Wonani kulemba kwambula kuona kwa Ujamaa

{{Short description|Socialist system in 1960s Tanzania}} {{Nkhani iwemi}}
[[File:Julius_Nyerere_cropped.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Julius_Nyerere_cropped.jpg|thumb|[[:en:Julius_Nyerere|Julius Nyerere]]]]
'''Ujamaa''' (lit. 'ubwezi' mu [[Ciswahili]]) ukaŵa wupu wa socialist uwo ukaŵa wakwendeskera fundo za J[[ulius Nyerere]] za chitukuko cha umoyo na chuma mu [[Tanzania]] pamanyuma pakuti charu ichi chajiyimira pawekha kufuma ku [[Britain]] mu 1961.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Delehanty|first=Sean|title=From Modernization to Villagization: The World Bank and Ujamaa|journal=Diplomatic History|language=en|doi=10.1093/dh/dhz074|year=2020|volume=44|issue=2|pages=289–314}}</ref>{{History of Tanzania}}Mu ciyowoyero cinyake, lizgu lakuti ujamaa likung'anamura kuti "ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici ŵakukolerana kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo", panji "kuzenga na kusunga malo ghithu ghakusungiramo vinthu, na vyamalonda vinyake na kusangapo chandulo pamoza".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005 |title=Julius Nyerere, African socialist |url=https://libcom.org/library/julius-nyerere-marxist-humanism |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Maghanoghano na vyakucita ==
Nyerere wakagwiliskira nchito Ujamaa pakuzenga pulogiramu ya caru cose. Iyo wakang'anamura fundo ya Ujamaa kuŵa fundo yakovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵaŵe ŵakuyana pa vinthu vya umoyo, vyachuma, na ndyali.

Ulongozgi wa Julius Nyerere mu Tanzania ukakondweska ŵanthu pa caru cose ndipo ŵanthu ŵakamuchindikanga cifukwa cakuti wakalutilira kudidimizga fundo za makhaliro ghawemi. Pa nyengo ya muwuso wa Nyerere, caru ca Tanzania cikanjira panthazi comene pa vinthu vyakuzirwa pa umoyo wa ŵanthu: unandi wa ŵana awo ŵakafwanga ukakhira kufuma pa 138 pa ŵanthu 1000 awo ŵakababika mu 1965 kufika pa 110 mu 1985; unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakafwanga mu 1960 ukakwera kufuma pa 37 kufika pa 52 mu 1984; unandi wa ŵana awo ŵakasambiranga sukulu za pulayimare ukakwera kufuma pa 25% mu 1960 kufika pa 72% mu 1985 (panji kuti unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakafwanga ukaŵa ukuru comene). Ndipouli, Ujamaa wakadumulizga vyakupangira, ndipo ici cikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵakayikenge usange nchito iyi yingawovwira kuti vinthu visinthe.

Pakati pajumpha chaka chimoza kufuma apo boma la Nyerere likapokera wanangwa wake, likapeleka dango lakuti ŵanthu ŵakakike kwambura mulandu.

Mu 1967, boma likaŵa na nchito yikuru comene mu caru ici cifukwa ca kucitiska kuti caru cose ciŵe cawo. Ŵasayansi ŵa ku World Bank ŵakayowoya kuti misonkho yikuru na maburokocrasi vikapangiska kuti ŵamalonda ŵaleke kuguliska ndalama. Mu 1973, boma likamba kukakamiza ŵanthu kuti ŵakhalenge mu vikaya vyawo.<ref>Lange, Siri. (2008) ''[http://www.cmi.no/publications/publication/?3008=land-tenure-and-mining-in-tanzania Land Tenure and Mining In Tanzania]''. Bergen: Chr. Michelson Institute, p. 2.</ref>

