Adapting mobilities theory in the context of the Asia Pacific region, this study provides empiric... more Adapting mobilities theory in the context of the Asia Pacific region, this study provides empirical evidence that demonstrates the travel–migration relationship is mediated by intercultural adaptation and moderated by the degree of travel freedom. Mobility, however is not equal among the various nationalities in the region. The likelihood of travel–migration conversion is stronger among advanced East Asian economies such as Japan and South Korea, where citizen are entitled to higher degree of freedom to travel. Citizens from Southeast Asia and China, however, are subject to certain level of travel restriction and overseas travel experience is less likely to predict their propensity for migration. Researchers triangulated and integrated findings across different methods to develop and validate measurement scales before testing hypotheses particularized for the context of the current study.
This chapter discusses the gaps between planning for sustainable tourism and the reality of resou... more This chapter discusses the gaps between planning for sustainable tourism and the reality of resource allocation and their utilization for development. The study is based on the case of Ðak Lak province located in South-central Vietnam. The area is not only the most populous province in the Central Highland Region, it also has the highest ratio of ethnic diversity in the country; 49 out of 54 ethnic minority groups find their homes there. Regional richness in cultural resources has derived from ethnic group lifestyles in harmony with the environment of mountains, highlands, powerful rivers and waterfalls.
This chapter defines the scope of the book with reference to the political, social and economic s... more This chapter defines the scope of the book with reference to the political, social and economic situation of Vietnam. By reviewing existing work on Vietnam tourism published in English, the authors highlight the issues of minorities and fragmentation with regards to current writing on the topic. This justifies the importance and significance of compiling a compendium of current work on policies and practices of tourism development from various levels of administration across different types and forms of tourism and encompassing diverse segments of the tourism industry.
Compared to forms of international inbound tourism or the development and marketing of various fo... more Compared to forms of international inbound tourism or the development and marketing of various forms of travel inside the country, Thai outbound tourism constitutes a rather neglected phenomenon. Though a promising start was King Chulalongkorn’s iconic trip to Europe in the late 19th century, Thai outbound travel remained restricted to a small elite of royal and other wealthy travelers until the 1980s when economic prosperity and rising household incomes fueled increasing demand for leisure and business travel. Based on a literature review and data from a survey with Thai tourists in Austria, this research outlines dimensions of contemporary Thai tourists in Europe in relation to their travel trends, profiles and destination image perception.
Art increasingly appears at "dark" museums and related formal sites to balance the traditional ex... more Art increasingly appears at "dark" museums and related formal sites to balance the traditional exhibits of war. This article explores how art might contribute a peace education perceptive in differing countries and a globalizing context. Case studies from the United Kingdom, Europe (West and East), and Southeast Asia (Cambodia and Vietnam) are analyzed. The former deploys new technologies and supports wellknown artists who appeal to art markets. Asian curation relies more on creativity, including children's and victim's art. Both deploy artistic devices to symbolize the scale of atrocities and create aesthetic depth-juxtaposition, prominence, perspective, repetition, patterning, and soundscapes. The analysis provides tools and checklists to assist curation and inform artists, and concludes that critical educational processes are as important as the art.
While research on Asian tourism has increased in recent years, studies on Asian travellers' consu... more While research on Asian tourism has increased in recent years, studies on Asian travellers' consumption patterns in Europe are still rather rare. Taking a sociological perspective, this research examines Asian tourists' consumption in Vienna in relation to their sense of distinction and mobility. Combining results of a quantitative survey of 560 tourists from China, Japan, South Korea, and Thailand with semi-structured interviews of tour guides and representatives of a destination marketing agency, the authors tested a hypothetical model of factors driving Asian tourists' status consumption. While Japanese and South Korean tourists tended toward lifestyle consumption, Chinese and Thai visitors were more likely to engage in material consumption to gain social status. The authors explain the variation of status consumption across Asian tourist groups in terms of the mobility and socio-cultural characteristics of the middle class from the four countries.
