This dissertation examines the determinants of the extent of privatization of service delivery. D... more This dissertation examines the determinants of the extent of privatization of service delivery. Despite the fact that right-wing governments extolling neo-liberal policies have placed privatization at the top of the policy agenda in recent years, there are some services that have experienced very little privatization, if at all. The aim of this dissertation is to explain the considerable variation in privatization experiences across service programs in different policy domains, political systems and over time. The research is based on a qualitative analysis of privatization of service delivery, while funding remains public, in three policy domains-education K-12, mental health care, and incarceration-across three different political systems-Massachusetts, Texas and England. 5 List of Acronyms 6 List of Tables 7 List of Figures Introduction 10 The question 14 The argument in brief 17 Methodology 20 Case selection 24 Plan of the Dissertation 31 Chapter 1: Literature Review and Theory 34 Privatization literature 34 Theory 59 Conclusion 80 Chapter 2: Privatization-Nine Case Studies 84 Massachusetts mental health 84 Texas mental health 95 English mental health 108 Massachusetts education 116 Texas education 130 English education 147 Massachusetts incarceration 161 Texas incarceration 164 English incarceration 175 Chapter 3: Political Systems 184 Political culture 186 Legal chutes and ladders 195 Centralized vs. fragmented political systems 205 Conclusion 217 Chapter 4: Policy Domains 219 Policy domain size 223 Radical institutional restructuring 280 An exceptional case: Massachusetts incarceration 291 Conclusion 294 8 Chapter 5: Privatization Dynamics 296 Evaluation of the privatization experience Influence on actors 318 Conclusion Chapter 6: Conclusion 331 What shapes privatization of delivery 331 Applying the conclusions to other case studies 338 Implications for service' recipients and the future direction of privatization 373 Appendix A: List of Interviewees 381 Appendix B: List of Routine Interview Questions 390 Bibliography 392 'Ronald Reagan, "Statement on the President's Commission on Privatization,"
Despite a strong tendency in the privatization literature to prefer private sector solutions to p... more Despite a strong tendency in the privatization literature to prefer private sector solutions to public sector ones, in the case of R&D a near consensus has emerged that supports public R&D funding for private production as a solution to a host of market failures. This article explores theoretical justifications for a more expansive role for the state in R&D. Identifying three inherent problems of a straight financier/provider solution, principalagent problems, cultivation of intrinsic motivations, and generation of cooperation, the paper contend that the state might, under some conditions, take it upon itself to intervene more directly. Drawing on the positive experiences of different states that have moved in recent years from the high technology industries' periphery to the center, the paper demonstrate how very different states successfully employ public sector solutions to common R&D problems. Analyzing these challenges the paper inquires into the advantages of state production of R&D as a possible response. Based on this analysis, we conclude that there is a strong theoretical and empirical case for state involvement in R&D that goes beyond mere funding, especially in industries that operate in the context of immature markets.
ORE THAN 95% of human chronic myelogenous M leukemia (CML) patients are characterized by the Phil... more ORE THAN 95% of human chronic myelogenous M leukemia (CML) patients are characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+) in the majority of the hematopoietic cells.'.2 In this translocation, the c-ab1 gene, located on chromosome 9q, is translocated into chromosome 22, within the bcr gene, resulting in the formation of the chimeric pr~tein,~ p2 10bcr-ab', with enhanced protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) a~tivity"~ and a possibly altered substrate specificity.' This aberrant protein is sufficient to induce CML-like disease in mouse model^.^"' The implication of p210bcfab' in CML','' suggests that blocking the expression of the protein or its tyrosine kinase in the preleukemic (chronic) stage of CML may alter the progress of the disease. Indeed, the K562 cell line, established from a CML patient in the blast crisis ~tage,'~,'~ can be induced to erythroid differentiation by reducing the level of p2 10bc"ab' by specific antisense ol...