== Ndondomeko za ndyali mu Tanzania ==
Ndondomeko ya ndyali ya Tanzania iyo yikapangika pamanyuma pa kujithemba mu 1961 yikaŵa zgoro lakuzirwa ku vinthu vya ukoloni. Ŵanandi ŵakakhalanga mu caru ca Tanzania cifukwa ca mphambano izo zikaŵapo pakati pa caru ca East Africa na caru ca Tanzania mu Nkhondo Yakwamba ya Caru Cose. Boma ili likapangika mu nyengo ya ufumu wa Britain nga ni Tanganyika Territory. Mu 1960, mawupu ghanandi agho ghakalongozganga ŵanthu ŵa ku malo agha ghakamba kuŵa na mazaza pa vinthu vya boma. Magulu agha ghakaŵako mu vikaya vichoko kuti ghaŵe na ŵanthu ŵachoko waka mu nyengo ya muwuso wa ŵakoloni. Maufumu agha ghakawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakhalenge mu mizi. Nakuti pa nyengo iyi, chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakwiza ku maungano gha mwezi uliwose chikakwera kufika pa 75%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Huizer|first=Gerrit|date=June 1973|title=Theujamaa village program in tanzania: new forms of rural development|journal=Studies in Comparative International Development|volume=8|issue=2|pages=189|doi=10.1007/bf02810000|s2cid=79510406|issn=0039-3606}}</ref>

Pa Disembala 9, 1961, boma la Tanzania likati lapokera wanangwa kufuma ku Britain, likakhumbikwiranga ndondomeko yiphya ya ndyali. Pa nyengo iyo ufumu wa Britain ukaparanyikiranga, gulu la Tanganyika African National Union (TANU) likaŵa na ŵanthu ŵanandi chomene. TANU yikapanga ndondomeko ya ndyali iyo yikapangiska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi ŵayimilire. Ivi vikapangiska kuti chiŵelengero cha ŵanthu awo ŵakakolerananga na TANU chikure kufuma pa 100,000 kufika pa 1,000,000,000 mu vilimika vinkhondi pera.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Huizer|first=Gerrit|date=June 1973|title=Theujamaa village program in tanzania: new forms of rural development|journal=Studies in Comparative International Development|volume=8|issue=2|pages=186|doi=10.1007/bf02810000|s2cid=79510406|issn=0039-3606}}</ref>

TANU yikakwaniska kunjizga mabungwe ghakupambanapambana gha ŵantchito na vyakurya mu chipani cawo kuti ŵanthu awo ŵakagwiranga nchito mu caru ici ŵimilire. Ŵalongozgi ŵa chipani ŵakakumananga na ŵalongozgi ŵa mu muzi (kanandi ŵalara ŵa mu muzi) mwa kwenda maulendo ghakucemeka "Safari" na kudumbiskana nkhani za mu muzi. Para mphaka za chigaŵa ichi zaŵa zakukhora, ŵanthu ŵakasankhikanga kuti ŵimilire chigaŵa. Nga ni umo Gerrit Huizer wakayowoyera, ŵanthu aŵa ŵakacemekanga "Cell Boundary Commissions".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Huizer|first=Gerrit|date=June 1973|title=Theujamaa village program in tanzania: new forms of rural development|journal=Studies in Comparative International Development|volume=8|issue=2|pages=187|doi=10.1007/bf02810000|s2cid=79510406|issn=0039-3606}}</ref>

== Ivyo Vikacitika ku Arusha ==

=== Kulemba na kufiska fundo za Ujamaa ===
TANU yikugomezga kuti ni mulimo wa boma kunjilirapo comene mu umoyo wa ndyali wa caru kuti ŵanthu wose ŵakondwenge, kuti munthu munyake panji gulu linyake lileke kumugwiriska nchito, ndiposo kuti munthu waleke kuŵa na usambazi unandi comene.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |year=1967 |title=Arusha Declaration |url=http://library.fes.de/fulltext/bibliothek/2-tanzania-s0019634.pdf |access-date= |publisher=TANU |page=1 |via=library.fes.de |place=Dar es Salaam}}</ref>

=== Ideology of self-reliance and the Five Year Plan ===
Ndalama zinandi izo boma likagwiliskiranga nchito zikapelekeka mu ndondomeko ya Arusha. Ndondomeko izi zikayowoyerathu kuti vyakurya na vyakupangira vyakurya vizamuŵa vinandi, comenecomene ku mizi. Nthowa yakumazgira suzgo ili yikaŵa ya kupanga "Midzi ya Ujamaa".

