centrs ecema, xolo Sekaveba – rodesac
periferias; zogierTi ujredi piriqiT iqceva. gafantul sinaTleze
aseTi ujredebi ar pasuxoben, vinaidan Semakavebelma moqmedebam
SeiZleba gaabaTilos gamaaqtivebeli moqmedeba. amerikeli fiziologi
stiven kuflerma 50-ian wlebSi gamoiyena gafantuli sinaTle,

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romelic astimulirebda on- da off- centrian neironebs da miiRo
gaTanabrebis efeqtebi. xolo saSualo, lokaluri stimulebiT
zemoqmedebisas, is garkveuli gangliuri ujredebis kargad gamoxatul
reaqcias iwvevda; msgavsi efeqti iyo miRebuli diskretuli
stimulebiT lateraluri damuxluli birTvis neironebis aqtivaciis
dros (hiubeli da vizeli).
amgvarad, mxedvelobiTi informaciis damuSaveba iwyeba baduras mcire
ubanze dacemuli sinaTlis raodenobis SedarebiT mis garSemo
dacemuli sinaTlis donesTan.

ori Tvali – erTi samyaro. ori Tvali gare samyaros aRiqvams,

rogorc erT mTlians, rasac mxedvelobiTi sistemis ori mTavari
Tavisebureba ganapirobebs:
1. gare samyaros daTvalierebisas Tvalebis moZraoba rTulad aris
koordinirebuli. calkeuli TvaliT danaxuli gamosaxuleba
erTiandeba oTxgorakis zeda borcvebis neironebiT, romlebic ukeT
reagireben moZrav stimulebze. isini vertikalur svetebad arian
organizebuli. svetis ZirSi ganlagebuli ujredebi aqtiurdebian
Tvalebis spontanuri moZraobis dawyebis win da gamSvebi meqanizmis
funqcias asruleben im TvalismamoZravebeli neironebisTvis, romlebic
iwveven Sesabamisi kunTebis SekumSvas da Tvalis iseT gadaadgilebas,
rom mxedvelobis velSi moxvedrili moZravi saganis proecireba
centralur RrmulSi moxdes. orive Tvalis aseTi moZraoba
ganapirobebs “yuradRebis gamaxvilebas” imaze, Tu sad moxda sinaTlis

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gaelveba an raRacis gadaadgileba, raTa Semdeg moxdes misi ukeT
danaxva.
oTxgorakis zeda borcvakebis siRrmis neironebi iReben smeniT
informacias da reagireben bgeraze. aqedan smeniTi da mxedvelobiTi
informacia, miemarTeba ufro dabal doneze - Tvalis kaklis kunTebis
maregulirebel Sua tvinis ujredebTan, rac axdens mzeris gadatanas
iq, sadac smenis SetyobinebiT, im momentSi raRac xdeba.
2. xiluli samyaros proeqciebi orive Tvalis baduridan me-17 velSi
airekleba ori identuri proeqciiT, romelic Semdeg erTiandeba
qerqTaSorisi kavSirebiT.
marjvena da marcxena mxedvelobis gza qmnis paralelur jaWvs (iseve,
rogorc smeniTi gza orive yuridan), Tvalis baduridan mxedvelobiT
qerqamde. qerqis mxedvelobis integraciul centrebSi informaciis
gaerTianebiT, xdeba samganzomilebiani samyaros danaxva.
informaciis sxvadasxva aspeqtis gadacema Tvalis baduridan xdeba
sami paraleluri arxiT: 1. gamosaxulebis specifikurobaze -
lateraluri damuxluli sxeulis gavliT pirvelad mxedvelobiT
qerqSi; 2. moZraobaze – sxvadasxva aqsoniT oTxgorakis zeda
borcvakebSi da mxedvelobis me-17 velSi; 3. gafantuli sinaTlis
doneze – supraqiazmuri birTvebiT.
feri - mxedvelobiTi aRqmis gansakuTrebuli Tviseba. mwvane feris
aRqmaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs baduras lokaluri wris
neironebs - horizontalur ujredebs.
emil heringis (me-19 saukunis germaneli fiziologi) mier
wamoyenebuli iyo “oponenturi ferebis Teoria“, romlis Tanaxmad,

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zogierTi feri erTmaneTis antagonistia: yviTeli da lurji, wiTeli
da mwvane, Savi da feris ar arseboba, TeTri da yvela feris Sexameba.
me-20 saukuneSi es Teoria ganmtkicda calkeuli ujredebis aqtivobis
registraciaze dafuZnebuli eqsperimentebiT. receptoruli velis
centrSi wiTeli feris aRmqmeli gangliuri ujredebi, periferiaze
aRiqvamen mwvanes da piriqiT. ujredebi, romlebic reagireben yviTel
ferze centrSi, mgrZnobireni arian periferiaze lurji feris mimarT
da piriqiT. kolbebi aqtiurdebian garkveuli feris sinaTliT da
lokaluri wreebis horizontalur ujredebTan urTierTqmedebiT
qmnian sxvadasva feradi signalis kombinirebas baduras gangliur
ujredebze konvergenciis dros. swored amitom, gangliuri ujredebi
cnoben “oponentur” ferebs da mwvane gamodis wiTlis antagonistad
(sur. 54).
sagnobrivi da sivrciTi mxedveloba. mxedvelobiTi sistemiT
SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros, Tu sad imyofeba saintereso obieqti da
ras warmoadgens is.
adreuli SexedulebiT, sivrciT informaciasTan dakavSirebuli
procesebis marTva (mzeris fiqsacia obieqtze) xdeboda oTxgorakis
zeda borcvebiT, xolo obieqtis amocnobis niSnebs maTi Semdgomi
analiziT xsnidnen.
dRevandeli SexedulebiT, mxedvelobiTi analizis orive tipi
damokidebulia informaciis nakadze, romelic mimarTulia damuxluli
sxeulidan me-17 velTan, da sxvadasxva sistemaze, romelsac gadaecema
es informacia me-17 veliT Semdgomi damuSavebisTvis.

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sagnis niSnebis amocnoba. maimunebze sxvadasxva meTodiT (qirurgiuli
da neironuli aqtivobis registraciis) dadgenilia, rom qerqis
safeTqlis wilTan dakavSirebulia “funqciebis amocnoba”. mortimer
miSkinis (amerikeli neirofsiqologis) varaudiT, safeTqlis wilis
mxedvelobiT zonaSi inaxeba adre nanaxi sagnis raRac “kvali”,
romelic Sesadarebel nimuSad gamoiyeneba, SemdgomSi raime sagnis
aRqmis dros. msgavseba iwvevs erTi saxis reaqcias (“me vici es
sagani”), gansxvavdeba – meore saxis (“adre me ar minaxavs es sagani”).
am ubanSi neironebis aqtivobis registraciiT aRmoaCenilia
specifikuri ujredebi, romlebic reagireben zogierTi maimunis saxeze
da ar reagireben sxva maimunis saxeze. es niSnavs, rom zogierTi
ujredi, stimuls rTul specifikur moTxovnebs uyenebs da
aqtiurdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac obieqti amoicnoba Tavisi
elementebis erTobliobiT. safeTqlis wilis mxedvelobis qerqis
ujredebi iReban sxva sensorul informaciasac, maT Soris smeniTs da
ynosviTs, rac exmareba maT sagnis amocnobaSi.
amgvarad, ujredebs, romlebic “amoicnoben” sagans, SeuZliaT maRali
rangis detalebis aRqma da maTi Sedareba mexsierebaSi arsebul
nimuSebTan. aseTi gziT SesaZlebelia samyaros sagnebis TiTqmis
usasrulo mravalferovneba gaanalizdes.
sivrciTi informaciis amocnoba. fiqroben, rom informaciis
gadamuSavebis umaRles doneze paralelurad moqmedebs mxedvelobiTi
analizis ori sistema: erTi gansazRvravs sagnis mdebareobas sivrceSi,
xolo meore –mis bunebas. yovel sistemaSi moqmedebs sxvadasxva gza
da neironuli wreebis sxvadasxva kombinacia; orive sistema

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damokidebulia informaciaze, romelsac Rebulobs mxedvelobiTi
“konveiris” qveda rgolebidan, magram iyenebs mas gansxvavebulad,
damuSavebis procesSi sxva sensoruli sistemis monacemebTan
gaerTianebisas. mogviano stadiaze, rodesac am paraleluri
procesebis Sedegebi integrirdeba, aRmocendeba gare samyaros
dasrulebuli saxe.

leqcia 6. MmoZraobis regulacia

movlenebis arsis Cawvdomas gansxvavebuli gziT cdiloben : 1)

“gamaerTianeblebi”, klasikuri midgomis mimdevrebi, romlebic eZeben
samyaros erTi, rogorc erTi mTlianis funqciebis maregulirebel
kanonebs da 2)“damwiladeblebi”, romantikuli wyobis moazrovneebi,
romlebic yuradRebas amaxvileben kerZoze – garegan saxeze, xmebze da
a.S. klasikosebi romantikosebis axsna-ganmartebas miuReblad Tvlian
(“Sen meubnebi, rom giyvarvar, magram me –mxolod erTi wyvili didi
Taflisferi Tvali ara var ”), romantikosebs ki ar awyobT
klasikosebis moTxovna (“leqciebis am kursSi tvinze Zalian bevri
detalia – sjobs pirdapir miTxraT, kerZod ra unda vicode”).

leqciebis am kursis mizania mivceT klasikuri axsna-ganmarteba imas,

Tu rogor aris organizebuli tvini, da im principebs, romelTa
safuZvelze is muSaobs. magram amave dros, gamoyenebulia adamianis
moqmedebis gansxvavebuli cxovrebiseuli gamovlenis magaliTebi.
rodesac sensoruli sistemebidan gadavdivarT motorulze, da gvinda

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gavigoT, Tu rogor aiZulebs tvini sxeuls imoZraos unda
gamoviyenoT orive zemoxsenebuli midgoma.
Zalian martivad warmovidginoT, rom motorul sistemaSi moqmedi
“konveiri” moZraobs sensorul sistemaSi misi moZraobis
sawinaaRmdegod. sensorul sistemaSi informacia sawyis iRebs
periferiaze da gadaecema zemoT Tavis tvinis qerqSi. motorul
sistemaSi informacia mimarTulia mamoZravebeli qerqidan periferiaze,
sadac muSaoben kunTovani struqturebi – efeqtorebi, romlebic
anxorcieleben moZraobas.
kunTebi da saxsrebi. Cveni sxeulis yvela kunTi erTi boloTi
emagreba erT Zvals da meoreTi saxsriT ukavSirdeba meore Zvals.
kunTis SekumSva iwvevs mis damoklebas da erT-erTi Zvlis moZraobas.
“ori Zvlis wesSi” ori gamonaklisia: Tvalisa da enis kunTebi. amave
dros, yvela kunTi eqvemdebareba saerTo wess: moZraobis gamomwvev
yvela kunTs upirispirdeba meore kunTi, romlis SekumSva iwvevs
sawinaaRmdego moZraobas. aseTi wyvili antagonisti kunTebis muSaoba
ganapirobebs tanis gasworebul mdgomareobas, an romelime sxva pozas,
miuxedavad simZimis Zalis moqmedebisa.
kunTis SekumSvas iwvevs mamoZravebeli nervis aqtivaciis dros nerv-
kunTovan sinafsSi gamoyofili qimiuri mediatori acetilqolini,
romelic uerTeba kunTovani boWkos membranaze specifikur molekulas
– receptors. acetilqolinis moqmedeba SeiZleba gaZlierdes
nikotiniT, da Sekavdes mcenareuli SxamiT-kurareTi (kurares mSvild-
isriT cxovelebze nadirobis dros iyenebdnen).

