New Zealand parrot
| New Zealand parrots Temporal range: Early Miocene to present
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|---|---|
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| New Zealand kaka, North Island subspecies (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis) at Auckland Zoo, New Zealand | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Psittacopasserae |
| Order: | Psittaciformes Bonaparte, 1849 |
| Superfamily: | Strigopoidea Bonaparte, 1849 |
| Families and Genera | |
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The Strigopoidea is a small superfamily of New Zealand parrots.[1] It only has three genera: Nestor, the Kakapo Strigops and the fossil Nelepsittacus.[2]
The genus Nestor consists of the Kea, and the Kaka,[3][4] while the genus Strigops contains the iconic Kākāpō.[3] All living species are endemic to New Zealand. The modern common species names, Kea, Kākā and Kākāpō, are the same as the original Māori names.
The nearby island species, the Norfolk Kaka and the Chatham Kaka, became extinct in recent times.[4][5] The extinct species of the genus Nelepsittacus have been extinct for 16 million years. All living forms are threatened.[6][7][8] Human activity caused the two extinctions and the decline of the other three species. Settlers introduced invasive species, such as pigs and possums, which eat the eggs of ground nesting birds. Also hunting for food, killing as agricultural pests, habitat loss, and introduced wasps have added to the problem.
The family diverged from the other parrots around 82 million years ago when New Zealand broke off from Gondwana, and the ancestors of the genera Nestor and Strigops diverged from each other between 60 and 80 million years ago.[9][10]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Bonaparte C.L. 1850. Conspectus Generum Avium, E.J. Brill, Leyden.
- ↑ Christidis L. & Boles W.E. 2008 (2008). Systematics and taxonomy of Australian Birds. Canberra: CSIRO Publishing. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-643-06511-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Forshaw, Joseph M.; Cooper, William T. (1981). Parrots of the World (corrected second ed.). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, London. ISBN 0-7153-7698-5.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Millener P.R. 1999. "The history of the Chatham Islands' bird fauna of the last 7000 years – a chronicle of change and extinction. Proceedings of the 4th International meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution (Washington D.C. 1996)". Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology. 89: 85–109.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ BirdLife International (2008). "Nestor productus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 24 December 2008. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2008). "Strigops habroptila". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 24 December 2008. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered,
- ↑ BirdLife International (2008). "Nestor meridionalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 24 December 2008. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered.
- ↑ BirdLife International (2008). "Nestor notabilis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 24 December 2008. Database entry includes a range map and justification for why this species is endangered.
- ↑ Wright T.F. et al 2008 (2008). "A multilocus molecular phylogeny of the parrots (Psittaciformes): support for a Gondwanan origin during the Cretaceous". Mol Biol Evol. 25 (10): 2141–2156. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn160. PMC 2727385. PMID 18653733.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Grant-Mackie E.J.; et al. "Evolution of New Zealand Parrots". NZ Science Teacher. 103.