Papers by Pál Diószegi Szabó
The fortress of Belgrade for long time was primary target of the Ottoman conquests. From 1490, af... more The fortress of Belgrade for long time was primary target of the Ottoman conquests. From 1490, after decease of Matthias of Hunyad, king of Hungary, under the reign of Wladislaw II these attacks were not commanded by the Sultan or by the army of the Sultan. Occasionally smaller Ottoman troops tried to besiege this Fortress. I separate these ‘small-sieges’ from ‘greats’ (1440, 1456, 1521), which were always commanded by Sultan. The chronicle of Antonio Bonfini and letters of Peter Varadi mentioned few attempts against Belgrade. My study focuses on these small-sieges, because the Ottomans utilised lack of supply of the Fortress and disturbed the defending system. In winter of 1490 Turks temporarily occupied two bastions. In 1491 was similar action. In 1492 Bayezid II determined to drive a campaign against the Hungarian Kingdom, but finally abandoned his plan. In March of 1494 the defenders almost ceded the Fortress by treason, in August Ali, Pasha of Smederevo took another attempt the...
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Pal Szabo, 2019
The age of Matthias of Hunyad.
The Hungarian historiography has long accepted the date of birth o... more The age of Matthias of Hunyad.
The Hungarian historiography has long accepted the date of birth of Matthias of Hunyad (in 1443, 23 of February). But in most of contemporary sources, especially the works of chroniclers (Antonio Bonfini, Galeotto Marzio, Gaspar of Helta, Ludovicus Tubero, etc.), we can find different data. One of my purposes of this study is to collect again various reports of possible year of birth. On 7 of August in 1451 Elisabeth of Celje, who was then 10 years („nunc in decimo anno constitutam”), was engaged with Matthias of Hunyad. I analyze an important contemporary Palatine charter (DF 37 614) which informs us the articles and conditions of this agreement. The date of marriage will be that day, in which Elisabeth will be at the age of 12 (on the 6 of December in 1453). Nevertheless, this charter does not mention about the age of the future husband or about the lack of his „legitima aetas” as of Elisabeth. At least, he was then 12 years old in issuing date of this charter, in 1451. So, if we use this information, he was born in 1439, and not in 1443. If we calculate the birth year of 1443, Mattias would be just 8 years old, which would mentioned by this charter. When in 1458 Matthias accessed to the throne, a temporary Governor was appointed (Michael of Szilágy) for a period of five years. At the end of this period Matthias will be 24 years old and he will access the majority. This year (1439) is legally suited to the majority (perfecta aetas) of Matthias in Hungarian medieval customary law. This confirms the birth year of 1439, because the king was 19 years old, before his birthday on the 23 of February. My final conclusion is that Matthias of Hunyad had already borne in 1439 and not in 1443, what is generally accepted in the Hungarian historiography.
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Pal Szabo, 2012
Bruno Querfurti probably wrote this letter while still in the land of the Poles, but before his m... more Bruno Querfurti probably wrote this letter while still in the land of the Poles, but before his mission to Prussia in 1009. In it he wrote to his master, King Henry II of Germany his earlier mission to the Hungarians, the Principality of Kiev and and the Pecenegs. The Hungarian aspect of the story is that it also tells of the conversion of the black Hungarians. The main part of the letter, however, concerns King Henry II's war with the Polish Boleslav I. instead of his war with the heathen ljutic, blames him for his war with the anti-Polish alliance with the pagan Prussians, and for converting the pagan Prussians to Christianity and winning them.My full translation of the Latin letter is the first to be published.
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Pal Szabo, 2020
In 1439 in the Council of Ferrara – Florence a new ecclesiastical union came into existence betwe... more In 1439 in the Council of Ferrara – Florence a new ecclesiastical union came into existence between the Western and Eastern Church by the declaration of papal bull ’Laetentur Caeli’. The aim of the negotiations – according to the Byzantine emperor John VIII – was to create united
military and religious strength against the threat of the Ottoman Empire. But in Constantinople the Byzantine Church (monk Mark of Ephesus) put up resistance to the articles, because the delegation of the Byzantines accepted most of western dogmatical principles. This ecclesiastical union had an insignifi cant infl uence on political events. The possibility and papal idea of planned a new crusade was destroyed by the rivalry of Jagiellonian dynasty and the House of Habsburg for the crowns of Central European kingdoms. This study examines the antecedents of the Council of Ferrara – Florence, including political background and analyses the articles of Laetentur Caeli and fi nally mentions the question of mixed marriages in the Hungarian Kingdom by regulation of canon law.
Finally, here is my full translation of the synodal document in Hungarian.