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kunTebis umetesobis SekumSva eqvemdebareba Cvens neba-survils, amitom
aseT moZraobas ewodeba nebiTi, refleqsurisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic
SeiZleba swrafad moxdes Cveni nebisgan damoukideblad. nebismier
SemTxvevaSi kunTovani boWkos gaaqtiveba xdeba mamoZravebeli nervis
brZanebiT. amitom mamoZravebel aqsons da motoneirons (zurgis tvinis
neirons, romelsac es aqsoni ekuTvnis) uwodeben moZraobis
regulaciis saerTo saboloo gzas.
nebismier calkeul kunTovan boWkos akontrolebs mxolod erTi
motoneironi, magram erT motoneirons SeuZlia akontrolos mravali
kunTovani boWko Tavisi aqsonis ganStoebebiT. aqsonis ganStoebebis
raodenoba damokidebulia kunTis moZraobis sinatifeze, romelsac is
akontrolebs (TvalismamoZravebel kunTebSi erTi neironi
akontrolebs daaxloebiT 3 kunTovan boWkos, xolo TeZos
mamoZravebel kunTebSi erT neironze modis aseulobiT kunTovani
boWko).
zurgis tvini- motoneironebis saTavsi.
mamoZravebel neirons (motoneirons) da mis aqsons kunTovan
boWkoebTan erTad, romlebsac is akontrolebs, uwodeben mamoZravebel
erTeuls. es erTeulebi SeiZleba SevadaroT sensorul Sesavlebs, im
mxriv, rom orive ganlagebulia sxva doneze gare samyarosTan ufro
axlos. am mxriv, zurgis tvins uWiravs daaxloebiT iseTi
mdgomareoba neironul “konveirSi”, rogorc baduras - mxedvelobiT
sistemaSi. orive warmoadgens neironebis krebuls, gadaweuls
periferiidan siRrmeSi, romelic lokaluri wreebis meSveobiT,
anxorcielebs integraciis mniSvnelovan etaps da signalebis

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filtracias. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom zurgis tvinis doneze
integraciis SedarebiT martivi saxe warmoadgens dasawyiss ufro
mZlavri da natifi mamoZravebeli aqtebisTvis, romlebic xorcieldeba
didi naxevarsferoebis qerqis mamoZravebeli centrebidan zurgis
tvinis marTviT Sesabamisi brZanebis miRebisTanave.
zurgis tvinis refleqsebi. kunTebi Seicaven mgrZnobiare nervebsac,
romlebic monawileoben propriocepciaSi – gvaZleven SesaZleblobas
SevigrZnoT sakuTari sxeulis mdgomareoba da moZraoba. sensoruli
receptorebi moTavsebulia an kunTebSi - specialur kompleqsebSi,
romelTac uwodeben kunTovan TiTistarebs, an myesebSi- sadac kunTi
emagreba Zvals. es receptorebi zurgis tvins an ufro maRali donis
mamoZravebel centrs ugzavnian informacias, mocemul momentSi kunTis
mier ganviTarebuli daZabulobis Sesaxeb. es informacia xels uwyobs
myesis mdgomareobis gansazRvras da amiT sawyisi poziciis dadgenas
momdevno moZraobis dawyebisTvis.
magaliTi: refleqsebis Semowmeba xdeba CaquCis dartymiT myesze
muxlis kvirisTavis qveS. dartymisgan iWimeba myesi (romelic
uSualod mierTebuli TeZos oTxTava kunTTan), xdeba masSi mdebare
receptoris agzneba, romelic sensoruli nerviT gadaecema spinalur
motoneirons da gamoiwvevs TeZos kunTis SekumSvas - moxdeba fexis
zemoT aweva. refleqsi swrafad, wamze naklebi drois ganmavlobaSi
sruldeba.
antagonisti kunTebis reciprokuli kontroli. lursmanze fexis
dabijeba mjdomare mdgomareobaSi iwvevs dazianebuli terfis moxras
da meore fexis terfis gaSlas. am refleqsis makontrolebeli

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motoneironebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba dabadebamde (axaldabadebuli
bavSvi vertikalur mdgomareobaSi fexebs ise amoZravebs, rogorc
siarulis dros). erTi fexis terfze ganlagebuli sensoruli
neironebi uSualod aaqtiureben zurgis tvinis motoneironebs, rac
iwvevs momxreli kunTebis SekumSvas. igive sensoruli nervis
ganStoebebiT igzneba motoneironebi, romlebic akontroleben meore
fexis gamSlelebs.
kunTebis reciprokuli kontroli da zurgis tvinisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli gadajvaredinebuli inervacia awonasworebs kidurebis
moZraobas siarulis (lokomociis) dros da sxva nebismieri fizikuri
aqtiurobis dros.
antagonisturi kunTebis wonasworobas mudmivad akontrolebs
proprioceptuli nervebi. isini operatiulad axdenen Setyobinebas
Sesabamisi kunTebis SefardebiT daZabulobaze da sigrZeze.
antagonistis moqmedebiT SekumSuli kunTis daWimva iwvevs mis SigniT
moTavsebuli receptorebis gaaqtiurebas da paralelurad xdeba im
myesis daWimvis receptorebis agzneba, romliTac kunTi emagreba
Zvals. mxris sartylis kunTebis daRlis dros, xeli iwyebs
CamoSvebas. kunTovani boWkoebi iWimeba da aagznebs mxris kunTebis
makontrolirebel motoneironebs, amave dros, kunTuri Zabvis dacema
amcirebs myesis receptorebis aqtiobas, da maTi Semakavebeli moqmedeba
motoneironebze sustdeba. amis Sedegad, xdeba mxris kunTebis
Sekavebis gaZliereba da xelze misi moqmedebis aRdgena.
zurgis tvinis Sinagani, lokaluri sistemis meSveobiT yvela
cvlilebaze kontroli avtomaturad sruldeba, rogorc ki moxdeba

72
moZraobis Sesabamisi programis arCeva. magram gadawyvetilebas xelis
awevaze iRebs ufro maRali rangis centri, romlis pirvel wyaros
warmoadgens mamoZravebeli qerqi.
mamoZravebeli qerqi.
orive did naxevarsferoSi mamoZravebeli qerqi viwro zonris saxiT
ebjineba pirvelad sensorul qerqs. adre varaudobdnen, rom qerquli
motoruli ubani organizebulia mezobeli sensoruli ubnis
analogiurad, anu sxeulis zedapiris proeqciebis Sesabamisad da
sxeulis zedapiri aseve damaxinjebulad aisaxeboda: tuCebs, mtevnebs
da TiTebs ekavaT gacilebiT didi farTi, vidre fexebs da sxeuls
(sur. 58).
mogvianebiT, eqsperimentul monacemebze dayrdnobiT, garkveuli
kunTebis amagznebeli wertilebis sivrciT ganlagebas gansxvavebuli
axsna misces. neironebi mamoZravebel qerqSi, organizebulia
vertikalur svetebad. mezobeli neironebi moZraobis
ganxorcielebisas gansxvavebulad iqcevian: zogi igzneba, zogi kavdeba,
zogic sul ar icvleba.
amJamad, qerqis mamoZravebeli svetis umniSvnelovanes funqciad
iTvleba ara mxolod garkveuli kunTebis aqtivacia, aramed saxsris
garkveuli mdgomareobis ganpirobeba. saxsris sawyis poziciaze
damokidebulebiT mocemul svets SeuZlia imoqmedos momxrel, an
gamSlel kunTebze da uzrunvelyofs saxsars sasurveli kuTxe. am
TvalsazrisiT, is - mamoZravebeli neironebis ansamblia, romelic
moqmedeb mocemuli saxsris yvela kunTze. ufro zogadi ganmartebiT,

73
qerqi kodirebs Cveni moZraobebis ara calkeuli kunTebis SekumSvis
regulaciiT, aramed ganapirobebs saxsrebis garkveul mdgomareobas.
qerqis neironebs, romlebic ukavSirdebian zurgis tvinis neironebs,
ewodebaT becis (pirvelad aRwera rusma anatomma becma XIX
saukuneSi) ujredebi. isini mdebareoben mamoZravebeli qerqis siRrmeSi
da miekuTvnebian qerqis yvelaze did ujredebs. maTi aqsonebi qmnian
msxvil nervul konas – piramidul traqts, romelic gadadis
moirdapire mxares.
sad aris mamoZravebeli qerqis neironebis agznebis wyaro? pasuxi
SeiZleba iyos aseTi:
agzneba aRiZvreba qerqis sensorul neironebSi nebismieri sensoruli
informaciis gadamuSavebis yvelaze bolo etapze, rodesac Cndeba
kidurebis mdgomareobis da garkveuli swrafi moZraobis Sesrulebis
aucileblobis amreklavi abstraqciis maRali donis signali, swored
es informacia, romelic moicavs saxsrebis mdgomareobisa da kunTebis
daZabulobis srul monacemebs, safuZvlad udevs motoruli qerqis
mier garkveuli moZraobebis gamowvevas.
bazaluri gangliebi. bazaluri gangliebi mdebareoben didi
naxevarsferoebis fuZeze. Seicaven zolian sxeuls-striatums,
subTalamur birTvs da Sav substancias;
zoliani sxeuli iRebs informacias (sensoruls da moZraobis
sistemis aqtivobis donis Sesaxeb) didi tvinis yvela ubnidan;
Talamusis birTvebidan da Savi substanciidan, romelic mamoZravebel
sistemaze moqmedebs dofaminis gziT. parkinsonis avadmyofobis dros

74
dofamierguli neironebi am struqturaSi iRupeba. mkurnaloben
preparat l-dofaTi.
naTxemi. naTxems uwodeben kidev “ patara tvins”. misi zedapiri
gazrdilia mravalricxovani naoWebiT, naTxemis foTlrbs uwodeben.
maT SreebSi mdebareoben purkinies ujredebi da marcvlovani
ujredebi.
naTxemi iRebs informacias didi naxevarsferoebidan, tvinis Rerodanda
zurgis tvinidan. mTeli informaciis integracias axdenen purkinies
ujredebi da agzavnian naTxemis siRrmeSi moTavsebul birTvebTan. am
birTvebis informacia cvlis mamoZravebeli qerqis neironebis
aqtivobas.
naTxemi aregulirebs kunTebis tonuss, natif moZraobebs.
stereotipul moZraopbebs.
daskvniTi SeniSvna: sensoruli da mamoZravebeli sistemebi
moqmedeben calcalke, magram erTis moqmedeba aucileblad iwveves
more sistemis moqmedebis dawyebas.