Nangauli chikaŵa chakukhumbikwa kuti charu cha Tanzania chiŵe na chuma chakujiyimira paŵekha, kweni ŵanthu ŵa ku Ujamaa ŵakagomezganga chomene ŵanthu. Kuyana na maghanoghano gha Ujamaa, cigaŵa cakuzirwa comene ca ŵanthu nchakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu cikaya. Munthu uyu wakaŵa waciŵiri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Julius Nyerere {{!}} Biography, Philosophy, & Achievements {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Nyerere |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Kweniso, fundo ya Ujamaa yikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge pamoza na kusintha vinthu pa nkhani ya vyakurya. Ujamaa yikaŵa nchito ya mu caru pera yayi, kweni ukaŵa ukaboni ku caru cose kuti cisopa ca ku Africa cingafiskika na kuzakasanga candulo na kupanga cuma cakujiyimira.

== Misumba ya Ujamaa na ŵanthu ŵa ku Tanzania ==
Fundo ya Ujamaa iyo yikayowoyeka mu ndondomeko ya Arusha iyo yikayowoyeka na TANU, kweniso iyo yikayowoyeka na Pulezidenti Nyerere, yikakhwaska comene ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya vyaka vinkhondi yakwamba. Cigaŵa ca Ruvuma, mu cigaŵa ca Songea, ku Tanzania, ndico cikaŵa cakwamba kwa ciyezgo ici.

Ungano wa Litowa ukathandazgika makora ndipo ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakaluta ku malo agha. Munthu munyake wakusanda ŵanthu, zina lake John Shaw, wakati: "Mwakuyana na ivyo wakayowoya Pulezidenti Julius Nyerere, kwamba mu Seputembala 1973 m'paka Juni 1975, ŵanthu ŵakujumpha 7 miliyoni ŵakasamukira ku malo ghanyake, ndipo kufuma mu Juni 1975 m'paka kuumaliro wa 1976, ŵanthu ŵanyake 4 miliyoni ŵakasamukira ku malo ghanyake".<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Shao|first=John|date=1986|title=The Villagization Program and the Disruption of the Ecological Balance in Tanzania|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|volume=20|issue=2|pages=219–239|doi=10.2307/484871|jstor=484871|issn=0008-3968}}</ref>

=== Kavwaliro ka muzi wa Ujamaa ===
Ŵakazenga mizi ya Ujamaa mu nthowa yakuti ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi iyi ŵajikorenge. Mu muzi uwu mukaŵa nyumba zakupambanapambana mu msumba uwu. Midzi iyi yikazingilizgika na minda yikuruyikuru. Mbumba yiliyose yikapika malo ghakukwana ekara limoza kuti yikolere vyakurya vyawo. Kweni minda iyo yikazingilizga yikaŵa yakukhumbikwa kuti ŵanthu ŵasange ndalama.

Mu muzi wa Ujamaa, vinthu vikasinthanga kuyana na umo muzi uliri. Mu mizi iyo muli vyakurya vichoko na ŵanthu ŵachoko, ŵanthu ŵakugaŵikana chomene. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakagwiranga nchito ya kulima na kulima vyakurya. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakasuzgikanga na kugaŵikana kwa ntchito. Apo vikaya vikuruvikuru vya Ujamaa vikakuranga, pakaŵaso suzgo la vyakurya pera yayi, kweniso ntchito. Apo mizi ya Ujamaa yikakuranga, ŵanthu ŵakagwiranga ntchito zinandi yayi ndipo kanandi ŵakakanizgikanga kugwira maora ghanandi.

Gulu ili likawovwira comene ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi ya Ujamaa. TANU yikapeleka ndalama zinandi, nga ni maji ghawemi, vyakuzenga, na vyakukhumbikwa vinyake. Kweniso, TANU yikawovwira ŵanthu ŵa mu cigaŵa ici mwa kupanga maungano gha vyaru vinyake.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Huizer|first=Gerrit|date=June 1973|title=Theujamaa village program in tanzania: new forms of rural development|journal=Studies in Comparative International Development|volume=8|issue=2|pages=195|doi=10.1007/bf02810000|s2cid=79510406|issn=0039-3606}}</ref>

=== Ntchito ya Vijiji ===
Ntchito ya Vijiji yikaŵa ya Ujamaa, iyo yikovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge makora mu vikaya. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa pa projekiti iyi ŵakawoneseska kuti ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi ya Ujamaa ŵafike pa mbumba zakukwana 250, ndipo viŵaro vya ulimi vikagaŵikana mu viŵaro 10 ivyo vikawovwira kuti ŵanthu ŵakhalenge pamoza. Mulimo wa Vijiji ukapangiska misumba kuŵa na maghanoghano gha mazuŵa ghano. Ŵanthu ŵanandi ŵakusambira ŵasambira vya Vijiji Project ku Tanzania. Priya Lal wakalongosora kuti mizi iyi yikaŵa na nyumba izo zikaŵa pafupi na msewu uwo ukalutanga ku msumba.

