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West Papua (province)

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West Papua shown in red within the map of Indonesia.
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West Papua is a province of Indonesia. It is on the New Guinea island and has many peninsulas and islands. Manokwari is the main city. Around 561,403 people lived there in mid-2022, making it the second least populous province in Indonesia after Southwest Papua.[1]

The Dutch were in New Guinea until 1962. Then, control went to Indonesia. West Papua officially became a province in 1999 and was inaugurated in 2003. Until 2022, it had special status with twelve regencies and one city.[2]

West Papua has a medium Human Development Index, second-lowest in Indonesia. The government is building things like roads and airports. Some worry this might harm rainforests and native cultures. According to Bank Indonesia, West Papua's economy grew by 7.7% in 2018, which is more than the national average.[3][4]

History

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The Nagarakertagama mentioned a region in the east called Wanin, present-day Onin Peninsula in the Fakfak Regency, West Papua.

People have lived in West Papua for a very long time, like 42,000 to 48,000 years. The highlands were a center for farming, and they've grown bananas here for 7,000 years.[5] Austronesian people moved here 3,000 years ago. There are over 300 languages in West Papua.[6]

A Chinese merchant came around 500 AD and called it Tungki. In 600 AD, the Srivijaya Empire from Sumatra called it Janggi. Traders from Persia and South Asia came in 700 AD and called it Dwi Panta or Samudrananta, meaning 'at the edge of the ocean'. In 1511, a Portuguese sailor called it "Os Papuas" or llha de Papo. In 1600, it was called Nueva Guinea by a Spanish explorer.[7][8][9]

In 1606, a Dutch expedition led by Wiliam Jansen landed in Papua. By 1660, the Dutch recognized the Sultan of Tidore's power over New Guinea. During the Indonesian National Awakening, some nationalists were in a camp in Papua. After Indonesia declared independence in 1945, they claimed West Papua.[10][11]

Fort Du Bus, one of the first Dutch administrative and trading posts in New Guinea

In 1962, there was an agreement that temporarily gave control to Indonesia. In 1969, there was a vote called the Act of Free Choice. The result made West Papua part of Indonesia, but many disagreed. They formed the Free Papua Movement, and the independence movement continues today.[12][13][14]

In 2022, parts of West Papua became a new province called Southwest Papua.[15]

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
1971 192,146—    
1980 283,493+47.5%
1990 385,509+36.0%
2000 571,107+48.1%
2005 643,012+12.6%
2010 760,422+18.3%
2015 868,819+14.3%
2020 1,134,068+30.5%
2021 1,156,840+2.0%
2022 1,183,307+2.3%
Source: Statistics Indonesia 2023. West Papua was part of Papua Province until 2004. These figures do not take account of the division into 2 provinces that took place in November 2022.

West Papua has different tribes, with 51.48% being native Papuan people. They include Abun, Biak, Borai, and many more. There are two main groups: mountainous or inland Papuans and lowland and coastal Papuans. Many follow traditional Papuan religions, uniting material and spiritual aspects of life.[16]

The rest of the population comes from other parts of Indonesia. The people of West Papua follow various religions, with the majority being Protestant Christians (54.17%). There are also Muslims (36.74%), and Catholic Christians (8.71%). Manokwari is known as the "Gospel City" due to European missionaries settling there in 1855, celebrated as "Gospel Day".[17]

In West Papua, many languages are spoken, but Indonesian is the official language, and Papuan Malay is used for trade and inter-ethnic communication. However, local languages are at risk of extinction due to economic, educational, and political challenges. Most transactions in markets use Indonesian, contributing to the decline of regional languages.[18][19]

References

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  1. ↑ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, Provinsi Papua Barat Dalam Angka 2023 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.92)
  2. ↑ Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 155-6.
  3. ↑ Newswire (2018-12-10). "Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Papua Barat 7,7 Persen, Dipicu Ekspor LNG". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  4. ↑ "A Highway Megaproject Tears at the Heart of New Guinea's Rainforest". Yale E360. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  5. ↑ Denham, T. P.; Haberle, S. G.; Lentfer, C.; Fullagar, R.; Field, J.; Therin, M.; Porch, N.; Winsborough, B. (2003-07-11). "Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea". Science. 301 (5630): 189–193. doi:10.1126/science.1085255. ISSN 0036-8075.
  6. ↑ Gillespie, Richard (2002). "Dating the First Australians". Radiocarbon. 44 (2): 455–472. doi:10.1017/S0033822200031830. ISSN 0033-8222.
  7. ↑ Singh, Bilveer (2008). Papua: Geopolitics and the Quest for Nationhood. Transaction Publishers. p. 15.
  8. ↑ Kratoska, Paul H. (2001). South East Asia, Colonial History: Imperialism before 1800, Volume 1 de South East Asia, Colonial History. Taylor & Francis. p. 56.
  9. ↑ Sharp, Andrew (1960). The discovery of the Pacific Islands. Internet Archive. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
  10. ↑ Leonard Andaya (1993), p. 155-6.
  11. ↑ Usmany, Desy Polla (2017-06-03). "SEJARAH RAT SRAN RAJA KOMISI KAIMANA (History of Rat Sran King of Kaimana)". Jurnal Penelitian Arkeologi Papua Dan Papua Barat. 6 (1): 85–92. doi:10.24832/papua.v6i1.45. ISSN 2580-9237. Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  12. ↑ Jouwe, Nicolaas (2014). Back to Indonesia: Step, Thought, and Desire. PT Pustaka Sinar Harapan. ISBN 978-979-416-962-9.
  13. ↑ "Slavemasters". George Monbiot. 2018-11-23. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  14. ↑ Li-ann Thio (2006), "International law and secession in the Asia and Pacific regions", in Marcelo G. Kohen (ed.), Secession: International Law Perspectives, Cambridge University Press
  15. ↑ "PP No. 24 Tahun 2007". Database Peraturan | JDIH BPK. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  16. ↑ Ananta, Aris; Utami, Dwi Retno Wilujeng Wahyu; Handayani, Nur Budi (2016). "Statistics on Ethnic Diversity in the Land of Papua, Indonesia". Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies. 3 (3): 458–474. doi:10.1002/app5.143. ISSN 2050-2680.
  17. ↑ Lamport, Mark A. (2018). Encyclopedia of Christianity in the global south (2018 ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 851, 853. ISBN 978-1-4422-7156-2. OCLC 1005687259.
  18. ↑ Palmer, Bill, ed. (2017-12-04). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9783110295252. ISBN 978-3-11-029525-2.
  19. ↑ Media, Kompas Cyber (2011-12-13). "Bahasa Daerah di Papua Barat Terancam Punah". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-01-01.
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