leqcia 7. hipoTalamusi, homeostazi da motivirebuli

qceva.
Sesavali. Qrogor sruldeba qceva? arsebobs motoruli
pasuxebis sxvadasxva tipi. umdablesi donea sensoruli
gamRizianebliT gamowveuli gaucnobierebeli refleqsebi
– sinaTlis gamorTvaze gugebis gafarToveba, fexis
uecrivi mocileba pedlidan da a.S. umaRlesi done aris

75
gacnobierebuli moZraobebi gamowveuli Sublis wilis
neironebiT – mag., TiTebis moZraobebi, rodesac beWdavT
teqsts kompiuterze. nebiTi moZraoba motivirebulebia
moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. motivacia SeiZleba
iyos Zalian abstraqtuli (gaseirnebis moTxovnileba
zafxulis SuadRis Tbil amindSi) da aseve sakmaod
konkretuli (tualetSi wasvlis moTxovnileba, rodesac
saSarde buSti savsea).
moTxovnilebas miiCneven qcevis mamoZravebel Zalad.
analogiis magaliTs warmoadgens natriumis ionebze
mamoZravebeli Zalis moqmedeba neironul membranSi
gasvlisas (es analogia neiromecnieruli teqstisTvis
ucnauri ar aris). rogorc cnobilia, ionuri
mamoZravebeli Zala damokidebulia rig faqtorebze,
romelSic CarTulia membranis nebismieri mxris ionuri
koncentracia da eleqtruli membranuli potenciali.
mamoZravebeli Zalis cvlilebebi transmembranul ionur
dens garkveul mimarTulebas aZlevs. magram mxolod
mamoZravebeli Zala denis mimdinareobas ver gansazRvravs;
ionebis transmembranul moZraobas aseve sWirdeba, rom
damaxasiaTebeli daWiSkruli ionuri arxebi iyos Ria da
Ddenis gatarebis unariani.
rasakvirvelia, adamianis qceva ise martivad ver
aRiwereba, rogorc “omis” kanoni. Tumca unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom qcevis Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba
da mimarTuleba misi mamoZravebeli Zalis doniT

76
ganisazRvreba da miuxedavad imisa, rom garkveul qcevas
motivacia sWirdeba, is am qcevis Sesrulebis garanti ar
aris. membranis analogia aseve gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas
gavaSuqoT is faqti, rom qcevis kontrolis mTavari
nawili aris konfliqturi miznebis mqone sxvadasxva
motivaciuri moqmedebis Sesabamisi gamoxatvis gamosavali
– magaliTad, kompiuteris klaviaturaze beWdva, SuadReze
iaxtiT gaseirnebis magivrad.
neiromecnierebas mainc ar SeuZlia mogvces
konkretuli axsna, Tu ratom iyo iaxtiT gaseirneba
mitovebuli, am Tavis daweris sasargeblod. Tumca,
mniSvnelovani progresi moxda iseTi qcevis motivaciis
gagebaSi, romelic ufro bazisuria gadarCenisTvis.

hipoTalamusi, homeostazi da motivaciuri qceva

hipoTalamusi da homeostazi ganvixileT wina leqciaze.
gavixsenoT, rom homeostazi miekuTvneba process, romelic
inarCunebs organizmis Sinagan garemos viwro
fiziologiur farglebSi. Tumca homeostazuri
refleqsebi nervuli sistemis sxvadasxva doneze
mimdinareobs, hipoTalamusi mainc asrulebs sakvanZo
funqcias sxeulis temperaturis, siTxis balansisa da
energiis balansis regulaciaSi.
homeostazis hipoTalamuri regulacia iwyeba
sensoruli gardaqniT (transduqciiT). saregulacio
parametri (magaliTad, temperatura) izomeba specialuri

77
sensoruli neironebiT da optimaluri intervalidan
gadaxrebi aRiricxeba hipoTalamusis periventrikul
zonaSi moTavsebuli neironebiT. Semdeg, es neironebi
axdenen integrirebuli pasuxis organizacias, romelic
abrunebs parametrs ukan, Tavisi optimaluri sididisken.
pasuxi zogadad sami komponentisgan Sedgeba:
1. humoruli pasuxi: hipoTalamusis neironebi
sensorul signalebs sisxlis nakadSi hipofizis
hormonebis gamoyofis SekavebiT an gaadvilebiT
pasuxoben.
2. viscero-motoruli pasuxi: hipoTalamusis neironebi
sensorul signalebs pasuxoben avtonomuri nervuli
sistemis simpaTikuri da parasimpaTikuri produqciis
balansis regulaciiT.
3. somato-motoruli pasuxi: hipoTalamusis neironebi
(gansakuTrebiT lateraluri hipoTalamusis)
sensorul signalebs pasuxoben Sesabamisi somato-
motoruli qceviTi pasuxis stimulaciiT.
ganvixiloT magaliTi: gvciva, organizmi
dehidratirebulia (wylis nakleboba aqvs), energia
amowurulia. xdeba Sesabamisi humoruli da viscero-
motoruli pasuxebis avtomaturi CarTva. gaZagZagebT,
sisxli Suntirebs zedapiridan Sors, Sardis gamoyofa
Sekavebulia, xdeba organizmis cximebis rezervis
mobilizacia da a.S. magram Tavis tvinis darRveuli
homeostazis koreqciis ufro swraf da efeqtur gzas

78
warmoadgens siTbos aqtiuri Zebna an gaTboba
moZraobiT, wylis smiT an kvebiT. es motivirebuli
qcevebis magaliTebia, romlebic warmoqmnilia somato-
motoruli sistemiT da maTi aqtivacia xdeba
lateraluri hipoTalamusis stimulaciiT. Cveni mizania
am tipis motivaciis nervuli safuZvlebis Seswavla.
ilustraciisTvis ganvixiloT kvebiTi qceva.

KkvebiTi qcevis xangrZlivi regulacia

cnobilia, rom cocxali organizmis JangbadiT
momaragebis xanmokle Seferxebac iwvevs Tavis tvinis
seriozul dazianebas da sikvdils. aseve Zlieria Tavis
tvinis moTxovnileba glukozis mimarT. glukozis
depivacia ramdenime wuTiTac iwvevs gonebis dakargvas,
rac SeiZleba fatalurad damTavrdes, Tu ar aRdga
misi miwodeba. rogorc wesi, garegani garemo organizms
uzrunvelyofs Jangbadis mudmivi wyaroTi, magram
sakvebiT - naklebad. amitom, Sinagani maregulirebeli
meqanizmebis kompleqss organizmSi gamoyofili energiis
maragi aqvs, raTa moTxovnilebis SemTxvevaSi moxdes
misi moxmareba. erT-erTi mTavari mizezi, Cveni kvebis
motivaciisa aris am rezervis Senaxva im doneze,
romelic gvaZlevs garantias, rom energiis nakleboba
ar iqneba.

energiis balansi

79
energiis maragis Sevseba xdeba sakvebis miRebis dros
da maSinaTve misi damTavrebis Semdeg. mdgomareobas,
rodesac sisxli Sevsebulia sakvebiT, ewodeba
prandialuri mdgomareoba. am dros energia maragdeba
ori formiT: glikogeniT da trigliceridiT (sur 16.1).
glikogenis rezervs aqvs SezRuduli moculoba. is
ZiriTadad RviZlSi da ConCxis kunTebSi inaxeba.
trigliceridebis rezervi gvxvdeba adipozur (cximovan)
qsovilSi da Cveulebriv maT SeuzRudavi moculoba
aqvT. martivi prekursorebisagan iseTi
makromolekulebis, rogoricaa glikogeni da
trigliceridebi, gaerTianebis process ewodeba
anabolizmi anu anaboluri metabolizmi.
kvebaTa Soris mSier periods ewodeba
postabsorbciuli mdgomareoba. glikogenisa da
trigliceridebis maragi am dros iSleba, raTa
uzrunvelhyos organizmis ujreduli metabolizmi
sawvaviT - molekulebis mudmivi miwodebiT (glukoza
yvela tipis ujredebisTvis, xolo cximovani mJavebi da
ketonebi neironebis garda danarCeni ujredebisTvis).
makromolekurebis kompleqsebis daSlis process
ewodeba katabolizmi anu kataboluri metabolizmi; is
anabolizmis sawinaaRmdego procesia. sistema iqneba
swor balansSi, rodesac energiis rezervi aRdgeba
igive saSualo siCqariT, rogoriTac moxda misi

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daxarjva. Tu energiis miReba da damarageba mudmivad
Warbobs daxarjvas, organizmis cximebis raodenoba, anu
adipozuroba izrdeba, rac, Cveulebriv mTavrdeba
gasuqebiT. Tu energiis miReba mudmivad naklebia
organizmis moTxovnilebaze, cximovani qsovili
ikargeba, rasac Sedegad Cveulebriv SimSiloba da
gaxdoma mohyveba. suraTi 16.2 gviCvenebs energiis
balansisa da organizmis cximebis zogadi warmodgenis
sumirebas.
sistema, rom darCes balansirebuli unda iyos
kvebiTi qcevis regulaciis gzebi, dafuZnebuli energiis
rezervis zomaze da misi aRdgenis siCqareze. bolo
aTwleulis manZilze, kvlevam mniSvnelovani progresi
ganicada im sxvadasxva gzis axsnaSi, romliTac xdeba
es regulireba. es arc Tu ise swrafad moxda, Tumca
kvebasTan dakavSirebuli darRvevebi da simsuqne
janmrTelobis farTod gavrcelebul problemebad
iTvleba. dRes ukve naTelia, rom arsebobs mravali
maregulirebeli meqanizmi, zogierTi xangrZlivi drois
periodiT moqmedebs organizmis cximovani rezervis
SenarCunebaze, da zogierTi mokle drois ganmavlobaSi
(sakvebis raodenobisa da miRebis sixSiris
maregulirebeli).

organizmis cximebisa da kvebis hormonuli da

hipoTalamuri regulacia

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kvebiTi qcevis homeostazur regulacias aqvs
xangrZlivi istoria, magram gamocanis nawilebi
mxolod exla Tavsdebian Tavis adgilebze. rogorc
davinaxavT, kvebiTi qceva stimulirdeba, rodesac
hipoTalamusis neironebi aRricxaven cximovani
ujredebiT gamoyofili hormonebis donis dawevas. es
hipoTalamuri ujredebi Sekrebilia periventrikulur
zonaSi; is neironebi ki, romlebic CarTaven kvebiT
qcevas arian lateralur hipoTalamusSi.

organizmis cximebi da sakvebis moxmareba.

rogorc ilustrirebulia suraT 16.3, virTagvaSi
kaloriebis miRebis mkacri SezRudviT SesaZlebelia
gamoviwvioT organizmis cximebis dakargva. magram,
rogorc ki sakvebi Tavisuflad xelmisawvdomi gaxdeba,
cxoveli maSinaTve iwyebs gaZlierebul kvebas, sanam
organizmis cximebis sawyisi done mTlianad ar aRdgeba
(es albaT nacnobi SemTxvevaa). magram muSaoba
piriqiTac xdeba. cxovelebs, romlebsac ZaliT kvebaven
cximovani masis mosamateblad, Tu erTxel mainc miecaT
SemTxveva Tavisi sakuTari dietis daregulirebisa,
iwyeben naklebi sakvebis miRebas, sanam maTi organizmis
cximebis done ar daubrundeba normas. naTelia,
virTagvaSi moxda energiis homeostazis SesanarCunebeli
meqanizmis CarTva. is varaudi, rom Tavis tvini
akontrolebs organizmis cximebis raodenobas da