Nangauli ivi vingawoneka nga ni vyacilendo yayi, kweni ni kusintha kukuru uko kukacitika mu vyaru vya ku mizi. Ntheura, ndondomeko ya Ujamaa yikagwiliskira nchito ndondomeko ya Vijiji mu ndondomeko ya vilimika vinkhondi kuŵa ciyerezgero kuti yilongore kuti vyakurya vikupambika makora mukati mwa umoyo wa cikaya. Chimoza mwa vinthu vikuru ivyo vikapangiska kuti Vijiji Project yileke kwenda makora chikaŵa kupuluska ŵanthu. Ŵalaraŵalara ŵa TANU kanandi ŵakalembanga vikaya vya Ujamaa ivyo vikaŵako kale kuŵa vikaya viphya kuti ŵasazgireko unandi wa ŵanthu awo ŵakafiska.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=LAL|first=PRIYA|title=Militants, Mothers, and the National Family: Ujamaa, Gender, and Rural Development in Postcolonial Tanzania|date=March 2010|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=51|issue=1|pages=3|doi=10.1017/s0021853710000010|s2cid=154960614|issn=0021-8537}}</ref>

== Ujamaa na wanakazi na wanalume ==
Gulu la Ujamaa likasintha vinthu vinandi mu Tanzania kweniso likasintha umo mbumba zikenderanga mu charu ichi. Mulimo wa Ujamaa ukakhozgera fundo ya mbumba ya nyukiliya.

Mbumba yikuru mukati mwa vikaya ivyo vikamba kuwoneka pamanyuma, yikadodoliska comene pa mbumba m'malo mwa ubwezi na ubwezi wa cikaya, ico cikapangiska kuti paŵe mphindano pakati pa maghanoghano gha Ujamaa. Nakuti pamasinda, ŵanthu ŵa mu mizi ya Ujamaa ŵakamba kulimbana kuti ŵatore mazaza. Ndipouli, chipani cha TANU chikapanga chigaŵa chose cha boma icho chikimiranga wanangwa wa ŵanakazi na kuyana kwa ŵanthu. Dipatimenti iyi yikacemekanga Umoja wa Wanawke wa Tanganyika (UWT).

UWT, nga umo Priya wakulongosolera, yikapangika kuti yiwonenge nkhani zakukhwaskana na kunjizga ŵanakazi mu chalo cha socialist; kweni vikawoneka kuti ŵantchito ŵa dipatimenti iyi ŵakaŵa ŵawoli ŵa ŵantchito ŵakuzirwa ŵa TANU ndipo ŵakakhozgeranga fundo za ŵafumu. Wupu wa UWT ukacitanga vinthu vinandi kuti ŵanakazi ŵa Tanzania ŵamanye kuŵazga na kulemba. Ndipouli, masukulu agha ghakasambizganga ŵanakazi umo ŵangaŵira "awoli ŵawemi" na kovwira ŵanthu. Mwaciyelezgero, Lal wakupeleka ciyelezgero cakuti masambiro nga ni "Kupwelelera Ŵana + Vyakurya na Masuzgo gha Umoyo mu Msumba" ghakasambizgika mu masukulu agha. Nangauli pamasinda UWT yikamba kusambizga ŵanakazi fundo zakukhwaskana na vinthu vya mu nyumba, kweni ŵakasambizgikanga vya ndalama.

Ndipouli, ŵanalume na ŵanakazi mu vyaru vya ku mizi vya ku Tanzania ŵakalutilira kulima minda yawo kuti ŵasange vyakurya vyakukhumbikwa na ndalama zakovwilira mbumba zawo ("makamaka minda yawo ya cashew".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=LAL|first=PRIYA|title=Militants, Mothers, and the National Family: Ujamaa, Gender, and Rural Development in Postcolonial Tanzania|date=March 2010|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=51|issue=1|pages=11|doi=10.1017/s0021853710000010|s2cid=154960614|issn=0021-8537}}</ref>).

