Lesson 4 Biodiversity

GE ELECT 1 | Environmental Science
BIO
DIVERSITY
Ms. Cyra Daniela D. Barbonio
Instructor
LEARNING
GOALS
Enumerate the benefits and threats to
biodiversity
Identify the different causes of biodiversity

loss and its consequences to public health.
Explain why the Philippines is a

biodiversity “hotspot”.
WHAT IS
BIODIVERSITY?
Biodiversity is all the different kinds of
life you’ll find in one area—the variety of
animals, plants, fungi, and even
microorganisms like bacteria that make
up our natural world with a common goal:
to maintain balance and support life.
PHILIPPINES: A
BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT
The Philippines is one of 18 mega-biodiverse countries of the
world, containing two-thirds of the earth’s biodiversity and
between 70% and 80% of the world’s plant and animal
species. The Philippines ranks fifth in the number of plant
species and maintains 5% of the world’s flora.
LEVELS OF
BIODIVERSITY
GENETIC
DIVERSITY
It refers to the variation of genes within the
species stores as immense amount of genetic
information. Genetic variation is seen among
the individuals within a species .
For instance, in cattle there are many

varieties with respect to colour, milk yield,
size or disease resistance.
SPECIES
DIVERSITY
It refers to the various species found within
a region. Variability is found within a species
or between different species of a community.
Species diversity is measured by species

richness (number of species per unit area)
and evenness or equitability (evenness in the
number of individuals of a species).
ECOSYSTEM
DIVERSITY
It refers to the variations in the biological
communities in which the species live.
The present diversity has developed over

millions of years of evolution and therefore
ecological balance should not be disturbed.
The diversity of the habitats over total
landscape or geological area is referred to as
Gamma diversity (or) Landscape diversity.
ECOSYSTEM
DIVERSITY
Alpha diversity refers to the average species
diversity in a habitat or specific area. Alpha
diversity is a local measure.
Beta diversity refers to the ratio between local

or alpha diversity and regional diversity.
Gamma diversity is the total diversity of a

landscape and is a combination of both alpha
and beta diversity.
WHAT IS HAPPENING
IN OUR BIDOIVERSITY?
BENEFITS THREATS
BENEFITS TO BIODIVERSITY
BENEFITS OF
BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity ensures that living things are able to
thrive here on Earth. Biodiversity loss is more than
just the extinction of rare species, an idea that
may sound remote and so removed from our
everyday lives.
1. Disease Resistance
2. Carbon Sequestration
3. Storm, Flooding, and Coastal Erosion
Regulation
4. Food Security
5. Overall Health and Happiness
DISEASE
RESISTANCE
Genetically diverse populations have better
chances of surviving a catastrophe like a
pandemic. Diverse populations carry
genetic codes that make certain members
of their group less vulnerable.
When those carrying these genetic codes

reproduce, disease resistance is passed
along and the species’ survival is ensured.
CARBON
SEQUESTRATION
Carbon sequestration is the process of
capturing and storing carbon dioxide from
the atmosphere. It reduces atmospheric
carbon dioxide and its ultimate goal is to
reduce climate change.
Vegetation and soil in ecosystems like

forests, peatlands, grasslands, seabeds,
wetlands, and kelp beds act as carbon
sinks, removing carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere.
STORM, FLOODING, AND

COASTAL EROSION
REGULATION
Coastal sea levels are rising and the World Economic
Forum says that as many as 410 million people could
be affected by the end of the century. While 59% of
sea level rise is expected to be in tropical Asia,
countries such as China, France, Senegal, Nigeria,
and the United States are also at risk.
Restoration and protection of coastal ecosystems such

as salt marshes and mudflats will be an important
aspect of flood prevention for low-lying coastal
communities. Saltmarsh plants and microbes stabilise
and bind soil together.
FOOD SECURITY
Our food system and agriculture are strongly
linked to biodiversity. Millions of species work
together to supply us with a variety of grains,
vegetables, fruits, and animal products. Food
production relies on many “services” that
biodiversity provides.
This includes pollination, maintenance of soil