We report on the potency of two Tyrphostin tyrosine kinase blockers, AG 1112 and AG 568, to inhib... more We report on the potency of two Tyrphostin tyrosine kinase blockers, AG 1112 and AG 568, to inhibit p210bcr-abl tyrosine kinase activity in K562 cells, concomitant with the induction of erythroid differentiation. AG 568 and especially AG 1112 represent a specific group of nontoxic protein tyrosine kinase blockers among more than 1,400 tested. These compounds possess therapeutic potential for purging Philadelphia chromosome-positive cells in preparation for autologous bone marrow transplantation in chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Foreword ~ Yehezkel Dror Introduction: Policy Analysis in Israel: A Late Developer's Story ~ ... more Foreword ~ Yehezkel Dror Introduction: Policy Analysis in Israel: A Late Developer's Story ~ Amos Zehavi and Gila Menahem Part One: The Styles and Methods of Public Policy Analysis in Israel Policy Analysis under Intense Pressures ~ Ira Sharkansky Policy Analysis Evolution in Israel: Building Administrative Capabilities ~ Jennifer Oser and Itzhak Galnoor Part Two: Policy Analysis by the Executive and the Legislature Policy Analysis in the Central Government: Latest development and challenges ahead ~ Gal Alon Local Government and the Challenge of Policy Analysis ~ Nahum Ben-Elia Policy Analysis and the Legislature ~ Shirley Avrami The Making of Disability Policy in Israel: Ad- hoc Advisory Expert Panels ~ Arie Rimmerman and Michal Soffer Part Three: Policy Analysis in Specific Government Units Policy Analysis in the Treasury: How does the Israeli Ministry of Finance Arrive at a Policy Decision? ~ Momi Dahan Policy Analysis in the Bank of Israel ~ Kranit Flug Part four: Policy Analysis from the Outside Insiders Within? The Third Sector and Policy Analysis in Israel ~ Hagai Katz Policy Analysis Education in Graduate Programs in Israel ~ Iris Geva May and Anat Gofen.
In what fields, if at all, is contracting out of government functions normatively impermissible? ... more In what fields, if at all, is contracting out of government functions normatively impermissible? The theoretical framework proposed in this article focuses on this question from the perspective of two normative values: personal rights, and democratic decision-making and accountability. This analysis, conducted within a consequentialist framework, stresses the implications of the explicit and implicit reliance of normative arguments on assumptions concerning privatization outcomes. Special attention is given to the normative implications of three types of variations in the contours of contracting out that affect the severity of the principal-agent problem: differences in public-private incentive alignment; the degree of product observability; and differences in private firms' market share in product provision. This theoretical framework is then applied to two central case studies: the contracting out of core incarceration and military functions. While the normative assessment of contracting out of incarceration finds little reason to prohibit this practice in some developed nations, an inherent democratic accountability deficit constitutes a grave concern with respect to the contracting out of core military operations in combat zones.
Despite a strong tendency in the privatization literature to prefer private sector solutions to p... more Despite a strong tendency in the privatization literature to prefer private sector solutions to public sector ones, in the case of R&D a near consensus has emerged that supports public R&D funding for private production as a solution to a host of market failures. This article explores theoretical justifications for a more expansive role for the state in R&D. Identifying three inherent problems of a straight financier/provider solution, principalagent problems, cultivation of intrinsic motivations, and generation of cooperation, the paper contend that the state might, under some conditions, take it upon itself to intervene more directly. Drawing on the positive experiences of different states that have moved in recent years from the high technology industries' periphery to the center, the paper demonstrate how very different states successfully employ public sector solutions to common R&D problems. Analyzing these challenges the paper inquires into the advantages of state production of R&D as a possible response. Based on this analysis, we conclude that there is a strong theoretical and empirical case for state involvement in R&D that goes beyond mere funding, especially in industries that operate in the context of immature markets.
Private Giving to charitable nonprofits in the United States has long been considered as exceptio... more Private Giving to charitable nonprofits in the United States has long been considered as exceptionally large in its magnitude in international comparison. However, evidence from an analysis of private giving in 25 countries shows that while Americans are indeed exceptionally generous in ...
Theories of policy and institutional reform are of major interest to numerous disciplines in the ... more Theories of policy and institutional reform are of major interest to numerous disciplines in the social sciences. The main question motivating this study is under what circumstances is dramatic reform possible. It is argued that theories of reform formulated within two central heuristic frameworks—historical institutionalism and punctuated equilibrium—fail to satisfactorily explain reform dynamics in small policy domains, which are characterized by having program constituencies with little political clout. In small policy domains, dramatic reform is facilitated by the political weakness of the opposition. Policy makers are able to pursue reform successfully in small domains without resorting to obfuscation strategies or reliance on slow-moving institutional mechanisms. This argument is illustrated in a study of mental health care privatization in two American states: Massachusetts and Texas.
This article asks whether alleged partisan policy convergence has eradicated differences in relat... more This article asks whether alleged partisan policy convergence has eradicated differences in relation to privatization of delivery of welfare state services. The study utilizes a novel methodological approach—numerous intrastate comparisons set in a consilience research framework—to assess the extent of convergence and its underlying reasons. It explores the partisan politics of school privatization of delivery across five countries that differ in their position on the left–right continuum: England, Australia, New Zealand, Norway, and Sweden. Privatization of delivery in health care was selected as a secondary policy domain. Analysis of within-country variation in both domains indicates that there remain significant differences between left and right across all countries. The right tends to set the privatization agenda, and the left is more reluctant than the right to privatize delivery of services. This difference in approach is related to the disparate influence that public and pri...