82
moqmedebs, rom ”daicvas” es energetikuli maragi
cvlilebebisgan, pirvelad iyo SemoTavazebuli 1953
wels britaneli mecnieris gordon kenedis mier, da mas
uwodeben lipostatikur hipoTezas.
organizmis cximebsa da kvebiT qcevas Soris kavSiri
varaudobs, rom unda arsebobdes komunikacia
mimarTuli adipozuri qsovilidan Tavis tvinisken.
sisxliT gadatanili hormonuli signalis arseboba
dadasturda 1960 wels duglas kolemanisa da misi
kolegebis mier, jeksonis laboratoriaSi, sadac
muSaobdnen genetikurad msuqan Tagvebze.
erTi xazis msuqani Tagvebis dezoqsiribonukleinis
mJavas (drnm-s) aklda geni ob-s orive kopia. amitom aseT
Tagvebs uwodebdnen ob/ ob Tagvebs. kolemanis varaudiT,
ob geniT kodirebuli proteini aris hormoni, romelic
tvins ugzavnis informacias, cximovani maragis normis
farglebis Sesaxeb. amgvarad, ob/ob TagvebSi, romlebic
moklebuli arian am gens, Tavis tvini motyuebulia im
azriT, rom cximis maragi dabalia da cxovelebs aqvT
aranormaluri kvebis motivacia. am varaudis
Sesamowmeblad gamoyenebuli iyo parabiozis
eqsperimenti. parabiozi aris ori cxovelis xangrZlivi
anatomiuri da fiziologiuri gaerTianeba, rogorc
siamis tyupebis. Serwymis miRweva SeiZleba
qirurgiulad. miRebul parabiozul cxovelebSi
danawevrebulia sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema. kolemanma

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da misma kolegebma aRmoaCines, rom rodesac ob/ ob
cxovelebi iyvnen normalur TagvebTan parabiozSi, maTi
kvebiTi qceva da simsuqne iyo Zalian reducirebuli,
TiTqos hormoni, romelic aklda aRdga (sur.16.4).
kvleva mimdinareobda agreTve ob geniT kodirebul
cilaze. 1994 wels mecnierTa jgufma jefri fridmanis
xelmZRvanelobiT (rokfeleris universiteti),
sabolood moaxdina cilis izolireba. mas uwodes
leptini. ob/ ob Tagvebis mkurnalobam leptiniT
mTlianad Secvala simsuqne da kvebiTi darRvevebi
(suraTi 16.5). hormoni leptini, gamoyofili
adipocitebis (cximovani ujredebis) mier, aregulirebs
organizmis masas hipoTalamusis neironebze pirdapiri
moqmedebiT, rac zrdis madas (moTxovnilebas,
motivacias) da energiis xarjvas.
rogor moqmedebs leptini simsuqneze? (Box16.1).
rogor ebrZvis leptinis daweva SimSilobas, rac
sicocxlisTvis kidev ufro mniSvnelovania? leptinis
deficiti astimulirebs SimSils da kvebiT qcevas,
zRudavs energiis xarjvas, da akavebs gamravlebis
unarianobas (adaptaciuri pasuxi, rodesac sakvebis
naklebobaa da energiis maragi dabalia).

Bboqsi 16.1. msuqnebis moSimSile Tavis tvini.

msgavsad ob/ ob Tagvebisa, adamianebs leptinis
deficitiT, axasiaTebT kvebis moTxovnileba,

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Senelebuli matabolizmi, da arian avadmyofurad
msuqnebi. aseTi individebisaTvis leptinis aRmdgeni
Terapia SeiZleba iyos “saocrebis saSualeba” (suraTi
A). maSin, rodesac leptinis genze moqmedi mutaciebi
iSviaTia, uamravi monacemi arsebobs adamianis simsuqnis
mravali formis genetikur safuZvelze. simsuqnis
memkvidreobiToba eqvivalenturia simaRlis
memkvidreobiTobis da ufro metad, vidre bevri sxva
mdgomareoba gulis daavadebebisa da filtvis kibos
CaTvliT. CarTulia mravali geni da mimdinareobs
kvleva maT aRmosaCenad.
simsuqne adamianis janmrTelobis mTavari
problemaa, aSS-Si, mosaxleobis 60%-ze meti Warbi
wonisaa, da milionobiT paTologiurad msuqania.
leptinis aRmoCenam Seamcira simsuqnis samarcxvino
daRi: es aris daavadeba, da ara xasiaTis defeqtis
Sedegi. msuqani adamianebi iZulebulebi arian Wamon.
isini ganicdian did moTxovnilebas sakvebisadmi da
amave dros, aqvT Senelebuli metabolizmi. leptinis
deficitis SemTxvevaSi, Tavis tvini da sxeuli pasuxobs
ise, TiTqos adamiani aris mSieri, miuxedavad
mniSvnelovani simsuqnisa.
leptini gamoiyeneba simsuqnis mkurnalobisTvis.
logikurad, leptinis damatebiT Tavis tvini SeiZleba
motyuvdes madis daqveiTebiT da metabolizmis
gazrdiT. samwuxarod, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda,

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sadac hormoni bunebrivad ar aris, msuqani pacientebis
umravlesoba ver pasuxobs leptinis Terapias. marTlac,
mraval adamianSi iyo aRmoCenili leptinis donis
arabunebrivi momateba sisxlSi. TiTqos aseTi
pacientebis problema mdgomareobs Tavis tvinis
neironebis mgrZnobelobis daqveiTebaSi sisxlSi
cirkulirebuli leptinis mimarT. amJamad, mimdinareobs
intensiuri Zalisxmeva. problema SeiZleba mdgomareobs
leptinis Semcirebuli raodenobis gasvlaSi
hematoencefalur barierSi, hipoTalamusis
periventrikul neironebSi leptinis receptorebis
Semcirebul gamovlenaSi, an hipoTalamusis aqtivobis
cvlilebebSi cns-is Secvlil pasuxebSi. wamlis
samizneebis identificirebaSi Tavis tvinis kvebis
wreebSi, romlebiTac leptini miemarTeba qveviT.
hipoTalamusi da kveba. heteringtonma da rensonma
1940 wels gamoaqveynes, rom virTagvas hipoTalamusis
orive mxris mcire dazianebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios didi
gavlena momdevno kvebiT qcevaze da wylis smaze.
lateraluri hipoTalamusis ormxrivi dazianeba iwvevs
anoreqsias - sakvebisadmi moTxovnilebis (madis) mkacr
Semcirebas. piriqiT, ventromedialuri hipoTalamusis
ormxrivi dazianeba iwvevs gadaWarbebul kvebas da
simsuqnes (sur.16.6) aseTi sqema bazuria adamianSic.
lateraluri hipoTalamusis dazianebiT gamowveul
anoreqsias zogadad moixseneben, rogorc lateraluri

86
hipoTalamusis sindroms; xolo kvebiT sixarbes da
simsuqnes, gamowveuls ventromedialuri hipotalamusis
dazianebiT- ventromedialur hipoTalamur sindroms.
raRac periodi, popularuli iyo varaudi, rom
lateraluri hipoTalamusi iyo “SimSilis centri”
romelic moqmedebda ventromedialur hipoTalamusSi
moTavsebul “simaZRris centrTan”. amgvarad, medialuri
an lateraluri hipoTalamusis dazianeba iwvevda
sistemis balansirebis darRvevas. lateraluri
hipoTalamusis dazianeba iwvevda cxovelebSi Seusabamo
simaZRres, ise, rom isini ar Wamdnen; ventromedialuri
hipoTalasmusis dazianeba iwvevda cxovelebSi SimSilis
SegrZnebas, ise, rom isini xarbad bevrs Wamdnen. magram,
aseTi “ormagi centris” modeli aRmoCnda Zalian
gamartivebuli. amJamad aris ukeTesi hopoTeza, Tu
ratom moqmedebs hipoTalamusis dazianeba organizmis
cximebze da kvebiT qcevaze – is bevrs akeTebs leptinis
signalizaciiT.

leptinis gazrdili donis gavlena hipoTalamusze.

rogor monawileobs hipoTalamusi organizmis cximebis
homeostazSi? jer ganvixiloT pasuxi, leptinis maRali
donis pirobebSi.
adipocitebis mier sisxlis nakadSi gamoyofili
leptinis molekulebi, aaqtiureben leptinis

87
receptorebs hipoTalamusis TaRiseburi birTvis
neironebze. birTvi mdebareobs mesame parkuWis fskeris
maxloblad (sur. 16.7). TaRisebri birTvi, romelic
aqtiurdeba sisxlSi leptinis donis aweviT, xasiaTdeba
neirotransmiteruli molekulebis peptidebis
garkveuli jgufiT. umravlesobas gaaCnia, rogorc aMS
(alpha –melanocyte- stimulating hormone), aseve CART (cocaine
and amphetamine-regulated transcript) peptidebi. msgavsad sxva
neirotransmiterebisa, am molekulebis funqciuri
roli damokidebulia im wreze, romelSic is
monawileobs, am neirotransmiterebis doneebi Tavis
tvinSi icvleba sisxlSi leptinis donis
proporciulad.
rogoria organizmis integrirebuli pasuxi
adipozitis siWarbeze (da leptinis maRal doneze)?
humoruli pasuxi xasiaTdeba Tiroid-mastimulirebeli
hormonis (TSH) da adreno-kortiko-tropuli hormonis
(ACTH) gazrdili sekreciiT. hipofizis es hormonebi
moqmedeben Tiroidul da adrenalur jirkvlebze da
aqvT mTeli sxeulis ujredebis metaboluri siCqaris
amwevi efeqti. visceromotoruli pasuxi zrdis
avtonomuri sistemis simpaTikuri ganyofilebis tonuss,
romelic aseve zrdis metabolur siCqares, nawilobriv
sxeulis temperaturis aweviT. somatomotoruli pasuxi
amcirebs kvebiT qcevas. TaRiseburi birTvebis aMSH da
CART neironebi agzavnian Tavis aqsonebs pirdapir

88
nervuli sistemis ubnebSi, romlebic iwveven am
kordinirebuli pasuxebis organizacias (suraTi 16.8).
hipoTalamusis paraventrikulur birTvebSi neironebis
aqtivaciiT warmoiqmneba humoruli pasuxi, romelic
Tavis mxriv iwvevs hipofiziotropuli hormonebis
gamoyofas, rac aregulirebs TSH-sa da ACTH-is
sekrecias wina hipofizidan. paraventrikuluri birTvebi
aseve akontroleben ANS-is simpaTikuri gasnyofilebis
aqtivacias pirdapiri aqsonuri proeqciebiT Tavis
tvinis umdables ReroSi moTavsebul neironebze da
pregangliul neironebze zurgis tvinSi. Tumca aseve
arsebobs simpaTikuri pasuxis TaRiseburi kontrolis
pirdapiri gzebi: aMSH da CART neironebi agzavnian
aqsonebis proeqciebs pirdapir zurgis tvinis
intermediolateralur rux nivTierebaSi. da bolos,
kvebiTi qcevis Sekaveba xdeba TaRiseburi birTvebis
neironebis kavSirebiT lateraluri hipoTalamusis
gziT. mogvianebiT ufro detalurad ganvixilavzT
lateralur hipoTalamuss.
aMSH da CART-is ineqcia Tavis tvinSi mogvagonebs
pasuxs leptinis donis gazrdaze. es ki miuTiTebs
imaze, rom eseni anoreqtikuli nivTierebebia –isini
amcireben madas (apetits). iseTi nivTierebebis Seyvana,
romlebic ablokireben am peptidebis moqmedebas,
zrdian kvebiT qcevas. am monacemebis safuZvelze
varaudoban, rom aMSH da CART normalur pirobebSi