== Vinthu vyakuthupi ==
Mu nyengo ya projekiti ya Ujamaa, kukaŵa vinthu vinandi ivyo vikakhwaska umoyo wa ŵanthu. Ŵasayansi nga ni John Shao ŵakulongora kuti vinthu vikususkana chomene na ivyo Ujamaa wakachitanga pa nkhani za ndyali na vyendende.

Vula yikuŵa yakuzirwa comene pa ulimi. Mu projekiti ya Ujamaa, Shao wakalemba kuti "Charu icho chili na masentimita 20 panji kuchepera apa... nchambura kwenelera kulima ndipo kanandi chikuŵa chakuliskako viŵeto". Ndipouli, malo agho ghakaŵanga na vula zinandi pa chaka, ŵakaghagwiliskiranga nchito kulima vyakurya vikuruvikuru na vyakurya vinyake nga ni katoni.

Pa nyengo iyi, vinthu vikasuzga chomene mu Tanzania chifukwa cha boma la TANU na pulezidenti Nyerere. Pa nyengo iyo ŵanthu ŵakakhalanga mu vigaŵa ivi, TANU yikapelekanga wovwiri wa vyakurya mwakupambanapambana uku yikukanizga vyakurya. Caru cikagwiriskirika nchito yayi mwakukwana, ntheura vyakurya vikaŵa vyambura kupambika makora, kweniso vyamoyo vinandi vikaŵa vyambura kupambika makora.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania - Independence {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tanzania/Independence |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Kupereŵera na umaliro wa Ujamaa Project ==
Pakaŵaso vinthu vinyake ivyo vikapangiska kuti ndondomeko ya Ujamaa yileke kwenda makora. Cakwamba, ŵanthu ŵakakana. Mu m'ma 1970, ŵalimi ŵakakana kuleka minda yawo na kwamba kukhala mu vikaya vyawo chifukwa cha kusoŵerwa kwa ndalama. Ivi vikapangiska kuti Pulezidenti Nyerere waŵape dango lakuti ŵafumemo mu vikaya vya Ujamaa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ergas|first=Zaki|date=1980|title=Why Did the Ujamaa Village Policy Fail? - Towards a Global Analysis|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/160361|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=18|issue=3|pages=387–410|doi=10.1017/S0022278X00011575|jstor=160361|s2cid=154537221|issn=0022-278X}}</ref>

== Mu mitheto ==
Chigaŵa cha hip-hop mu Tanzania chikakhwaskika chomene na fundo na fundo za Ujamaa. Paumaliro wa vilimika ivi, fundo za Ujamaa zikawuskika kwizira mu "ŵalendo ŵambura kwenelera: ŵakwimba rap na ŵanthu ŵakwimba nyimbo za hip hop mu misewu ya mu Tanzania". Pakuzgora kwa vyaka vinandi vya ŵalongozgi ŵa boma na banthu ŵa ndyali ŵaheni pamanyuma pa Nyerere, mitu ya kukolerana na mbumba na wenenawene yikaŵa mauthenga agho ghakapulikikwa mu sumu zinandi izo zikapangika. Ici cikaŵa cimoza na kuyuzgika kwa ŵantchito ndipo mu nthowa yinyake cikaŵa mtundu unyake wa kukana. Fundo za kugwilira lumoza ntchito zaumoyo - "ŵanthu awo ŵakukhala mu malo agha ŵakukolerana kuti ŵasange vyakukhumbikwa pa umoyo" - zikuwoneka mu mazgu gha ŵakwimba ŵanandi ŵa ku Tanzania.