This dissertation examines the determinants of the extent of privatization of service delivery. D... more This dissertation examines the determinants of the extent of privatization of service delivery. Despite the fact that right-wing governments extolling neo-liberal policies have placed privatization at the top of the policy agenda in recent years, there are some services that have experienced very little privatization, if at all. The aim of this dissertation is to explain the considerable variation in privatization experiences across service programs in different policy domains, political systems and over time. The research is based on a qualitative analysis of privatization of service delivery, while funding remains public, in three policy domains-education K-12, mental health care, and incarceration-across three different political systems-Massachusetts, Texas and England. 5 List of Acronyms 6 List of Tables 7 List of Figures Introduction 10 The question 14 The argument in brief 17 Methodology 20 Case selection 24 Plan of the Dissertation 31 Chapter 1: Literature Review and Theory 34 Privatization literature 34 Theory 59 Conclusion 80 Chapter 2: Privatization-Nine Case Studies 84 Massachusetts mental health 84 Texas mental health 95 English mental health 108 Massachusetts education 116 Texas education 130 English education 147 Massachusetts incarceration 161 Texas incarceration 164 English incarceration 175 Chapter 3: Political Systems 184 Political culture 186 Legal chutes and ladders 195 Centralized vs. fragmented political systems 205 Conclusion 217 Chapter 4: Policy Domains 219 Policy domain size 223 Radical institutional restructuring 280 An exceptional case: Massachusetts incarceration 291 Conclusion 294 8 Chapter 5: Privatization Dynamics 296 Evaluation of the privatization experience Influence on actors 318 Conclusion Chapter 6: Conclusion 331 What shapes privatization of delivery 331 Applying the conclusions to other case studies 338 Implications for service' recipients and the future direction of privatization 373 Appendix A: List of Interviewees 381 Appendix B: List of Routine Interview Questions 390 Bibliography 392 'Ronald Reagan, "Statement on the President's Commission on Privatization,"
Despite a strong tendency in the privatization literature to prefer private sector solutions to p... more Despite a strong tendency in the privatization literature to prefer private sector solutions to public sector ones, in the case of R&D a near consensus has emerged that supports public R&D funding for private production as a solution to a host of market failures. This article explores theoretical justifications for a more expansive role for the state in R&D. Identifying three inherent problems of a straight financier/provider solution, principalagent problems, cultivation of intrinsic motivations, and generation of cooperation, the paper contend that the state might, under some conditions, take it upon itself to intervene more directly. Drawing on the positive experiences of different states that have moved in recent years from the high technology industries' periphery to the center, the paper demonstrate how very different states successfully employ public sector solutions to common R&D problems. Analyzing these challenges the paper inquires into the advantages of state production of R&D as a possible response. Based on this analysis, we conclude that there is a strong theoretical and empirical case for state involvement in R&D that goes beyond mere funding, especially in industries that operate in the context of immature markets.
ORE THAN 95% of human chronic myelogenous M leukemia (CML) patients are characterized by the Phil... more ORE THAN 95% of human chronic myelogenous M leukemia (CML) patients are characterized by the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph+) in the majority of the hematopoietic cells.'.2 In this translocation, the c-ab1 gene, located on chromosome 9q, is translocated into chromosome 22, within the bcr gene, resulting in the formation of the chimeric pr~tein,~ p2 10bcr-ab', with enhanced protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) a~tivity"~ and a possibly altered substrate specificity.' This aberrant protein is sufficient to induce CML-like disease in mouse model^.^"' The implication of p210bcfab' in CML','' suggests that blocking the expression of the protein or its tyrosine kinase in the preleukemic (chronic) stage of CML may alter the progress of the disease. Indeed, the K562 cell line, established from a CML patient in the blast crisis ~tage,'~,'~ can be induced to erythroid differentiation by reducing the level of p2 10bc"ab' by specific antisense ol...
We report on the potency of two Tyrphostin tyrosine kinase blockers, AG 1112 and AG 568, to inhib... more We report on the potency of two Tyrphostin tyrosine kinase blockers, AG 1112 and AG 568, to inhibit p210bcr-abl tyrosine kinase activity in K562 cells, concomitant with the induction of erythroid differentiation. AG 568 and especially AG 1112 represent a specific group of nontoxic protein tyrosine kinase blockers among more than 1,400 tested. These compounds possess therapeutic potential for purging Philadelphia chromosome-positive cells in preparation for autologous bone marrow transplantation in chronic myelogenous leukemia.