89
monawileoben energetikuli balansis regulaciaSi,
nawilobriv, rogorc Tavis tvinis sakuTari madis
damTrgunvelis moqmedebiT.

sisxlSi leptinis donis dawevis gavlena

hipoTalamusze. leptinis donis daweva, garda aMSH da
CART-iT gamowveuli pasuxebis gaqrobisa, astimulirebs
TaRiseburi birTvebis sxva neironebs. es neironebi
Seicaven sakuTari peptidebis jgufs: NPY (neiropeptidi
Y) da AgRP (agouti-related peptide). TaRisebri birTvebis
NPY da AgRP neironebs aseve aqvT kavSirebi
paraventrikulur birTvebTan da lateralur
hipoTalamusTan. (sur. 16.9). magram am neiropeptidebis
efeqtebi energetikul balansze aMSH da CART-is
efeqtebis sawinaaRmdegoa. NPY da AgRP akaveben TSH-sa
da ACTH-is sekrecias, isini aaqtiureben avtonomuri
nervuli sistemis parasimpaTikur ganyofilebas da
iwveven kvebiTi qcevis stimulacias. amitom maT
uwodeben oreqsigenur peptidebs.
AgRP da aMSH arian antagonistebi. orive receptori
ukavSirdeba erT receptors, romelsac uwodeben MC4
receptors. Tu aMSH aris receptoris antagonisti,
AgRP aris bunebrivi antagonisti, romelic blokavs
aMSH-is stimulacias. lateralur hipoTalamusze MC4
receptoris aqtivacia akavebs kvebas; receptorebis
blokireba astimulirebs kvebas (sur. 16.10).

90
kvebis kontroli lateraluri hipoTalamusis
peptidebiT. ganvixiloT lateraluri hipoTalamusi,
romelsac aqvs gansakuTrebuli roli kvebis motivaciis
regulaciaSi. vinaidan Tavis tvinis am zonas ara aqvs
kargad gamoxatuli birTvebi, mas lateralur
hipoTalamur zonas uwodeben (sur. 16.7). rogorc adre
vaxseneT, imis maCvenebeli, rom es zona CarTulia
motivirebul kvebiT qcevaSi, aris misi dazianebis
efeqtebi – xdeba kvebis Sewyveta. maSin, rodesac am
ubnis eleqtruli gaRizianeba iwvevs kvebiT qcevas
maSinac ki, rodesac cxoveli maZRaria. aseTi bazuri
aRmoCenebi damaxasiaTebelia yvela gamokvleuli
ZuZumwovrisTvis (maT Soris, adamianisTvisac).
samwuxarod am amocenebis interpretacia sakmaod
Znelia. erT problemas warmoadgens is, rom
lateralur hipoTalamusSi gadis mravali aqsonuri
gza da misi neironebis dazianeba an stimulacia exeba
am gzebsac. ukve naTelia, rom lateraluri
hipoTalamusis neironebi da masSi gamavali aqsonuri
gzebi monawileoben kvebiTi qcevis motivaciaSi. Tumca
exla ganvixiloT lateraluri hipoTalamusis zonis
mxolod neironebis roli.
lateraluri hipoTalamusis erTi jgufi, romelic
iRebs pirdapir Sesavals TaRiseburi birTvebis leptin
- mgrZnobiare ujredebidan, Seicavs kidev erT peptidur
neirotransmiters – MCH (melanin-concentrating hormone). am

91
ujredebs aqvT farTod gavrcelebuli kavSirebi Tavis
tvinSi, cerebruli qerqis mraval ubanTan pirdapiri
monosinafsuri kavSirebis CarTviT. qerqi CarTulia
mizan-mimarTuli qcevebis organizaciasa da dawyebaSi.
MCH sistema aqvs strategiuli pozicia qerqis
informirebaSi leptinis donis Sesaxeb sisxlSi, da
amitom, SesaZlebelia, is aris mniSvnelovani monawile
sakvebis Zebnis motivaciaSi. MCH –is ineqcia Tavis
tvinSi amtkicebs am varauds – xdeba kvebiTi qcevis
stimulacia. garda amisa, mutanti Tagvebi, romelTac
aklia es peptidi, avlenen kvebiTi qcevis reduqcias –
aqvT gaZlierebuli metaboluri siCqare da arian
gamxdrebi. amJamad, identificirebulia lateraluri
hipoTalamusis neironebis meore jgufi, farTod
gavrcelebuli kortikaluri kavSirebiT, romelic
Seicavs sxva neiropeptids – oreqsins. es ujredebic
iReben pirdapir Sesavals TaRiseburi birTvebis
neironebidan. oreqsini oreqsinogenuri peptidia
(astimulirebs kvebiT qcevas). rodesac leptinis done
sisxlSi ecema, Tavis tvinSi izrdeba MCH-is da
oreqsinebis done.
mokled SevajamoT sisxlSi leptinis donis
cvlilebebze hipoTalamusis pasuxebi (tabula 16.1).
gvaxsovdes, rom leptinis done matulobs, rodesac
organizmis cximenis done matulobs da piriqiT, ecema,
rodesac organizmis cximenis done klebulobs:

92
 leptinis donis gazrda zrdis aMSH-sa da CART-s
TaRiseburi birTvis neironebSi. am anoretikuli
peptidebis moqmedeba Tavis tvinSi akavebs kvebiT
qcevas da zrdis metabolizms.
 leptinis donis dacema zrdis NPY da AgRP-s TaRisebri
birTvis neironebSi da MCH-s lateraluri
hipoTalamusis zonaSi. am oreqsigenuri peptitebis
moqmedeba Tavis tvinSi astimulirebs kvebiT qcevas da
amcirebs metabolizms.

hipoTalamusis peptidebi
Anorectic peptides – akavebs kvebiT qcevas Orezxigenic peptides – iwvevs
kvebiTi qcevis stimulacias

Aabrav.
Aabrav. mTliani Aadgil-
Aadgil- Aabrav.
Aabrav. mTliani Aadgil-
Aadgil-
saxeli mdebareoba saxeli mdebareoba

aMSH Aalfa – Arcuate n. NPY Neiropeptid Arcuate n.

melanocit-
melanocit- iY
mast. hormoni
CART Kkokainis da Arcuate n. AgRP Arguiti-
Arguiti- Arcuate n.
amfetaminis related
mareg.
mareg.
MCH Melanin – HhipoTal.
HhipoTal.
concent.
concent. Llat.
Llat. are
hormone
Orexin HhipoTal.
HhipoTal.
Llat.
Llat. are

tabula 16.1.

93
kvebiTi qcevis xanmokle regulacia

sakvebis moZiebis da moxmarebis motivaciis regulacia

organizmis leptinis doniT Zalian mniSvnelovania, magram
arasakmarisia. gverdze rom gadavdoT socialuri da
kulturuli (aRmzrdelobiTi) faqtorebi (magaliTad,
dedis brZaneba: ”WameT!”), yvelam viciT, rom kvebis
motivacia damokidebulia sakvebis bolo miRebidan
gasuli drois xangrZlivobaze, miRebuli sakvebis
raodenobaze da tipze. es aris magaliTebi imisa, rasac
Cven vuwodebT kvebiTi qcevis xanmokle regulacias.
rom gaviazroT es maregulirebeli procesi,
warmovidginoT, rom kvebis mamoZravebeli Zala (draivi),
romelic icvleba sakmaod nela leptinis gazrdiT da
SemcirebiT, izrdeba oreqsigenuli signalebiT
(warmoqmnili SimSilobis periodis sapasuxod) da kavdeba
danayrebis (simaZRris) signalebiT (warmoqmnili kvebisa
da monelebis dawyebis procesebis dros, e.i. prandialur
periodSi). simaZRris signalebi, garkveuli drois Semdeg
iwveven kvebis procesis damTavrebas da kvebiTi qcevis
Sekavebas. postabsorbciul (SimSilobis) periodSi,
simaZRris signalebi nela qreba da nela izrdeba
oreqsigenuli signalebi, sanam kvebiTi mamoZravebeli Zala
kvlav ar aRiZvreba (sur.16.11). gamoviyenoT es modeli

94
kvebiTi qcevis xanmokle regulaciis biologiuri
safuZvlis SeswavlisaTvis.

mada, kveba, moneleba, da simaZRre.

Tqven gamoiRviZeT diliT, Ramis xangrZlivi Zilis Semdeg.

midixarT samzareuloSi, poulobT blinebs, romlebic
mzaddeba quraze; enTuziazmiT miirTmevT gamzadebul
blinebs, sanam ar danayrdebiT. Tqveni organizmis
reaqciebi am procesis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba daiyos sam
fazad: cefaluri, gastruli da substratuli
(intenstinaluri):
1. cefaluri faza: blinebis suni da Sesaxedaoba TqvenSi
mraval fiziologiur process iwvevs, romelic
winaswarmetyvelebs sauzmis dawyebas. avtonomuri
nervuli sistemis simpaTikuri da parasimpaTikuri
ganyofilebebi aqtiurdebian da iwveven nerwyvis
gamoyofas Tqvens piris RruSi da momnelebeli wvenebis
gamoyofas kuWSi.
2. gastruli faza: momnelebeli wvenebis gamoyofas kuWSi
Zalian intensiurad izrdeba, rodesac Tqven iwyebT
ReWvas, ylapvas da xdeba kuWis gavseba sakvebiT.
3. intenstinaluri (substratuli) faza: vinaidan, Tqveni
kuWi gavsebulia da nawilobriv monelebuli sakvebi
gadadian Tqvens wvril nawlavebSi, iwyeba sakvebis
Sewovis procesi sisxlismimoqcevis sistemaSi.