Social interactions are a key aspect of the travel experience for Asian backpackers. Underpinned ... more Social interactions are a key aspect of the travel experience for Asian backpackers. Underpinned by the paradigm of symbolic interactionism and drawing on the theories of liminality and social identity, this study investigates the social interactions of Asian backpackers and provides a validated measurement scale. The interactions of travel companions comprise six dimensions including motivation, similarity, connection, similarity avoidance, distinction and recommendation along the travel timeline from pre-travel to on-road and post-travel period. The findings also identify the change, from learner to mentor, in the traveller's role as the trip progresses.
This chapter analyses policies and stakeholders' engagement in the planning and management of... more This chapter analyses policies and stakeholders' engagement in the planning and management of festivals and cultural events. The authors, Dang et al., utilize a case-study approach with four vignettes: (i)Giong Festival (Ha Noi city); (ii)Thanh Tuyen Festival (Tuyen Quang province); (iii)Tich Dien Festival (Ha Nam province); and (iv)the Tea Festival (Thai Nguyen province). Findings from semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders reveal a range of endogenous and exogenous drivers presented on vertical axes for stakeholder engagement. Important findings from this study relate to the process of changing roles of the local community, local authorities and the central state as the events evolve over time.
This research investigates the imagined social distinction of young Asian travelers. Factors such... more This research investigates the imagined social distinction of young Asian travelers. Factors such as culture, language, and distinction were found to influence the development of young Asians. A disparity in the impact of these factors on personal development is evident in the comparison of two groups of travelers, with and without prior travel experience to Western countries. This supports the claim that social distinction is imaginary. The study advances the understanding of travel as a social phenomenon by operationalizing and verifying the imagination of social distinction in the context of travel. Practical implications suggest that tourism professionals might engage with these lucrative travel segments.
Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 2011
This article approaches domestic tourism in Vietnam from a native Asian perspective aiming to exa... more This article approaches domestic tourism in Vietnam from a native Asian perspective aiming to examine Vietnamese domestic travel motivations. This quantitative study is based on a self-administered questionnaire to survey 230 Vietnamese domestic travellers. Results highlight the significant roles of the employer sponsoring the trip, family, travel promotion, and favourable weather in determining travel, in addition to their motivations to seek time for leisure and recreation. Moreover, the study detected a perception gap between the tourist’s demand and the travel agent’s supply. The behaviour of Vietnamese domestic travellers refl ects the characteristics of a transition economy and reveals certain aspects which are also peculiar to other Asian countries.
The current study deconstructs the process of turning heritage resources into tourism products. A... more The current study deconstructs the process of turning heritage resources into tourism products. A case study of the Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long, a UNESCO World Heritage site located in the capital city of Vietnam, Hanoi, provides an in-depth understanding of the plural use of heritage. Findings from the study reveal issues of heritage dissonance inherent in the process of resource selection, interpretation, and targeting for different audiences. It is apparent that commodification cannot be separated from the politicization of heritage. In the case of heritage of national importance and international significance, politicization has been prioritized and results in diminishing the utilization of heritage for commercial purposes such as tourism.
The legacy of the Vietnam War associates Vietnam with being a destination for dark tourism. Locat... more The legacy of the Vietnam War associates Vietnam with being a destination for dark tourism. Located in the central Vietnam, Quang Tri, the former Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) has high density of historical sites left from the Vietnam War. Visitation to the war-related sites for commemoration and secular pilgrimage is among the top motivations for tourists arriving in the city. The current research seeks to investigate the mediating roles of on-site guides at the historical sites of Quang Tri. By observing on-site tour guide performance, analysing their narratives and conducting interviews with guides working at monuments and historical sites, and reflection of tourists visiting the sites, the authors provide a unique perspective of guiding at contested war heritage, where on-site guides perform multiple mediating roles. The findings of the study highlight the need to reappraise the role of on-site guides and have implications for the planning and development of guiding services at histo...
Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 2017
The substantial development of the tourism industry in Asia has resulted in growing international... more The substantial development of the tourism industry in Asia has resulted in growing international demand for tourism and hospitality higher education in Australia. Using a pre-and-post study design, the results indicate that after a semester of teaching and learning, the improvement in self-efficacy was only evidenced among high performing students. While self-efficacy was significant in predicting the performance of domestic students, this positive relationship was not found among international students. The results of this study bridge the knowledge gap identified in the literature and highlight a need for further understanding international students in English-based tourism and hospitality education.
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the factors that directly and indirectly affect the relationship... more ABSTRACT This paper investigates the factors that directly and indirectly affect the relationship of two types of mobility among young Japanese: travel and migration. Accumulation of cultural capital is the most significant determinant of future travel. While personality maturation, which is an outcome of cultural, social, and symbolic capital, has a significant impact on the decision to travel in the future, it has limited explanatory power for the intention to migrate. Other factors, such as travel experience and gender of the respondents, also influence the travel–migration nexus.
Tourists from Asia offer a promising alternative target for some of the traditional European tour... more Tourists from Asia offer a promising alternative target for some of the traditional European tourist markets that have stagnated owing to the economic crisis. The number of Asian tourist arrivals in Austria's capital city Vienna has increased dramatically, as double-digit growth rates of recent years demonstrate. A remarkable recovery of the Japanese market as well as an exponential growth of the Chinese and South Korean markets, in addition to the high spending power of Thai tourists, have created a highly positive scenario for the tourism industry in Austria. This paper uses Vienna as a case study to exemplify the rise of Asian tourism in Europe. Tourism statistics, media reports, and materials of destination marketing organizations were analyzed to provide an evaluation of trends and growth of Asian outbound tourism to Vienna. The authors argue that the sophistication of tourist consumption of European cultural attractions is in line with stages of socioeconomic and political development of Asian countries, and that travel patterns significantly differ within the Asian market.
Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 2013
The rise in student demand for international education has presented many challenges to tourism a... more The rise in student demand for international education has presented many challenges to tourism and hospitality educators and institutions, as well as students. A critical concern for 1st-year undergraduates, and for international students in particular, lies in academic adjustment issues, which may be related to student self-esteem and resilience and may ultimately affect academic performance. Although investigators have made many attempts to discern the problems students face when studying in English as a second language, very little is known about the influence of self-esteem and resilience on academic performance, particularly that of tourism and hospitality students. This research explores the impacts of self-esteem and resilience factors on the academic performance of international students compared to domestic Australian students. The results suggest that for both groups, self-esteem and resilience are significant predictors of academic performance. Pedagogical implications and suggestions for teacher–student interaction are discussed.
Acknowledging the increasing popularity of independent travel from East Asia, this article explor... more Acknowledging the increasing popularity of independent travel from East Asia, this article explores the backpacking experience of young travellers of the region, from a socio-anthropological angle. Using liminality theory as a guideline and adopting a qualitative investigative approach, 31 interviews with East Asian backpackers were conducted. The findings suggest there are dual facets of the liminal experiences of the backpackers. On one hand, young travellers were motivated to escape from temporal, spatial and social pressures at home. On the other, their narratives reflected a strong commitment to home through a sense of filial piety, an awareness of their identity and positive evaluation of home. These findings advance our understanding of the liminal experiences in an Asian backpacking context.
Adapting mobilities theory in the context of the Asia Pacific region, this study provides empiric... more Adapting mobilities theory in the context of the Asia Pacific region, this study provides empirical evidence that demonstrates the travel–migration relationship is mediated by intercultural adaptation and moderated by the degree of travel freedom. Mobility, however is not equal among the various nationalities in the region. The likelihood of travel–migration conversion is stronger among advanced East Asian economies such as Japan and South Korea, where citizen are entitled to higher degree of freedom to travel. Citizens from Southeast Asia and China, however, are subject to certain level of travel restriction and overseas travel experience is less likely to predict their propensity for migration. Researchers triangulated and integrated findings across different methods to develop and validate measurement scales before testing hypotheses particularized for the context of the current study.
