Plastic

The objects are all made of plastic

A plastic is a material that can change its shape easily. Many things are made of plastics, usually because making them to the right shape is easy.

Some plastics have other materials added to them, like glass, because they make the plastic stronger and stiffer.

Plastics are used to make many products, including nylon or polyester clothing; toys; electronics; food containers; pipes; bags; parachutes; ropes; car parts; medical supplies; bulletproof glass; and body armor.

Types

There are many types of plastic. Some can be shaped only when they are freshly made; then they become hard. Others are thermoplastic and can be softened by heating them. These plastics can be used for 3D printing, because the plastic will become soft enough to form into different shapes, and then become hard again when they cool down.

History

For many years, people experimented with plastics based on natural polymers like cellulose. In 1855 Alexander Parkes (1813-1890), an English inventor, created an early form of plastic called "Parkesine." It was hard but flexible and transparent.

In 1869 John Wesley Hyatt invented the first synthetic (man-made) polymer as a substitute for ivory. Billiards were becoming popular, and billiard balls were made of ivory. Natural ivory is obtained by slaughtering wild elephants, and there were not enough elephants to meet the demand for ivory. Wesley found a man-made material that could be used for many purposes.

Celluloid eyeglasses (issued between 1870-1900)

According to the Science History Institute:

[Wesley's] discovery was revolutionary. For the first time, human manufacturing was not constrained by the limits of nature. Nature only supplied so much wood, metal, stone, bone, tusk, and horn. But now humans could create new materials. This development helped not only people but also the environment. Advertisements praised celluloid as the savior of the elephant and the tortoise. Plastics could protect the natural world from the destructive forces of human need.

The creation of new materials also helped free people from the social and economic constraints imposed by the scarcity of natural resources. Inexpensive celluloid made material wealth more widespread and obtainable. And the plastics revolution was only getting started.

Making plastics

Machines making plastic screen out of plastic thread (1952)

Most plastics are man-made; they do not occur in nature. The process of making plastics is usually quite complicated.

Polymers

Most of the materials that are called plastic are polymers. Polymers are long chains of atoms bonded to each other. In most plastics, the long chain is a chain of carbon atoms with other atoms attached to them. The different atoms and the shape and length of the chains change how the plastic looks and works.

Petrochemicals

Plastics are mostly petrochemicals, made from natural gas or from petroleum, a type of oil. Chemical engineers refine the petroleum which goes through a heating process. It develops ethylene and propylene, which are the chemical building blocks for many plastics. These chemicals are then combined with other chemicals to produce a polymer.

Plastics without oil

Today, some of these plastics are also being made without oil. Instead, other sources like plants and bacteria are used to make the plastic. These plastics are called bioplastics. Some are biodegradable.

Pollution & recycling

"This Fish Eats Plastic" recycling container on a Malaga beach

Old plastics are usually thrown away and put in landfills. Because plastic lasts so long, plastic pollution is a major problem. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch and other marine trash vortexes are made mostly of microplastics.

Some plastics can be recycled so they won't become waste. However, recycling plastic requires heating, and some plastics release toxic fumes when heated. Some activist organizations argue that recycling is not a solution for plastic pollution.

According to activist Judith Enck:

When it comes to plastics, recycling has been an abysmal failure, and only 5% to 6% of plastics actually gets recycled in the United States ... The plastics industry has spent millions of dollars lying to the public and letting people think that plastics are recyclable when over 90% of them are not and they know that better than anyone.

Well-known plastics

Nylon stockings under a microscope

There are many well-known plastics:

• Polyamide (usually called nylon) is used in women's stockings, parachutes, ropes, gears, car parts, and toothbrush bristles.
• Polycarbonate is used in bulletproof glass, compact discs, and DVDs.
• Polyethylene is used to make tubes, bottles, shopping bags, milk jugs, and body armor (made with polyethylene with especially long chains).
• Polyethylene terephtalate is called PET when used for bottles, and polyester when used for clothes or other materials.
• Polypropylene is used to make food containers and chairs.
• Polystyrene is used for CD cases, plastic cups, plastic forks and knives, packaging foam, and insulation.
• Polyurethane is used in rubber, foam, and shiny coatings on wood and tile.
• Polyvinyl chloride (usually called PVC) is a common material for pipes; chemicals can make PVC softer for toys and cushions.
• Polylactic acid (PLA) is used in 3D printing.
• Cellulose acetate is used for photographic film and cigarette filters.
• Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is used to make electronics, toys, and car parts.