95
Tu mSieri xarT, Sexseneba sakvebis miRebis dawyebaze ar
dagWirdebaT. 1999 w-mde mecnierebi fiqrobdnen, rom
SimSilis mdgomareoba ubralod gamoricxavs simaZRris
mdgomareobas. aseTi Tvalsazrisi Seicvala peptid
grelinis aRmoCenis Semdeg. grelins Tavidan Tvlidnen
faqtorad, romelic astimulirebs zrdis hormonis
gamoyofas. magram mkvlevarebma male aRmoaCines, rom es
peptidi didi koncentraciiTaa kuWSi da gamoiyofa
sisxlis nakadSi, rodesac kuWi aris daclili. grelinis
intravenuri administracia axdens madis da sakvebis
miRebis stimulacias TaRiseburi birTvis NPY- da AgRP-
Semcveli neironebis stimulaciiT. varaudoben, rom madis
dakargva pacientebSi, romelTac gaukeTda kuWis operacia
simsuqnis mkurnalobis mizniT, gamowveulia kuWis grelin-
gamomyofi ujredebis mocilebiT.
sakvebis miReba mTavrdeba ramodenime simaZRris
signalis erTdrouli moqmedebiT, sami maTgani Semdegia:
kuWis gaWimva (distenzia), kuW-nawlavis peptidis
qolecistokininis gamoyofa da kuWqveSa jirkvlis
hormonis, insulinis gamoyofa.
kuWis gaWimva. bevri Wamis Semdeg “gabervis“ SegrZneba
yvelas gangvicdia. kuWis kedlis gaWimva aris Zlieri
simaZRris signali. kuWis kedeli Warbad inervirebulia
meqanosensoruli aqsonebiT da maTi umravlesoba
miemarTeba Tavis tvinSi cTomili nervis gziT. cTomili
nervi Sereuli nervia. is Sedgeba sensoruli da

96
motoruli aqsonebisagan, romlebic sawyiss iReben mogrZo
tvinidan, da miiklaknebian mTeli organizmis RruSi
(vagusi laTinurad niSnavs “moxetiales”). cTomili nervis
sensoruli aqsonebi aaqtiureben mogrZo tvinis
solitaruli traqtis birTvebis neironebs. es signalebi
akaveben kvebiT qcevas.
Tqven SeiZleba SeamCnieT, rom solitaruli traqtis
birTvebi moxsenebuli iyo ramodenimejer sxvadasxva
konteqstSi. aq aris gemovnebis birTvi, romelic iRebs
pirdapir sensorul CarTvas gemovnebis kvirtebidan da
realurad solitaruli traqtis birTvebis
qveganyofilebas warmoadgens. solitaruli traqtis
birTvebi agreTve mniSvnelovan centrs warmoadgenen
avtonomuri nervuli sistemis kontrolSi. exla Cven
aRmovaCineT, rom igive neironebi iReben visceralur
sensorul Sesavals cTomili nervidan. advili dasanaxia,
rogor SeiZleba Seasrulon birTvebma aseTi farTo
kavSirebiT mniSvnelovani integraciuli centris
funqciebi kvebiTi qcevisa da metabolizmis kontrolSi.
rogorc iciT, simaZRre gamowveuli savse kuWiT, Zalian
SesamCnevad SeiZleba dayovndes, Tu sakvebi gemrielia.
qolecistokinini. 1970-ian wlebSi. mkvlevarebma
aRmoaCines, rom cila qolecistokinini (qck) akavebs kvebis
sixSires da raodenobas (eqsperimentuli cxovelebis
daavadebis gareSe). qck gvxvdeba zogierT ujredSi,
romelic amofens wvril nawlavebs da enteruli nervuli

97
sistemis zogierT neironSi. is gamoiyofa garkveuli tipis
(gansakuTrebiT cximovani) sakvebiT wvrili nawlavebis
stimulaciis sapasuxod. qck–is mTavari moqmedeba,
rogorc simaZRris cilisa, aris cTomili nerviis
simpaTikur aqsonze moqmedeba. qck moqmedebs kuWis
gaWimvis sinergistulad da akavebs kvebiT qcevas. (suraTi
16.12). sainteresoa, rom qck, msgavsad sxva kuWnawlavis
cilebisa, aseve Sedis cns-Si gamoyofil neironebis
populaciebSi.
insulini. kuWqveSa jirkvlis ujredebiT, sisxlSi
gamoyofili insulini aris sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis
hormoni (boqsi 16,2). Tumca glukoza neironebSi
transpotisaTvis yovelTvis mzadyofnaSia, organizmis
sxva ujredebSi glukozis transports esaWiroeba
insulini. es imas niSnavs, rom insulini mniSvnelovania
anaboluri metabolizmisTvis, rodesac glukoza
transportirdeba RviZlSi, ConCxis kunTebSi da adipozur
ujredebSi samaragod, iseve rogorc kataboluri
metabolizmisaTvis, rodesac glukoza Tavisufldeba
samarago adgilidan, rogorc sawvavi organizmis sxva
ujredebisaTvis. amgvarad, sisxlSi glukozis done
ganicdis Zlier regulacias insulinis donisagan:
glukozis done gazrdilia, rodesac insulinis done
Semcirebulia; glukozis done sisxlSi dacemulia,
rodesac insulinis done momatebulia.

98
 kuWqveSa jirkvlis mier gamoyofili insulini aris
gakontrolebuli ramodenime gziT (suraTi 16.13). modiT
ganvixiloT blinebiT sauzmis magaliTi. cefaluri fazis
dros, rodesac sakvebis miRebis molodinSi xarT,
kuWqveSa jirkvlis parasimpaTikuri inervacia (cTomili
nerviT motanili), aRizianebs mis beta ujredebs
insulinis gamosayofad. sapasuxod xdeba sisxlSi
glukozis donis susti daweva. es cvlileba, aRiricxeba
Tavis tvinis ujredebiT da Zlierdeba kvebis
mamoZravebeli Zala (draivi) (nawilobriv TaRiseburi
birTvis NPY neironebis aqtivaciiT). kuWis fazis dros,
rodesac kuWSi Sedis sakvebi, insulinis sekreciis
Semdgomi stimulireba xdeba kuWnawlavis hormonebiT,
rogoricaa mag., qolecistokinini (qck). insulinis
gamoyofa maqsimaluria, rodesac sakvebi sabolood
absorbirdeba nawlavebSi, da sisxlSi glukozis done
izrdeba substratuli fazis dros. marTlac, pirveladi
stimuli insulinis gamoyofisTvis aris sisxlSi
gazrdili glukozis done. insulinis gazrda sisxlSi
glukozis donis gazrdasTan erTad warmoadgens
simaZRris signals da iwvevs kvebis SeCerebas.
Cvens mier ganxiluli simaZRris sxva signalebis
sawinaaRmdegod, romlebic Tavis tvinTan urTierToben
umTavresad cTomili nerviT, insulini Semakaveblad
moqmedebs kvebiT qcevaze hipoTalamusis TaRisebur da
ventromedialur birTvebze pirdapiri zemoqmedebiT.

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kvebiTi qcevis regulaciaSi insulini TiTqos igive gziT
moqmedebs, rac leptini.

boqsi 16.2. Saqriani diabeti da insulinis Soki.

insulini, gamoyofili kuWqveSa jirkvlis beta ujredebiT,

mTavar rols asrulebs energetikuli balansis
SenarCunebaSi. Wamis Semdeg, sisxlSi glukozis done
izrdeba. organizmis ujredebis mier glukozis moxmarebis
mizniT, is unda moZraobdes plazmuri membranSi
gansakuTrebuli cilebiT, romlebsac glukozis
gadamtanebs uwodeben. neironebis garda, sxva danarCen
ujredSi glukozis gadamtanebis SeRweva membranaSi xdeba
maSin, rodesac insulini ukavSirdeba ujredis zedapirze
moTavsebul insulinis receptorebs. amgvarad,
glukozisTvis, romelic moixmareba, an maragdeba am
ujredebSi, insulinis donis gazrdas sisxlSi Tan unda
sdevdes glukozis donis gazrda sisxlSi. Saqriani
diabetis dros, defeqtebi insulinis warmoqmnaSi da
gamoyofaSi, an insulinze ujredis pasuxSi, aferxeben
gazrdili glukozis raodenobaze normalur reaqcias.
Sedegad adgili aqvs sisxlSi Saqris donis momatebas
(hiperglikemias). es xdeba imitom, rom organizmis
ujredebs (garda neironebisa) ar SeuZliaT glukozis
STanTqma wvrili nawlavebiT. Warbi glukoza gadadis
SardSi.

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 mravali tipis Saqriani diabetis efeqtur
mkurnalobas warmoadgens insulinis kanqveSa ineqciebi.
Tumca, es mkurnaloba ar xdeba riskis gareSe. insulinis
zedmeti doza iwvevs glukozis donis dacemas sisxlSi
(hipoglikemia), Tavis tvinis neironebis SimSils. miRebul
Sedegs uwodeben insulinis Soks, romelic xasiaTdeba
oflianobiT, kankaliT (tremoriT), SfoTviT,
TavbrusxveviT da gaorebuli mxedvelobiT. Tu
mdgomareoba swrafad ar gamosworda, am adreul niSnebs
mohyveba bodva, krunCxvebi da gonebis dakargva. aseTi
nevrologiuri pasuxi gviCvenebs rogori aris
sasicocxlo energetikuli balansi Tavis tvinis
normaluri funqcionirebisTvis.
.

ratom vikvebebiT?

Cven vlaparakobT signalebze, romlebic qmnian kvebiTi

qcevis motivacias, magram Cven jer kidev ar gvimsjelia,
Tu ras niSnavs es realurad fsiqologiur sferoSi.
gasagebia, rom Cven viRebT sakvebs, imitom, rom mogvwons
is. motivaciis es aspeqti aris hedonuri: es SegrZnebebi
sasiamovnoa, amitom Cven vakeTebT mas. Cven siamovnebas
viRebT sakvebis gemosgan, sunisgan, Sesaxedaobisgan da
SegrZnebisgan da TviTon sakvebis miRebis aqtisgan. amave
dros, Cven vWamT, imitom rom gvSia da gvinda Wama.

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motivaciis es aspeqti SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc misi
mamoZravebeli Zalis Semcireba (draivis reduqcia):
moTxovnilebis (survilis) dakmayofileba. savsebiT swori
daSvebaa, rom “mowoneba” da “survili” erTiani procesis
ori aspeqtia. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, Cven gvinda
is vWamoT, rac mogvwons. magram, adamianebsa da
cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze, SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom “mowoneba” da “survili” sruldeba Tavis
tvinis gansxvavebuli (separatoruli) wreebiT.

ganmtkiceba (reinforsmenti) da dajildoveba (rivardi)

1950-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, Jeims oldsma da piter

milnerma (kaliforniis teqnologiuri instituti),
Caatares eqsperimenti virTagvaze, romelsac Canergili
hqonda eleqtrodi Tavis tvinSi ise, rom SeiZleboda
Tavis tvinis garkveuli ubnis gaRizianeba nebismier dros.
virTagva Tavisuflad darboda yuTSi. rodesac virTagva
Sedioda yuTis garkveul kuTxeSi, xdeboda Tavis tvinis
stimulacia. pirveli gaRizianebis Semdeg, virTagva
gamodioda, magram swrafad brundeboda da kvlav
Riziandeboda. Mmale virTagva mTel Tavis dros atarebda
kuTxeSi da aSkarad eZebda eleqtrul gaRizianebas.
oldsma da milnerma yuTSi Cadges pedali, romlis daWera
iwvevda mokle stimulis gatarebas Tavis tvinisken
(suraTI 16.14). dasawyisSi virTagva daborialobda yuTSi

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da SemTxveviT aWerda berkets TaTs, magram male is
mravaljeradad aWerda pedals. am qcevas ewodeba
eleqtruli TviTgaRizianeba. zogjer virTagvebi imdenad
erTvebodnen berketze TaTis daWeraSi, rom uars
ambobdnen kvebaze da wylis smaze. mxolod gamofitvisgan
kolafsSi Cavardnis Semdeg Cerdebodnen (boqsi 16.3).
eleqtrulma TviTgaRizianebam unda ganapirobos
dajildoveba, romelic ganamtkicebs berketze daWeris
Cvevas. gamRizianebeli eleqtrodis sistemuri moZraobiT
Tavis tvinis sxvadasxva ubanSi, mkvlevarebma SesZles
specifikuri ubnebis identificireba, romlebic
monawileoben ganmtkicebaSi. aRmoCnda, rom
TviTgaRizianebisTvis yvelaze efeqturi ubnebi mihyveba
ventraluri tegmenturi zonidan gamosuli da wina tvinSi
proecirebuli dofaminerguli aqsonebis traeqtorias
(suraTi 16.15). nivTierebebi, romlebic blokaven dofaminis
receptorebs aseve asusteben TviTgaRizianebas,
varaudoben, rom cxovelebi muSaoben, raTa moaxdinon
dofaminis gamonTavisuflebis stimulacia Tavis tvinSi.
garda amisa, mkvlevarebma aRmoaCines, rom cxovelebi
aWeren berkets, rom miiRom amfetaminis ineqcia, romelic
gamoyofs dofamins Tavis tvinSi. Tumca eleqtruli
TviTgaRizianeba metia, vidre dofamini, naklebad saeWvoa,
rom Tavis tvinSi gamoyofili dofamini ganamtkicebs
qcevas, romelic iwvevs mis gamoyofas.

