Bloustein School of Planning and Public Policy

The Iranian revolution of 1079, which toppled the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi's 38-year old regime and ended nearly 2500 years of monarchy in Iran, had three generally acknowledged objectives: democracy, national independence and social justice. The first of these objectives was directed against the Shah's dictatorship, the second against external dependency, and the third against the uneven development of capitalism in Iran. The Islamic leadership of the revolution convinced the people that their demands would best be realized in an Islamic government. Of the three objectives, only social justice is of interest here and that only to the extent that it relates to territorial social justice (TSJ). The term 'territory' is used interchangeably with province (Ostan) and refers to an administrative subdivision, used, primarily, as a tool for nominal geographic distribution of state power, political control and economic management. There are 24 such subdivisions in Iran. TSJ is defined to include economic, social, political. cultural and ideological relations within and among territories of a given nation. It encompasses territorial provision of basic needs, balanced interterritorial development and resource allocation on the basis of need and potential, territorial balance of political power and decentralization of development policies, popular participation in local administration and decision-making, and respect for cultural diversity and autonomy. The TSJ concept is, therefore, an obvious improvement over conceptions such as 'balance' 'convergence', and 'equity' being propagated in the literature on regional questions. Specifically, this paper examines the major influences on and changes in provincial development in the Islamic republic of Iran and evaluates the state's efforts to realize TSJ. A case-study approach has been adopted and the largely empirical data and information are analysed and presented using the political economy perspective. Impacts of the Iran-Iraq war, disruption of the state machinery as a result of the revolution, and changes in legal, administrative and policy/planning structures are emphasized. Interprovincial disparity has somewhat declined, but TSJ remains largely unrealized. In the absence of political will

The current globalization calls for a globalizing pedagogy of planning education. By 'globalization' is meant a process whereby certain megatrends are made universal to the human condition, although they are differently experienced by diverse cultures and activities and at various territorial scales. A 'globalizing pedagogy', on the other hand, is a mode of education which brings these trends to bear upon the planning profession in such a way as to allow for the advent of common global visions and locally specific practices. The author gives the rationale for a global approach to planning education, indicates the main characteristics of the current globalization, discusses past attempts at cultural universalism, and pedagogical innovations, and outlines some of the main features of a globalizing pedagogy for planning education. Some of the major challenges that the planning profession faces for adopting a global approach are also identified.

The current globalization calls for a globalizing pedagogy of planning education. By 'globalization' is meant a process whereby certain megatrends are made universal to the human condition, although they are differently experienced by diverse cultures and activities and at various territorial scales. A 'globalizing pedagogy', on the other hand, is a mode of education which brings these trends to bear upon the planning profession in such a way as to allow for the advent of common global visions and locally specific practices. The author gives the rationale for a global approach to planning education, indicates the main characteristics of the current globalization, discusses past attempts at cultural universalism, and pedagogical innovations, and outlines some of the main features of a globalizing pedagogy for planning education. Some of the major challenges that the planning profession faces for adopting a global approach are also identified.

This paper examines the major influences on and changes in regional development in Iran since the revolution of 1979, and evaluates the state's efforts to balance regional development. Three influences have been identified, namely, popular movements, incidental factors, and the state's measures. Among the incidental factors, the Iran-Iraq war has been the most significant. It led to economic destruction, reduction of provincial disparity and massive internal migration. The popular movements, on the other hand, followed disruption of the state machinery and led to a de fucto administrative decentralization, an upsurge of local initiatives, and an active public participation in local affairs. However, the increasing centralization of the state since the Revolution is eroding the positive effects of these trends. While the state-induced constitutional, administrative, planning, and policy measures are designed to realize balanced regional development, their real effect remains limited due to problems in implementation and the lack of a coherent development strategy. However, there is evidence that regional disparity is narrowing rather than widening. Although this is a result of the three forces combined, each one of the three forces appears to have helped to induce this change.

Notes on Contributors - Preface - The Colonial-Political Dimension of the Iran-UAE Dispute H.Amirahmadi - Perspectives on the Territorial History of Tonb and Abu Musa Islands P.Mojtahed-Zadeh - The Legal Basis of Iran's Sovereignty over Abu Musa Island D.H.Bavand - The Ownership of Tonb Islands: A Legal Analysis G.Mirfendereski - Appendices - Bibliography - Index

With the end of the Iran-Iraq war, as Iran entered the second decade of the revolution, the country had a chance to focus again on political and economic development Crucial items on the government's agenda included recdnstruction and a general improvement of the quality of life of the Iranian people. Iran sought to concentrate on medium-term development programs, to balance the short-term needs of its people against the nation's longterm interests. It was against this background that planners developed the first five-year plan for political, economic social and cultural development, covering 1989 to 1993. 1 An evaluation of the first plan in terms of both its positive and negative results can help pinpoint the strengths and weaknesses of the plan and shed light upon policy errors made by the Republic's leaders.

AbstractWith some success in the negotiations over Iran's nuclear program, hopes have been raised that the US and Iran may be able to conclude a final nuclear deal and then build upon it to ultimately mend relations. Assuming that the US and Iran can cultivate the political will for normal relations, the purpose of this paper is to assist the policy makers and others to realize the shift and prepare the ground for a realistic rapprochement. With this purpose and possibility in mind, the paper offers an overview of US-Iran relations including its historical development, difficulties in the relationship, imperatives for a better rapport, and remedial prescriptions.IntroductionWith some success in the negotiations over Iran's nuclear program, hopes have been raised that the US and Iran may be able to conclude a final nuclear deal and then build upon it to ultimately mend relations. While such hopes are noble and may not be too illusory, they can prove impossible to realize if t...