Ujamaa ni zina la nyumba ziŵiri za ŵana ŵa sukulu ŵa ku Africa ku Cornell University na Stanford University.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ujamaa &#124; Residential Education |url=https://resed.stanford.edu/house-profiles/theme-houses/ethnic/ujamaa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311030244/https://resed.stanford.edu/house-profiles/theme-houses/ethnic/ujamaa |archive-date=2018-03-11 |access-date=2018-03-28}}</ref>

== Wonaniso ==
{{Portal|Africa|Tanzania}}

* [[:en:Distributism|Distributism]]
* [[:en:Harambee|Harambee]]
* [[:en:Ubuntu_(ideology)|Ubuntu (ideology)]]
* [[:en:African_socialism|African socialism]]
* [[:en:Uhuru_Movement|Uhuru Movement]]

== Ukaboni ==
<references group="" responsive="1"></references>

== Vyakulemba vinyake ==

* ''[http://lccn.loc.gov/74151368 A collection of essays on Ujamaa villages]'', by Kayombo, E. O. [and others] University of Dar es Salaam. [Dar es Salaam] 1971.
* [[:en:Paul_Collier|Paul Collier]]: ''Labour and Poverty in Rural Tanzania. Ujamaa and Rural Development in the [[:en:United_Republic_of_Tanzania|United Republic of Tanzania]]''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, {{ISBN|0198285310}}
* [[:en:Julius_Nyerere|Nyerere, Julius K]]. ''Ujamaa. English Ujamaa--essays on socialism''. Dar es Salaam, Oxford University Press, 1968.
* ''[http://lccn.loc.gov/74983083 Building Ujamaa villages in Tanzania]''. Edited by J. H. Proctor. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Pub. House, 1971.
* Huizer, Gerrit. ''[http://lccn.loc.gov/74162524 The Ujamaa village programme in Tanzania: new forms of rural development]''. [[:en:The_Hague|The Hague]], Institute of Social Studies, 1971.
* {{Cite book|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0520039971|last=Hydén|first=Göran|author-link=Göran Hydén|title=Beyond ujamaa in Tanzania: underdevelopment and an uncaptured peasantry|location=Berkeley|date=1980}}
* Kijanga, Peter A. S. ''[http://lccn.loc.gov/89150423 Ujamaa and the role of the church in Tanzania]''. Arusha, Tanzania : Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania, c1978.
* Jennings, Michael. ''[http://lccn.loc.gov/2007026289 Surrogates of the state : NGOs, development, and Ujamaa in Tanzania]'' Bloomfield, CT : Kumarian Press, 2008.
* {{Cite book|publisher=Institute of International Studies, University of California|isbn=0877251398|last=McHenry|first=Dean E.|title=Tanzania's ujamaa villages: the implementation of a rural development strategy|location=Berkeley|series=Research series - Institute of International Studies, University of California, Berkeley ; no. 39|date=1979|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/tanzaniasujamaav0000mche}}
* Putterman, Louis G. ''[http://lccn.loc.gov/86002915 Peasants, collectives, and choice : economic theory and Tanzania's villages]''. Greenwich, Conn. : JAI Press, c1986.
* ''[http://lccn.loc.gov/79113296 Ujamaa villages : a collection of original manuscripts, 1969-70]''. Dar es Salaam : [s.n.], 1970.
* Vail, David J. ''[http://lccn.loc.gov/74025876 Technology for Ujamaa Village development in Tanzania]'' Syracuse, N. Y. : Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Syracuse University, 1975.

== Vigaŵa vya kuwalo ==

* [[:en:Bonny_Ibhawoh|Ibhawoh]], Bonny and J.I. Dibua, {{cite web |title=Deconstructing Ujamaa: The Legacy of Julius Nyerere in the Quest for Social and Economic Development |url=http://archive.lib.msu.edu/DMC/African%20Journals/pdfs/political%20science/volume8n1/ajps008001004.pdf}}&nbsp;{{small|(1.30&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]])}} in ''African Journal of Political Science'', Vol. 8, No. 1, 2003: pp.&nbsp;59–83.
* Lawrence Cockcroft and Gerald Belkin, Ralph Ibbott: "Who conceived/led the way to Ujamaa?" in [http://www.tzaffairs.org/?p=583 ''Tanzanian Affairs''] Issue 92, January 2009.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150516032213/http://crossroadsbooksonline.net/product/ujamaa-the-hidden-story-of-tanzanias-socialist-villages/ Ujamaa: the hidden story of Tanzania's socialist villages] Ralph Ibbott, participant, December 2014
{{Tanzania topics}}{{Economy of Tanzania}}{{Chama Cha Mapinduzi|state=collapsed}}{{Italic title}} {{Authority control}}