Osmium

Osmium (tina basa Yunani Kuna ὀσμή (osmḗ) 'bau') mangrupa unsur kimia; eta boga simbol Os jeung nomer atom 76. Ieu teuas, regas, logam transisi bluish-bodas dina grup platina nu kapanggih salaku unsur renik dina paduan, lolobana dina bijih platina. Osmium mangrupikeun unsur alami anu pangpadetna. Lamun diukur sacara ékspériméntal ngagunakeun kristalografi sinar-X, éta miboga dénsitas 22,59 g/cm³. Pabrikan ngagunakeun campuranna sareng platina, iridium, sareng logam-logam platinum-group sanés pikeun ngadamel tipping pulpen, kontak listrik, sareng dina aplikasi sanés anu peryogi daya tahan sareng karasa ekstrim.^[1]

Osmium mangrupa salah sahiji unsur paling langka dina kerak Bumi, ngan ukur 50 bagian per triliun (ppt).^[2]^[3]

Bahaya

Bahaya utama osmium logam nyaéta poténsi formasi osmium tetroksida (OsO₄), anu teu stabil sareng bahya pisan.^[4] Réaksi ieu sacara térmodinamik nguntungkeun dina suhu kamar,^[5] tapi lajuna gumantung kana suhu sareng legana permukaan logam.^[6]^[7] Hasilna, bahan bulk teu dianggap picilakaeun ^[8]^[9]^[10] bari meta bubuk cukup gancang yén sampel kadang bisa bau kawas OsO₄ lamun aranjeunna diatur dina hawa.^[11]

Harga

Antara 1990 jeung 2010, harga nominal logam osmium ampir konstan, sedengkeun inflasi ngurangan nilai riil tina ~ US$ 950/ons ka ~ US$ 600/ons.^[12] Kusabab osmium boga sababaraha aplikasi komérsial, éta tara didagangkeun sarta harga jarang dilaporkeun.^[12]

Rujukan

↑ Haynes 2011, p. 4.25.
↑ Fleischer, Michael (1953). "Recent estimates of the abundances of the elements in the Earth's crust" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal October 23, 2022. Diakses tanggal May 10, 2018.
↑ "Reading: Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust | Geology". courses.lumenlearning.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 17, 2022. Diakses tanggal 2018-05-10.
↑ Lebeau, Alex (20 March 2015). "Platinum Group Elements: Palladium, Iridium, Osmium, Rhodium, and Ruthenium". Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 187–192. ISBN 978-1-118-83401-5.
↑ "Osmium(VIII) oxide". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 28, 2023. Diakses tanggal 6 February 2023.
↑ McLaughlin, A. I. G.; Milton, R.; Perry, Kenneth M. A. (1 July 1946). "Toxic Manifestations of Osmium Tetroxide". Occupational and Environmental Medicine 3 (3): 183–186. doi:10.1136/oem.3.3.183. PMC 1035752. PMID 20991177. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1035752.
↑ Friedova, Natalie; Pelclova, Daniela; Obertova, Nikola; Lach, Karel; Kesslerova, Katerina; Kohout, Pavel (November 2020). "Osmium absorption after osmium tetroxide skin and eye exposure". Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 127 (5): 429–433. doi:10.1111/bcpt.13450. PMID 32524772.
↑ "Osmium 7440-04-2". Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15 October 2012. ISBN 978-0-471-70134-7. doi:10.1002/0471701343.sdp45229. Diakses tanggal 5 February 2023.
↑ Luttrell, William E.; Giles, Cory B. (1 September 2007). "Toxic tips: Osmium tetroxide". Journal of Chemical Health & Safety 14 (5): 40–41. doi:10.1016/j.jchas.2007.07.003.
↑ Smith, Ivan C.; Carson, Bonnie L.; Ferguson, Thomas L. (August 1974). "Osmium: An Appraisal of Environmental Exposure" (dalam bahasa en). Environmental Health Perspectives 8: 201–213. doi:10.1289/ehp.748201. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 1474945. PMID 4470919. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.748201.
↑ Gadaskina, I. D. "Osmium". ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety (dalam en-gb). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 3, 2023. Diakses tanggal 6 February 2023.
↑ ^a ^b "USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5188: Metal Prices in the United States Through 2010". pubs.usgs.gov. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013. pp. 119–128. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 7, 2023. Diakses tanggal 11 July 2023.

Sumber

Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1439855119.

[FOOTNOTEHaynes20114.25-1] Haynes 2011, p. 4.25.

[2] Fleischer, Michael (1953). "Recent estimates of the abundances of the elements in the Earth's crust" (PDF). U.S. Geological Survey. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal October 23, 2022. Diakses tanggal May 10, 2018.

[3] "Reading: Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust | Geology". courses.lumenlearning.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 17, 2022. Diakses tanggal 2018-05-10.

[4] Lebeau, Alex (20 March 2015). "Platinum Group Elements: Palladium, Iridium, Osmium, Rhodium, and Ruthenium". Hamilton & Hardy's Industrial Toxicology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 187–192. ISBN 978-1-118-83401-5.

[5] "Osmium(VIII) oxide". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 103rd Edition (Internet Version 2022). CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 28, 2023. Diakses tanggal 6 February 2023.

[6] McLaughlin, A. I. G.; Milton, R.; Perry, Kenneth M. A. (1 July 1946). "Toxic Manifestations of Osmium Tetroxide". Occupational and Environmental Medicine 3 (3): 183–186. doi:10.1136/oem.3.3.183. PMC 1035752. PMID 20991177. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1035752.

[7] Friedova, Natalie; Pelclova, Daniela; Obertova, Nikola; Lach, Karel; Kesslerova, Katerina; Kohout, Pavel (November 2020). "Osmium absorption after osmium tetroxide skin and eye exposure". Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology 127 (5): 429–433. doi:10.1111/bcpt.13450. PMID 32524772.

[8] "Osmium 7440-04-2". Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 15 October 2012. ISBN 978-0-471-70134-7. doi:10.1002/0471701343.sdp45229. Diakses tanggal 5 February 2023.

[9] Luttrell, William E.; Giles, Cory B. (1 September 2007). "Toxic tips: Osmium tetroxide". Journal of Chemical Health & Safety 14 (5): 40–41. doi:10.1016/j.jchas.2007.07.003.

[10] Smith, Ivan C.; Carson, Bonnie L.; Ferguson, Thomas L. (August 1974). "Osmium: An Appraisal of Environmental Exposure" (dalam bahasa en). Environmental Health Perspectives 8: 201–213. doi:10.1289/ehp.748201. ISSN 0091-6765. PMC 1474945. PMID 4470919. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.748201.

[11] Gadaskina, I. D. "Osmium". ILO Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety (dalam en-gb). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 3, 2023. Diakses tanggal 6 February 2023.

[sv-usgs-2012-12] "USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2012–5188: Metal Prices in the United States Through 2010". pubs.usgs.gov. U.S. Geological Survey. 2013. pp. 119–128. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 7, 2023. Diakses tanggal 11 July 2023.

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