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 es eqsperimentebi varaudoben meqanizms, romliTac
bunebrivi dajildoeba (sakvebi, wyali, seqsi) ganamtkicebs
garkveul qcevas. marTlac, mSieri virTagva aWers TaTs
berkets, rom miiRos sakvebis naWeri, da es pasuxi aseve
Zalian reducirdeba dofaminis receptorebis blokirebiT.
eqsperimentSi virTagvaze axdendnen mikroeleqtrodul
Canawerebs ventraluri tegmenturi ubnis dofaminerguli
neironebidan, rodesac is swavlobda sensoruli
stimulis (mag., sinaTlis) da sakvebis erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebas. dasawyisSi xdeboda neironebis Zlieri
gaaqtiureba sakvebis miRebis dros. Tumca, raRac
gamocdilebis miRebis Semdeg neironebis agzneba xdeboda
anTebul sinaTleze. TiTqos ujredebi ambobdnen “diax!”
stimulis danaxvaze, romelic moaswavebda dajildoebas.

dofaminis roli motivaciaSi

mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi iTvleba, rom dofaminis

proeqciebi, dawyebuli ventraluri tegmenturi ubnidan
bazalur wina tvinis zonamde, emsaxureba hedonur miznebs
– sxva sityvebiT, siamovnebas. kvebiTi qcevis SemTxvevaSi,
varaudoben, rom dofamini gamoiyofa gemrieli, sasiamovno
SegrZnebis Semqmneli sakvebis pasuxad. cxovelebi
motivirebulebi iyvnen moeZebnaT gemrieli saWmeli
hedonuri dajildoebisTvis: es aris dofaminis nakadi
wina tvinSi.

104
 miuxedavad amisa, es martivi idea bolo ramdenime
wlis ganmavlobaSi gamwvavda. kent beridjma (miCiganis
universiteti) aRmoaCina, rom lateralur hipoTalamusze
gamavali dofaminuri aqsonebis dazianeba ver amcirebs
hedonur pasuxebs sakvebze, maSinac ki, rodesac cxovelebi
wyveten sakvebis miRebas (boqsi 16.4). Tu aseTi dazianebis
mqone virTagvis enaze movaTavseT gemrieli lukma,
cxoveli kvlav ise iqceva, TiTqos sakvebma gamoiwvia
sasiamovno SegrZneba (eqvivalenturi virTagvis tuCebis
dagemovnebis), da SeWams lukmas. dofamins moklebuli
cxoveli ise iqceva, TiTqos moswons sakvebi, magram ar
unda. cxovels aSkarad dakarguli aqvs sakvebis Zebnis
motivacia, maSinac ki, rodesac gveCveneba, rom mas
siamovnebs sakvebi, romelsac ar sWirdeba Zebna. piriqiT,
normaluri virTagvebis lateraluri hipoTalamusis
dofaminuri aqsonebis gaRizianeba iwvevs sakvebisadmi
moTxovnilebis gazrdas, sakvebis hedonuri impaqtis
momatebis gareSe. ar aris gasakviri, rom bolo
droindeli kvlevebi miswrafebaze, romelic
asocirebulia midrekilebasTan (narkotikebis,
alkoholis, aseve Sokoladis mimarT) yuradRebas
amaxvilebs aseTi dofaminerguli gzebis rolze (boqsi
16.5).

boqsi 16.2. adamianis Tavis tvinis TviTgaRizianeba

105
Tavis tvinis gaRizianebiT gamowveuli SegrZnebebis
gansazRvrisaTvis, sasurvelia adamianis Tavis tvinis
stimulacia da gamokiTxva, Tu ras grZnobs is.
rasakvirvelia, es Cveulebriv Seusrulebadia da
araeTikuria. miuxedavad amisa, cnobilia SemTxvevebi,
rodesac adamians Canergili hqonda tvinSi eleqtrodebi,
romliTac SeiZleboda TviTgaRizianeba. ganvixiloT ori
pacientis SemTxveva, romelTac mkurnalobda robert hiti
1960 wels.
porveli pacients hqonda seriozuli narkolefsia
(Zilianoba); is mkveTrad gadadioda RviZilidan Rrma nel
ZilSi. es mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad aferxebda mis
cxovrebas da ver unarCunebda samuSaos. mas Tavis tvinis
sxvadasxva ubanSi 14 eleqtrodi hqonda Canergili, im
ubnis aRmoCenis imediT, romlis TviTgaRizianebac
SeunarCunebda sifxizles. rodesac is aRizianebda
hipokamps, grZnobda zomier siamovnebas. Sua tvinis
tegmentumis stimulacia iwvevda mis dayuradebas, magram
iyo usiamovno SegrZneba. ubani, romlis TviTgaRizianebas
is xSirad eweoda iyo wina tvinSi moTavsebuli septumi
(Zgide) (suraTi A). am zonis gaRizianeba iwvevda masSi
dayuradebas da sasiamovno SegrZnebas, romelsac is
orgazmisken mihyavda. magram, rogorc TviTon aRwers, is
xSirad aWerda klavSs, rom mieRwia orgazmisTvis, magram
mcdeloba uSedego iyo da is vardeboda frustraciaSi.

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 meore pacientis SemTxveva ufro rTuli iyo. mas
Canergili hqonda 17 eleqtrodi Tavis tvinSi im imediT,
rom raRacas Seicnobda Tavisi mZime epilefsiis Sesaxeb.
man aRwera sasiamovno SegrZnebebi septumisa da Sua tvinis
tegmentumis stimulaciis dros. zemoT aRwerili
SemTxvevis msgavsad, septaluri stimulacia
ukavSirdeboda seqsualur SegrZnebebs. Sua tvinis
gaRizianebam misca mas ”bednieri mTvralis” SegrZneba.
sxva zomierad pozitiuri SegrZnebebi aReZra amigdalas
(nuSisebri birTvis) da kaudatusis (kudiani birTvis)
gaRizianebiT. sainteresoa, rom ubani, romelsac is
xSirad aRizianebda, medialur TalamusSi iyo
moTavsebuli. misi stimulacia iwvevda gaRizianebis
grZnobas: adgilis mixedviT met-naklebi siZlieris. is am
ubans ufro xSirad aRizianebda, radgan aZlevda raRacis
gaxsenebis SegrZnebas. is cdilobda srul gaxsenebas,
magram ver axerxebda da frustraciaSi vardeboda.
es ori specifikuri SemTxveva da bevri sxva
varaudobs, rom TviTgaRizianeba yovelTvis ar aris
siamovnebasTan dakavSirebuli. aq xSirad aris raRac
dajildoeba an misi winaswari SegrZnebis asocireba
stimulaciasTan, magram gancda yovelTvis sasiamovno ar
aris.

boqsi 16.4. WeSmariti dajildoveba

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varaudi, rom Tavis tvinSi arsebobs calkeuli sistemebi
erTi da igive sasiamovno jildos “ganwyobilebisTvis” an
“saWiroebisTvis” modis Cavardnili eqsperimentebidan.
zogjer, rodesac eqsperimenti gaZlevs moulodnel
pasuxs, es SeiZleba niSnavdes, rom dasmuli iyo araswori
pasuxi. kent beridjma da teri robinsonma (miCiganis
universiteti) dasves kiTxva: dajildoeba
neirotransmiteri dofaminiT aris ganpirobebuli? es,
rogorc aRmoCnda iyo Zalian martivi kiTxva, vinaidan
masze SeiZleboda pasuxi an diax, an ara, imisda mixedviT
ras niSnavs dajildoeba.
ganwyobilebis an siamovnebis (hedonuri) impaqti aris
is, rasac adamianebis umravlesoba gulisxmobs
dajildoebaSi, da mraval neiromecniers, visac dausvams
zemomoyvanil avtorebze ufro adre dofaminiT
dajildoebaze kiTxva, zogadi pasuxi hqondaT - diax.
magram qceviTmecnierebaSi ufro adre Catarebuli
mravali kvlevidan gamotanili iyo daskvnebi imis
Taobaze, rom dofaminiT manipulireba icvleba imisda
mixedviT, Tu ramdeni ”sasiamovno” dajildoeba (hedonuri
impaqti) iyo Secvlili ”saWiro” (upiratesi, Sesrulebadi,
gamomuSavebuli, an gamosayenebeli) dajildoebiT. kent
beridjis da teri robinsonis midgoma iyo odnav
gansxvavebuli imaSi, rom isini cdilobdnen SeefasebinaT
dofaminiT gamowveuli cvlilebebi hedonur impaqtSi
ufro specifikurad saxis “siamovnebis” reaqciebis

108
gazomviT “tkbili gemoTi” dajildovebaze. am
eTologiurma fanjaram “sasiamovno gemoSi” SeiZleba
gamoamJRavnos “siamovnebis” gadarTvebi virTagvebSi,
romelic gamowveulia SimSil/simaZRris, daswavlili
upiratesoba/acilebis, da mravali sxva Tavis tvinis
manipulaciebiT (suraTi A).
dasawyisSi mkvlevarebi fiqrobdnen, rom raRac
keTdeba SecdomiT, vinaidan neiromecnierebis umravlesoba
iyo darwmunebuli, rom mezolimburi dofamini aris
“siamovnebis” mTavari neirotransmiteri. kent beridjma da
teri robinsonma Caatares udidesi manipulaciebi -
dofaminuri tvinis dazianebebi, eleqtruli stimulaciebi,
pirdapiri mikroineqciebi tvinSi da sxva. magram
yovelTvis poulobdnen, rom “siamovneba” tkbileulobis
mimarT rCeboda ucvleli. vinaidan Cven SegveZlo
“siamovnebis” Secvla Tavis tvinis limburi sistemis sxva
struqturebis manipulirebiT, dofaminis mocileba
cvlida sensoruli siamovnebis hedonur gavlenas Zlier.