This chapter discusses the gaps between planning for sustainable tourism and the reality of resou... more This chapter discusses the gaps between planning for sustainable tourism and the reality of resource allocation and their utilization for development. The study is based on the case of Ðak Lak province located in South-central Vietnam. The area is not only the most populous province in the Central Highland Region, it also has the highest ratio of ethnic diversity in the country; 49 out of 54 ethnic minority groups find their homes there. Regional richness in cultural resources has derived from ethnic group lifestyles in harmony with the environment of mountains, highlands, powerful rivers and waterfalls.
This chapter defines the scope of the book with reference to the political, social and economic s... more This chapter defines the scope of the book with reference to the political, social and economic situation of Vietnam. By reviewing existing work on Vietnam tourism published in English, the authors highlight the issues of minorities and fragmentation with regards to current writing on the topic. This justifies the importance and significance of compiling a compendium of current work on policies and practices of tourism development from various levels of administration across different types and forms of tourism and encompassing diverse segments of the tourism industry.
Compared to forms of international inbound tourism or the development and marketing of various fo... more Compared to forms of international inbound tourism or the development and marketing of various forms of travel inside the country, Thai outbound tourism constitutes a rather neglected phenomenon. Though a promising start was King Chulalongkorn’s iconic trip to Europe in the late 19th century, Thai outbound travel remained restricted to a small elite of royal and other wealthy travelers until the 1980s when economic prosperity and rising household incomes fueled increasing demand for leisure and business travel. Based on a literature review and data from a survey with Thai tourists in Austria, this research outlines dimensions of contemporary Thai tourists in Europe in relation to their travel trends, profiles and destination image perception.
Art increasingly appears at "dark" museums and related formal sites to balance the traditional ex... more Art increasingly appears at "dark" museums and related formal sites to balance the traditional exhibits of war. This article explores how art might contribute a peace education perceptive in differing countries and a globalizing context. Case studies from the United Kingdom, Europe (West and East), and Southeast Asia (Cambodia and Vietnam) are analyzed. The former deploys new technologies and supports wellknown artists who appeal to art markets. Asian curation relies more on creativity, including children's and victim's art. Both deploy artistic devices to symbolize the scale of atrocities and create aesthetic depth-juxtaposition, prominence, perspective, repetition, patterning, and soundscapes. The analysis provides tools and checklists to assist curation and inform artists, and concludes that critical educational processes are as important as the art.
While research on Asian tourism has increased in recent years, studies on Asian travellers' consu... more While research on Asian tourism has increased in recent years, studies on Asian travellers' consumption patterns in Europe are still rather rare. Taking a sociological perspective, this research examines Asian tourists' consumption in Vienna in relation to their sense of distinction and mobility. Combining results of a quantitative survey of 560 tourists from China, Japan, South Korea, and Thailand with semi-structured interviews of tour guides and representatives of a destination marketing agency, the authors tested a hypothetical model of factors driving Asian tourists' status consumption. While Japanese and South Korean tourists tended toward lifestyle consumption, Chinese and Thai visitors were more likely to engage in material consumption to gain social status. The authors explain the variation of status consumption across Asian tourist groups in terms of the mobility and socio-cultural characteristics of the middle class from the four countries.
Social interactions are a key aspect of the travel experience for Asian backpackers. Underpinned ... more Social interactions are a key aspect of the travel experience for Asian backpackers. Underpinned by the paradigm of symbolic interactionism and drawing on the theories of liminality and social identity, this study investigates the social interactions of Asian backpackers and provides a validated measurement scale. The interactions of travel companions comprise six dimensions including motivation, similarity, connection, similarity avoidance, distinction and recommendation along the travel timeline from pre-travel to on-road and post-travel period. The findings also identify the change, from learner to mentor, in the traveller's role as the trip progresses.
This chapter analyses policies and stakeholders' engagement in the planning and management of... more This chapter analyses policies and stakeholders' engagement in the planning and management of festivals and cultural events. The authors, Dang et al., utilize a case-study approach with four vignettes: (i)Giong Festival (Ha Noi city); (ii)Thanh Tuyen Festival (Tuyen Quang province); (iii)Tich Dien Festival (Ha Nam province); and (iv)the Tea Festival (Thai Nguyen province). Findings from semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders reveal a range of endogenous and exogenous drivers presented on vertical axes for stakeholder engagement. Important findings from this study relate to the process of changing roles of the local community, local authorities and the central state as the events evolve over time.