Foreword ~ Yehezkel Dror Introduction: Policy Analysis in Israel: A Late Developer's Story ~ ... more Foreword ~ Yehezkel Dror Introduction: Policy Analysis in Israel: A Late Developer's Story ~ Amos Zehavi and Gila Menahem Part One: The Styles and Methods of Public Policy Analysis in Israel Policy Analysis under Intense Pressures ~ Ira Sharkansky Policy Analysis Evolution in Israel: Building Administrative Capabilities ~ Jennifer Oser and Itzhak Galnoor Part Two: Policy Analysis by the Executive and the Legislature Policy Analysis in the Central Government: Latest development and challenges ahead ~ Gal Alon Local Government and the Challenge of Policy Analysis ~ Nahum Ben-Elia Policy Analysis and the Legislature ~ Shirley Avrami The Making of Disability Policy in Israel: Ad- hoc Advisory Expert Panels ~ Arie Rimmerman and Michal Soffer Part Three: Policy Analysis in Specific Government Units Policy Analysis in the Treasury: How does the Israeli Ministry of Finance Arrive at a Policy Decision? ~ Momi Dahan Policy Analysis in the Bank of Israel ~ Kranit Flug Part four: Policy Analysis from the Outside Insiders Within? The Third Sector and Policy Analysis in Israel ~ Hagai Katz Policy Analysis Education in Graduate Programs in Israel ~ Iris Geva May and Anat Gofen.
In what fields, if at all, is contracting out of government functions normatively impermissible? ... more In what fields, if at all, is contracting out of government functions normatively impermissible? The theoretical framework proposed in this article focuses on this question from the perspective of two normative values: personal rights, and democratic decision-making and accountability. This analysis, conducted within a consequentialist framework, stresses the implications of the explicit and implicit reliance of normative arguments on assumptions concerning privatization outcomes. Special attention is given to the normative implications of three types of variations in the contours of contracting out that affect the severity of the principal-agent problem: differences in public-private incentive alignment; the degree of product observability; and differences in private firms' market share in product provision. This theoretical framework is then applied to two central case studies: the contracting out of core incarceration and military functions. While the normative assessment of contracting out of incarceration finds little reason to prohibit this practice in some developed nations, an inherent democratic accountability deficit constitutes a grave concern with respect to the contracting out of core military operations in combat zones.
Despite a strong tendency in the privatization literature to prefer private sector solutions to p... more Despite a strong tendency in the privatization literature to prefer private sector solutions to public sector ones, in the case of R&D a near consensus has emerged that supports public R&D funding for private production as a solution to a host of market failures. This article explores theoretical justifications for a more expansive role for the state in R&D. Identifying three inherent problems of a straight financier/provider solution, principalagent problems, cultivation of intrinsic motivations, and generation of cooperation, the paper contend that the state might, under some conditions, take it upon itself to intervene more directly. Drawing on the positive experiences of different states that have moved in recent years from the high technology industries' periphery to the center, the paper demonstrate how very different states successfully employ public sector solutions to common R&D problems. Analyzing these challenges the paper inquires into the advantages of state production of R&D as a possible response. Based on this analysis, we conclude that there is a strong theoretical and empirical case for state involvement in R&D that goes beyond mere funding, especially in industries that operate in the context of immature markets.
Private Giving to charitable nonprofits in the United States has long been considered as exceptio... more Private Giving to charitable nonprofits in the United States has long been considered as exceptionally large in its magnitude in international comparison. However, evidence from an analysis of private giving in 25 countries shows that while Americans are indeed exceptionally generous in ...
Theories of policy and institutional reform are of major interest to numerous disciplines in the ... more Theories of policy and institutional reform are of major interest to numerous disciplines in the social sciences. The main question motivating this study is under what circumstances is dramatic reform possible. It is argued that theories of reform formulated within two central heuristic frameworks—historical institutionalism and punctuated equilibrium—fail to satisfactorily explain reform dynamics in small policy domains, which are characterized by having program constituencies with little political clout. In small policy domains, dramatic reform is facilitated by the political weakness of the opposition. Policy makers are able to pursue reform successfully in small domains without resorting to obfuscation strategies or reliance on slow-moving institutional mechanisms. This argument is illustrated in a study of mental health care privatization in two American states: Massachusetts and Texas.
This article asks whether alleged partisan policy convergence has eradicated differences in relat... more This article asks whether alleged partisan policy convergence has eradicated differences in relation to privatization of delivery of welfare state services. The study utilizes a novel methodological approach—numerous intrastate comparisons set in a consilience research framework—to assess the extent of convergence and its underlying reasons. It explores the partisan politics of school privatization of delivery across five countries that differ in their position on the left–right continuum: England, Australia, New Zealand, Norway, and Sweden. Privatization of delivery in health care was selected as a secondary policy domain. Analysis of within-country variation in both domains indicates that there remain significant differences between left and right across all countries. The right tends to set the privatization agenda, and the left is more reluctant than the right to privatize delivery of services. This difference in approach is related to the disparate influence that public and pri...
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Papers by Amos Zehavi