serotonini, sakvebi da guneba-ganwyoba

guneba-ganwyoba da kveba urTierTkavSirSia. ganvixiloT
rogor buzRunebs SezRudul kvebaze myofi adamiani, an
kargad yofnis grZnoba, romelic Tan axlavs axlad
gamomcxvari Sokoladis namcxvris aromats da mokbeCas.
cnobilia, rom Tavis tvinis erT-erTi sistema CarTulia

109
guneba-ganwyobis kontrolSi da moixmars serotonins,
rogorc mediators. serotonini ganapirobebs erT-erT
kavSirs sakvebsa da guneba-ganwyobas Soris.
hipoTalamusSi serotoninis donis gazomvam aCvena, rom
serotoninis done dabalia posrabsorbciul periodSi,
maRla ievs sakvebis molodinSi da piks aRwevs kvebis
dros, gansakuTrebiT naxSirwylebis miRebisas. (surati
16.15). serotonini miReba sakvebi aminomJava triftofanidan.
triftofanis done sisxlSi icvleba karbohidratebis
raodenobiT sakvebSi. sisxlSi triftofanis da Tavis
tvinSi serotoninis gazrda warmoadgens erT-erT
savraudo axsnas Sokoladis namcxvris mirTmevis guneba-
ganwyobis amaRlebis efeqts. “karbonatebis” aseTi efeqti
gunebaze gansakuTrebiT vlindeba stresuli periodebis
dros – SesaZlebelia amiT aixsneba sakvebis- ZebniTi
qcevebi da wonis mateba, rac tipiuria kolejis pirveli
kurselebisTvis.
unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavis tvinSi serotoninis donis
amwevi nivTierebebi arian Zlieri madis damrTgunvelebi.
erT-erTi maTgania deqsfenfluramini (reduqsi), romelic
warmatebiT gamoiyeneba adamianebSi simsuqnis
samkurnalod. samwuxarod, wamals gaaCnia toqsiuri
gferdiTi moqmedeba, ramac gamoiwvia misi amoReba
gayidvidan 1997 wels.
Tavis tvinis serotoninis regulaciis darRvevebi aris
erTi faqtori, romelic monawileobs kvebiTi qcevis

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darRvevebSi. nervuli anoreqsiis (anoreqsia nervosa)
ganmsazRvrel maxasiaTebels warmoadgens organizmis
donis nebiTi SenarCuneba aranormalurad dabal doneze,
xolo nervuli bulimia (bulimia nervosa) xasiaTdeba xSiri
kvebiTi qceviT da didi raodenobis sakvebis miRebiT,
romelic kompensirdeba xSiri RebinebiT. am darRvevebs
Tan axlavs depresia, guneba-ganwyobis mZime darRveva,
romelic ukavSirdeba Tavis tvinis serotoninis dabal
dones. bulimiis SemTxvevaSi serotoninTan kavSiri
naTelia. serotoninis dabali done axdens gaZRomis
reduqciasac. marTlac, antidepresantebi, romlebsac
iyeneben Tavis tvinSi serotoninis doniis asawevad
(magaliTad prozaki da fluoqsetini), aseve efeqturadd
gamoiyeneba nervoza bulimiis pacientebia umravlesobaSi.

sxva motivaciuri qcevebi

Cven gamoviyeneT kvebiTi qceva da energetikuli balansis

regulacia, rom mogveca TqvenTvis swori detaluri
suraTi Tavis tvinis meqanizmebisa, romlebic iwyeben
qcevas. intensiurad Seiswavleba agreTve sistemebi,
romlebic CarTulia zogierT sxva motivirebul qcevaSi,
aseve bazisurSi sicoclisaTvis. Cven ar CauRrmavdebiT am
sistemebs da mokle mimoxilva gviCvenebs, rom ZiriTadi
principebi igivea, rac kvebiTi qcevaSi. Cven davinaxavT,
rom fiziologiuri stimulebis transduqcia xdeba

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hipoTalamusis specialur ubnebSi, rom humoruli da
visceraluri pasuxebi iwyeba periventrikuluri da
medialuri hipoTalamusiT, da rom qceviTi moqmedeba
damokidebulia lateralur hipoTalamusze.

smis qceva
smis qcevis stimulacia xdeba ori gansxvavebuli
stimuliT. erTi maTgania - sisxlis moculobis Semcireba,
anu hipovolemia. meore – sisxlSi gaxsnili nivTierebebis
koncentraciis gazrda anu hipertonuroba. orive
gamRizianebeli iwvevs wyurvils sxvadasxva meqanizmebiT.
hipovolemiiT gamowveul wyurvils uwodeben volumetrul
wyurvils. CvenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom cicxlis
moculobis Semcireba iwvevs vazopresinis gamoyofas
ukana hipofizSi magnocelularuli neirosekretoruli
ujredebiT. vazopresini anu antidiurezuli hormoni,
(ADH), pirdapir moqmedebs Tirkmelebze, zrdis wylis
Sewovas da akavebs Sardis gamoyofas. volumetrul
wyurvilTan asocirebuli vazopresinis gamoyofa
gamowveulia ori tipis gamRizianebliT (suraTi 16.17).
pirveli, angiotenzin II-is done sisxlSi izrdeba
Tirkmelebisken sisxlis nakadis Semcirebis gamo (sur.
15.5). sisxlSi moZravi angiotenzin II moqmedebs
telencefalonSi moTavsebuli subfornikaluri organos
neironebze, romelic uSualod aRizianebs hipoTalamusis
magnocelularul neirisekretorul ujredebs da xdeba

112
vazopresinis gamoyofa. meore, mTavari sisxlZarRvebis
kedlebSi moTavsebuli meqanoreceptorebi da gulis
signali kargaven sisxlis wnevas, romelic Tan sdevs
sisxlis moculobis Semcirebases signalebi cTomili
nerviT miemarTebian hipoTalamusisken da solitaruli
traqtis birTvebisken.am humoruli pasuxis garda,
Semcirebuli sisxlis moculoba (1) astimulirebs ans-is
simpaTikur ganyofilebas, romelic exmareba dacemuli
sisxlis wnevis aRdgenas arteriolebis SeviwrovebiT, da
(2) iwvevs cxovelebis Zlier motivirebas eZebon da
dalion wyali. ar aris gasakviri, rom am procesSi
CarTulia lateraluri hipoTalamusi, Tumca am procesis
detalebi jer kidev bundovania.
wyurvilis aRZvris meore stimuls warmoadgens
sisxlis hipertonuroba. mas SeigrZnoben telencefalonis
sxva specializebuli ubnis neironebi (hemato-encefaluri
barieris gareSe) – lamina terminalis vaskularuli
organo (OVLT). hipertonur sisxlSi wyali gamodis
ujredebidan osmosuri procesis gamo. wylis dakargvis
procesi OVLT neironebiT gardaiqmneba moqmedebis
potencialis ganmuxtvaTa sixSiris cvlilebaSi. OVLT
neironebi (1) uSualod aRagzneben magnocelularul
neirosekretorul ujredebs, romlebic gamoyofen
vazopresins da (2) iwveven osmometrul wyurvils –
dehidrataciis Sedegad wylis smis motivacias (suraTI
16.18). OVLT-s dazianeba mTlianad wyvets dehidrataciaze

113
qceviT da humorul pasuxebs ( sisxlis moculobis
dakargvaze pasuxebi ar icvleba).
wylis smis motivacia da vazopresinis sekrecia
hipoTalamusidan (da TirkmelebiT wylis Sekaveba),
Cveulebriv, urTierTkavSiriT mimdinareobs. Tumca,
hipoTalamusSi vazopresinis sakretoruli neironebis
seleqciuri dazianeba iwvevs kuriozul mdgomareobas,
romelsac uwodeben uSaqro diabets (diabetes insipidus) –
rodesac sxeuli Tavis tvinis sawinaaRmdegod muSaobs.
vazopresinis dakargvas Sedegad moyveba TirkmelebiT
sisxlidan SardSi meti wylis gadacema. ganviTarebuli
dehidratacia iwvevs wylis smis uZlieres
motivacias;agran nawlavebidan Sewovili wyali swrafad
gadadis TirkmelebiT SardSi. amgvarad, uSaqro diabeti
xasiaTdeba gansakuTrebuli wyurviliT, didi raodenobis
mkrTali, wyliani Sardis gamoyofasTan erTad. am
mdgomareobis mkurnaloba SesaZlebelia vazopresinis
SeyvaniT.

temperaturis redulacia
Tqven gcxelaT da eZebT gril adgils; Tqven gcivaT da
eZebT Tbil adgils. yvela SemTxvevaSi Tqven xarT
motivirebuli, rom garemo pirobebTan
urTierTqmedebiT,SeinarCunoT organizmis temperatura
viwro cvalebadobis farglebSi. aseTi regulaciis
moTovnileba gasagebia: organizmSi ujredebi saukeTesod

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funqcionireben mudmiv temperaturaze-370 C-ze da misgan
gadaxra xels uSlis ujredis funqciebs.
neironebi, romlebic reagireben temperaturis
umcires cvlilebaze mTel Tavisa da zurgis tvinSia
gavrcelebuli. magram temperaturis homeostazis
regulaciaSi mniSvnelovani neironebis umravlesoba mainc
aris dajgufebuli wina hipoTalamusSi. es neironebi
sisxlSi temperaturismcire cvlilabasac gardaqmnian
Tavisi gamuxtvebis sixSiris cvlilebaSi. humoruli da
visceromotoruli pasuxebi iwyeba hipoTalamusis
medialur preoptikur zonaSi moTavsebuli neironebiT;
xolo0 motoruli (qceviTi) pasuxebi iwyeba lateralur
hipoTalamusSi moTavsebuli neironebiT. am sxvadasva
ubnebis seleqtiuri dazianeba iwvevs integrirebuli
pasuxis sxvadasxva komponentebis dakargvas.
temperaturis dacemas aRricxaven wina
hipoTalamusis sicivis SemgrZnebi neironebi. sapasuxod
xdeba wina hipofiziT TSH –is gamoyofa. is iwvevs
Tiroiduli jirkvlidan hormon Tiroqsinis gamoyofas,
romelic Tavis mxriv, astimulirebs ujreduli
metabolizmis farTod gavrcelebul gazrdas.
visceromotoruli pasuxi aviwrovebs kanSi moTavsebul
sisxlZarRvebs da piloereqcias (batis kans). uneblie
somato-motoruli pasuxi aris kankali da siTbos Zebna.
temperaturis awevas aRricxaven wina hipoTalamusis
siTbosadmi mgrZnobiare neironebi. gamowveul pasuxSi

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metabolizmi Senelebulia TSH –is gamoyofis reduqciis
gamo; sisxli miemarTeba periferiisken, raTa gafantos
siTbo garemoSi; iwyeba qceva grili adgilis sapovnelad.
zogierT ZuZumwovarSi uneblie motorul pasuxs
warmoadgens qloSini, xolo adamianebSi oflianoba.
hipoTalamuri kontrolis Zlieri paralelebis gavlebis
SesaZlebloba energetikul balans, wylis balansa da
temperaturas Soris exla ukve naTelia.

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