This research investigates the imagined social distinction of young Asian travelers. Factors such... more This research investigates the imagined social distinction of young Asian travelers. Factors such as culture, language, and distinction were found to influence the development of young Asians. A disparity in the impact of these factors on personal development is evident in the comparison of two groups of travelers, with and without prior travel experience to Western countries. This supports the claim that social distinction is imaginary. The study advances the understanding of travel as a social phenomenon by operationalizing and verifying the imagination of social distinction in the context of travel. Practical implications suggest that tourism professionals might engage with these lucrative travel segments.
Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 2011
This article approaches domestic tourism in Vietnam from a native Asian perspective aiming to exa... more This article approaches domestic tourism in Vietnam from a native Asian perspective aiming to examine Vietnamese domestic travel motivations. This quantitative study is based on a self-administered questionnaire to survey 230 Vietnamese domestic travellers. Results highlight the significant roles of the employer sponsoring the trip, family, travel promotion, and favourable weather in determining travel, in addition to their motivations to seek time for leisure and recreation. Moreover, the study detected a perception gap between the tourist’s demand and the travel agent’s supply. The behaviour of Vietnamese domestic travellers refl ects the characteristics of a transition economy and reveals certain aspects which are also peculiar to other Asian countries.
The current study deconstructs the process of turning heritage resources into tourism products. A... more The current study deconstructs the process of turning heritage resources into tourism products. A case study of the Central Sector of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long, a UNESCO World Heritage site located in the capital city of Vietnam, Hanoi, provides an in-depth understanding of the plural use of heritage. Findings from the study reveal issues of heritage dissonance inherent in the process of resource selection, interpretation, and targeting for different audiences. It is apparent that commodification cannot be separated from the politicization of heritage. In the case of heritage of national importance and international significance, politicization has been prioritized and results in diminishing the utilization of heritage for commercial purposes such as tourism.
The legacy of the Vietnam War associates Vietnam with being a destination for dark tourism. Locat... more The legacy of the Vietnam War associates Vietnam with being a destination for dark tourism. Located in the central Vietnam, Quang Tri, the former Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) has high density of historical sites left from the Vietnam War. Visitation to the war-related sites for commemoration and secular pilgrimage is among the top motivations for tourists arriving in the city. The current research seeks to investigate the mediating roles of on-site guides at the historical sites of Quang Tri. By observing on-site tour guide performance, analysing their narratives and conducting interviews with guides working at monuments and historical sites, and reflection of tourists visiting the sites, the authors provide a unique perspective of guiding at contested war heritage, where on-site guides perform multiple mediating roles. The findings of the study highlight the need to reappraise the role of on-site guides and have implications for the planning and development of guiding services at histo...
Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism Education, 2017
The substantial development of the tourism industry in Asia has resulted in growing international... more The substantial development of the tourism industry in Asia has resulted in growing international demand for tourism and hospitality higher education in Australia. Using a pre-and-post study design, the results indicate that after a semester of teaching and learning, the improvement in self-efficacy was only evidenced among high performing students. While self-efficacy was significant in predicting the performance of domestic students, this positive relationship was not found among international students. The results of this study bridge the knowledge gap identified in the literature and highlight a need for further understanding international students in English-based tourism and hospitality education.
ABSTRACT This paper investigates the factors that directly and indirectly affect the relationship... more ABSTRACT This paper investigates the factors that directly and indirectly affect the relationship of two types of mobility among young Japanese: travel and migration. Accumulation of cultural capital is the most significant determinant of future travel. While personality maturation, which is an outcome of cultural, social, and symbolic capital, has a significant impact on the decision to travel in the future, it has limited explanatory power for the intention to migrate. Other factors, such as travel experience and gender of the respondents, also influence the travel–migration nexus.
