ANTHROPOLOGY

Mr. Engberg Has Spoken

Following the end of the first world war, disarmament
conferences were held, led by the League
of Nations, and several countries, including Sweden,
disarmed voluntarily, while others were alarmed at
the development in Europe. In 1932, Sweden organised
a national conference on disarmament issues, known as
Svenska Folkriksdagen (People’s parliament). Agreement
was reached on a number of points, including a demand
for a Swedish disarmament, merely retaining a police
force.
At this Folksriksdag Arthur Engberg made a statement
which roused strong reactions on Gotland, and
the memory still lingers on. This article comprises the
first compilation of what he actually said, in which
connection, and the reactions of the Gotlandic islanders.
This has been achieved by the study of articles,
editorials and letters to the editors in the four local daily
papers in circulation on Gotland at that time.
Arthur Engberg was a widely-read social democratic
politician, who devoted much time to various ideological
problems, and was also knowledgeable of Marxism.
He had a Marxist view on defence issues and was an
advocate of disarmament. In 1918, he became the Chief
Editor of the newspaper Social-Demokraten, and made
several notable contributions to debates.
The statement in Folkriksdagen was an answer to
the question of how Sweden would act subsequent to
disarmament, should a major power occupy Swedish
territory in a conflict in the Baltic Sea. He gave the
following answer:
Should Sweden find itself in the midst of a war
between super powers in the Baltic Sea area, and
should these powers want to use Gotland an operational
base for their airforce, then in my opinion,
we would be very wise in letting them take over the
entire island. We would probably have everything to
gain by taking the economic consequences of evacuating
the inhabitants of Gotland to the mainland.
This statement led to an intensive debate in the newspapers,
lasting some months leading up to the general
election in the autumn. Interpretations of the statement
were greatly varied, depending on the political outlook
of the newspaper, and reactions were numerous and
often emotionally charged. Editorials were merciless
towards their political opponents, who either attacked
or defended the statement.
The argument against the statement was that it would
not only be Gotland, that would be ceded in the event
of a conflict, with Engberg’s politics, but all territories
the other powers might wish to acquire. A disarmament
also demanded self-effacement. A modern defence would
prevent this. The Gotlanders would probably not want
to leave the island, and in any case the transportation of
the islanders to the mainland would not be practicable
in the short period of time that was available. What was
to happen to the islanders once they reached the mainland
was also questioned, and Engberg’s politics were
considered to lack contact with harsh reality. On several
occasions it was emphasised how vital it was to prevent
this situation from arising. It was also important to
preserve the Gotlandic culture and ancient monuments.
Engberg was accused of being a traitor to his country. In
order to prevent Engberg from getting into power and
carrying out his plans, the people were encouraged to
vote for the right wing parties in the election.
summary: Mr Engberg Has Spoken
herr engberg har talat
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Engberg’s defenders wrote that Gotland was probably
no longer of any great interest to the major powers,
due to new technology and better fighter aircraft. The
question was raised as to why no attempts had previously
been made to seize Gotland, if the island was of
such great interest, but according to the supporters of
the Swedish armed forces, it was actually the Swedish
national defence that had prevented this from happening.
In Engberg’s defence, it was also written that the
question was formulated in such a way that it couldn’t
be answered in any other manner. You can’t fight with
weapons you don’t have, and Gotland could not have
been defended from an attacking power even before a
disarmament. A peaceful means would be a better solution,
and it would be better to move the population,
rather than let them be bombed or gassed to death.
The letters to the editor were often heated, and editorials
often mentioned letters which had not been published,
due to extremely harsh words. Readers were naturally
influenced by what they read in the newspapers,
and needless to say, most letters to the editor were sent
to the right-wing papers.

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