Thii paper argues that the Irnain society is caught in many abnrmalities. They include the state-civil society interaction, relations beween men and women, relatioins with the United States and involvmnt of religion in statcfat. Thus the nations needs to normalize these abnormalities before it can aqdvance demcracy,

The current globalization calls for a globalizing pedagogy of planning education. By 'globalization' is meant a process whereby certain megatrends are made universal to the human condition, although they are differently experienced by diverse cultures and activities and at various territorial scales. A 'globalizing pedagogy', on the other hand, is a mode of education which brings these trends to bear upon the planning profession in such a way as to allow for the advent of common global visions and locally specific practices. The author gives the rationale for a global approach to planning education, indicates the main characteristics of the current globalization, discusses past attempts at cultural universalism, and pedagogical innovations, and outlines some of the main features of a globalizing pedagogy for planning education. Some of the major challenges that the planning profession faces for adopting a global approach are also identified.

Hooshang Amirahmadi autonomy and panicipation dominated territorial politics in most ethnic provinces. :. Impact of the war On 22 September 1980. the Iraqi army invaded Iran along a front of 1352 km. penetrating at certain places as deep as 80 km into Iran, In less than a few weeks. over 14fXXJ km sq of the country were occupied in the five southern and southwestern provinces of Khuzestan. Bakhtaran. Ilam. Kurdestan and West Azarbaijan (Figure 1), Parts of the last two provinces have also been involved in the fights between the central government and the Kurdish people who are demanding regional autonomy, Damage to Khuzestan. which was among the few well-developed provinces of Iran as the oil capital of the country. has been extensive and its impact goes well beyqnd the provincial borders with drastic consequences for the national economy, These provinces are densely populated and most of the population are minorities (Azaris. Kurds and Arabs). The neighbouring provinces and certain cities :in various parts of the country have also suffered in varying degrees. The most recent official estimates to September 1985 put the total damage to various sectors at 24730424 million rials (current prices) which is equivalent to US $309.13 billion (at US $1 = 80 rials) (Amirahmadi. 1987a). Tt.e figure excludes damage to armed forces. the civilian population and military expenditures. Considering that the average annual foreign exchange earnings of the government from oil in 1979-84 were $16.75 billion. the amount of loss is equivalent to 18.5 years of Iranian oil export earnings. The share of the urban sector is reported at .~82 222.0 million rials (US $6 027,8 million). This does not include damage to commercial. cultural. historical. religious. educational and health-related buildings. industrial establishments and infrastructure of various types in the cities. Damage to these facilities has been equally extensive. For example. over 60% of the country's port facilities were not functioning in 1986 (Amirahmadi. 1987a: 135: Plan and Budget. 1986: 165-74: 278-313), A total of 51 cities and towns have been damaged to varying degrees, The cities of Hoveizeh (in Khuzestan). Musian (in Ilam). and Baneh (in Kurdestan) among others. have received 'wide-ranging damage') (The Imposed War. 1985: 9). In addition. 3891 villages were damaged by September 1985. many beyond repair. This amounts to 30% of villages in the five war provinces. The total damage amounts to 560 215,1 million rials (US $7002.7). which is larger than the corresponding figure for the urban sector, Thus. the total damage to human settlements amounts to the staggering figure of US $13 030,5 million, The war has affected the settlement systems in other ways. Preliminary reports of the 1986 National Census of Housing and Population (see e.g. Gozideh-e .vlataieb-e Amari. 1987) indicate that the population of Iran increased to 49 764 874 in 1986 from the 1976 figure of 33 708 744. an average annual growth

Information technology (IT) was conventionally viewed as a process that affects the sr anal organization of production significantly yet has little impact on technical and managerial structures. Specifically, IT was said to encourage decentralization and centralization in space because the new infrastructure, 'the electronic superhighway', both compresses space and reduces turnover time. Regional policymakers were then advised to design measures to enhance the decentralizing effect of IT. Only recently has attention been directed toward the impact of IT on industrial processes. However, such contributions remain limited because of their view of IT as a process phenomenon. We argue that IT is better viewed as a process and as a productive force and that from this perspective its impact is not limited to spatial organization of industries as it also alters production methods. Beginning with this understanding of IT, we have identified and presented two emerging technospatial tendencies, namely, integration and disintegration. Whereas decentralization disengages production stages from a centralized hub of productive activity, disintegration actually alters a centralized production hub into new fragments, each of which incorporates every necessary production stage to create a comprehensive and self-sufficient structure. Likewise, whereas centralization simply collects production stages together, integration restructures groups of production stages into a new whole and leads to comprehensive resource-sharing among diverse industries. The implications of this new formulation for regional development policy are farreaching. There are also ramifications for the existing theory of new international division of labor, a subject that is not treated in this paper. Regional planners will need to restructure `innovation techniques' specifically to accommodate disintegrated firms and to design policies that correlate with the industrial objective of competitive advantage. The most significant ingredients in this process are the establishment of an intelligent network, high-quality labor training, and support of productivity strategies designed to meet the needs of firms in the 1990s. Policymakers must also introduce regulations to promote universal access to IT and prevent integrated firms from becoming oligopolies, including the creation of countervailing local forces.