Tourists from Asia offer a promising alternative target for some of the traditional European tour... more Tourists from Asia offer a promising alternative target for some of the traditional European tourist markets that have stagnated owing to the economic crisis. The number of Asian tourist arrivals in Austria's capital city Vienna has increased dramatically, as double-digit growth rates of recent years demonstrate. A remarkable recovery of the Japanese market as well as an exponential growth of the Chinese and South Korean markets, in addition to the high spending power of Thai tourists, have created a highly positive scenario for the tourism industry in Austria. This paper uses Vienna as a case study to exemplify the rise of Asian tourism in Europe. Tourism statistics, media reports, and materials of destination marketing organizations were analyzed to provide an evaluation of trends and growth of Asian outbound tourism to Vienna. The authors argue that the sophistication of tourist consumption of European cultural attractions is in line with stages of socioeconomic and political development of Asian countries, and that travel patterns significantly differ within the Asian market.
Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 2013
The rise in student demand for international education has presented many challenges to tourism a... more The rise in student demand for international education has presented many challenges to tourism and hospitality educators and institutions, as well as students. A critical concern for 1st-year undergraduates, and for international students in particular, lies in academic adjustment issues, which may be related to student self-esteem and resilience and may ultimately affect academic performance. Although investigators have made many attempts to discern the problems students face when studying in English as a second language, very little is known about the influence of self-esteem and resilience on academic performance, particularly that of tourism and hospitality students. This research explores the impacts of self-esteem and resilience factors on the academic performance of international students compared to domestic Australian students. The results suggest that for both groups, self-esteem and resilience are significant predictors of academic performance. Pedagogical implications and suggestions for teacher–student interaction are discussed.
Acknowledging the increasing popularity of independent travel from East Asia, this article explor... more Acknowledging the increasing popularity of independent travel from East Asia, this article explores the backpacking experience of young travellers of the region, from a socio-anthropological angle. Using liminality theory as a guideline and adopting a qualitative investigative approach, 31 interviews with East Asian backpackers were conducted. The findings suggest there are dual facets of the liminal experiences of the backpackers. On one hand, young travellers were motivated to escape from temporal, spatial and social pressures at home. On the other, their narratives reflected a strong commitment to home through a sense of filial piety, an awareness of their identity and positive evaluation of home. These findings advance our understanding of the liminal experiences in an Asian backpacking context.
Southeast Asia represents a diverse region with different historical, political and socioeconomic... more Southeast Asia represents a diverse region with different historical, political and socioeconomic developments and a broad range of natural and cultural tourist attractions. These assets, along with favourable tourism policies, have meant that over the last three decades, international tourist arrivals in the region skyrocketed from 21.2 million in 1990 to 129 million in 2018. While Southeast Asian countries feature diverse socioeconomic and political developments, all have – to different extents – embraced tourism as a vehicle for income generation and job creation. Simultaneously, however, different forms of (mass) tourism development have led to unequal distribution of economic benefits, overexploitation of resources, and uncontrolled tourism development. This chapter provides an overview of the nature and development of tourism in Southeast Asia, followed by an outline of the status quo on tourism and development research in Southeast Asia through a systematic quantitative literature review which draws on the Scopus research journal article database, covering the years 2000-2019. The chapter focuses specifically on the Southeast Asian context and briefly introduces the structure and single contributions of this edited volume.
Vietnam has experienced rapid growth within its tourism industry during the past decades. This gr... more Vietnam has experienced rapid growth within its tourism industry during the past decades. This growth is part of Vietnam's opening economy allowing a wide range of forms of tourism. Vietnam Tourism: Policies and Practices provides a comprehensive review of tourism development in Vietnam. Part I outlines the history of tourism, the role and involvement of public and private sectors in governance and planning, and the markets for tourism. Part II offers analysis and assessment of various types of tourism in Vietnam, including marine and island, eco, heritage, dark and community-based tourism. Part III centres on current operational issues of tourism, hotels and events. Written by scholars with extensive research experience on tourism in Vietnam this book is a reliable source of reference for students, researchers and industry practitioners who are interested modern tourism specifically in Vietnam and Southeast Asia.
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