fertility, resistance to pests and diseases,
climate maintenance, and water filtration.
Losing pollinators like bees could cost the UK’s
agricultural industry up to £700 million (US$812
million) annually and could compromise the
country’s food supply.
OVERALL HEALTH
AND HAPPINESS
Whether it is strolling in a park in the city, going
to the mountains, or swimming in the sea, being
in contact with nature has a host of benefits for
humans. Exposure to green and blue spaces
outdoors improves our working memory,
attention control, and cognitive flexibility.
Researchers also found that aside from

cognitive improvements, contact with nature is
associated with increased positive social
interactions, happiness, having a sense of
meaning in life, as well as decreases in mental
stress.
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
THREATS TO
BIODIVERSITY
Threats to biodiversity are mounting. Businesses
need to understand the dangers—and the
opportunities for action. Business and
biodiversity depend on each other. At the same
time, the way that businesses operate and
obtain those supplies affects whether the
ecosystems will stay healthy or not.
1. Land and Water Use Change
2. Overexploitation
3. Climate Change
4. Pollution
5. Invasive Species
LAND AND WATER USE

CHANGE
Both our lands and our seas contain many
different ecosystems, and these are
affected by business actions. For example:
when developers drain and fill in marshes or
wetlands in order to build housing, they take
away the land that captures excess water
during storms.
In New York, where almost all the marshes

had been drained and developed, marshland
protection reduced damages by only 0.4%
($140 million).
OVEREXPLOITATION
AND UNSUSTAINABLE USE
Activities such as logging, farming, and
fishing can be done sustainably, but they are
often done in ways that overexploit a
resource. When too many species, or even
just a few important species, are taken out
of the ecosystem, the whole network of life
in that area can collapse.
For example, 70% of fish stocks in the ocean

are currently being overfished. A 2016 study
suggested that the oceans could be empty of
fish by 2050.
CLIMATE CHANGE
We’re already seeing hotter

temperatures, warmer oceans, and
more severe weather events. Many
species can’t adjust to these
conditions, and their numbers crash.
The species endangered include many
pollinating insects, which contribute
$235-$577 billion in ecosystem-
services value to the global economy
every year.
INCREASED POLLUTION
Pollution of air, soil, and water
poses a serious problem to many
ecosystems. Tiny bits of plastic
suspended in ocean water build up
inside fish, birds, and other marine
species. Industrial toxins kill many
species in rivers and lakes. Air
pollution makes its way into soil,
leaves, and water. It all adds up to
fewer species, less diversity, and
weakened ecosystems.
INVASIVE SPECIES
Global trade brings species from their home
ecosystems to other parts of the world,
where there are often no predators to eat
them and keep their numbers in check.
Alien species often throw their new
habitats severely out of balance.
For instance, the brown rat, which

originated in central Asia and has invaded
almost every part of the world, has driven
hundreds of species extinct and causes an
estimated $19 billion in damage each year in
the United States alone.
CAUSE OF
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
CAUSE OF BIODIVERSITY LOSS
CAUSE OF
BIODIVERSITY LOSS
Land use change, pollution, poor water quality,
chemical and waste contamination, climate
change and other causes of ecosystem
degradation all contribute to biodiversity loss
and, can pose considerable threats to human
health.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!
Biodiversity (Study Material)

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GE ELECT 1 | Environmental Science

Identify the different causes of biodiversity

Explain why the Philippines is a

For instance, in cattle there are many

Species diversity is measured by species

The present diversity has developed over

Beta diversity refers to the ratio between local

Gamma diversity is the total diversity of a

When those carrying these genetic codes

Vegetation and soil in ecosystems like

STORM, FLOODING, AND

Restoration and protection of coastal ecosystems such

This includes pollination, maintenance of soil

Researchers also found that aside from

LAND AND WATER USE

In New York, where almost all the marshes

For example, 70% of fish stocks in the ocean

We’re already seeing hotter

For instance, the brown rat, which

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