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Pal Szabo, 2018
The fortress of Belgrade for long time was primary target of the Ottoman conquests. From 1490, af... more The fortress of Belgrade for long time was primary target of the Ottoman conquests. From 1490, after decease of Matthias of Hunyad, king of Hungary, under the reign of Wladislaw II these attacks were not commanded by the Sultan or by the army of the Sultan. Occasionally smaller Ottoman troops tried to besiege this Fortress. I separate these 'small-sieges' from 'greats' (1440, 1456, 1521), which were always commanded by Sultan. The chronicle of Antonio Bonfini and letters of Peter Varadi mentioned few attempts against Belgrade. My study focuses on these small-sieges, because the Ottomans utilised lack of supply of the Fortress and disturbed the defending system. In winter of 1490 Turks temporarily occupied two bastions. In 1491 was similar action. In 1492 Bayezid II determined to drive a campaign against the Hungarian Kingdom, but finally abandoned his plan. In March of 1494 the defenders almost ceded the Fortress by treason, in August Ali, Pasha of Smederevo took another attempt the occupation of Belgrade. Despite of the newer Ottoman-Hungarian peace treaty in 1495 these small siege attempts showed the vulnerability of this Fortress without any attack of the regular Ottoman army.
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Pál Diószegi Szabó, 2021
REGINATUS IN THE PERIOD OF THE ANGEVINS THE CONSENSUAL ESTATE POLICY AND JURISDICTION OF QUEEN EL... more REGINATUS IN THE PERIOD OF THE ANGEVINS THE CONSENSUAL ESTATE POLICY AND JURISDICTION OF QUEEN ELISABETH PIAST (LOKIETEK) 1342–1353
It is well known that Queen Elisabeth, widow of King Charles I Angevin, after death of her royal husband (1342), had kept her influence in the administration and government of medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Some scholar and historian states that Elisabeth was a kind of co-ruler of her son, King Louis I (1342–1382). Nowadays, this role needs to revaluate by
new editions of contemporary Hungarian charters. My study analyzes the estate policy and jurisdiction of Queen Elisabeth between 1342 – 1353. The first marriage of King Louis I was brief, because his wife Margaret of Luxemburg had died in 1349. Until 1353, the next marriage of Louis, Elisabeth participated the royal estate-donations, which is indicated by
recurring formula of donation charters (’de beneplacita voluntate serenissime domine… Elisabeth regina Hungarie nostre genitricis charissime et de consilio prelatorum et baronum’). Notwithstanding, all of this was not originated from her extended power but the authority of royal wives from the period of Hungarian dynasty of Árpads. On the other
hand, this estate policy always depended on the authority of her son, King Louis I and his royal authorization. Duke Stephen, younger brother of King Louis I, was also participated in some cases in it, too. I call it consensual estate policy. Probably, it was from the medieval decision making of the family tradition of Angevins. In the second part of my study, I analyze the jurisdiction of the widow queen. She sat in judgement on diversified cases in her court by herself or by her court justice. Particularly, she protected the privileges of royal towns, dominions, villages and their citizens and serfs. In some cases she made writ to Hungarian chief-justies or hold her judicial privilege and used own royal seal. These judgements sketches the main contour of own personal jurisdiction (praesentia reginalis).
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Pal Szabo, 2014
ANONYMOUS BYZANTINE CHRONICLE FRAGMENTS ON FIRST OTTOMAN SIEGE OF BELGRADE IN 1440.
In 1440 Murád... more ANONYMOUS BYZANTINE CHRONICLE FRAGMENTS ON FIRST OTTOMAN SIEGE OF BELGRADE IN 1440.
In 1440 Murád II conducted himself the first Ottoman attempt to siege of Belgrade. But in the (Hungarian) historical research this siege is not adequate valued and lesser-known than the second Ottoman siege (1456). My lecture will analyse two anonymous, Byzantine chronicle-fragments parallel with contemporary Latin sources about this Ottoman siege.
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Pal Dioszegi Szabo, 2020
JUDGEMENT OF THE GOD AT-ARMS. CONCERNING THE HUNGARIAN JURIDICAL ORDEAL COMBAT IN THE PERIOD OF T... more JUDGEMENT OF THE GOD AT-ARMS. CONCERNING THE HUNGARIAN JURIDICAL ORDEAL COMBAT IN THE PERIOD OF THE ANGEVINS
The medieval juridical ordeal by combat amongst the trials by ordeal has hardly been explored for more than a century in the Hungarian juridical literature. Nowadays, more systematic research becomes possible by new editions of the contemporary Hungarian charters. From the details of these charters we can analyze the practice and special cases of juridical ordeal by combat (duellum) during the reign of the Angevins in Hungarian
Kingdom. Especially, the conditions and terms of use, the participation of the trained or untrained duellators, the consequences of absence from the ordeal, the possibility of agreement by the participants before the ordeal or the types of weapons used. We can explore the interesting practice of the parties’ agreement on the condemnation as losers of ordeal by combat (in succubitu duelli) without an actual ordeal if they do not observe the conditions of their treaty. For the clergy, it was forbidden to participate in the trials owing to the regulation by the Synod of Lateran IV, but we can still find them in the charters fighting or using duelists. Finally, I classify the formulas of ordeal by combat in the Hungarian Ars Notaria and analyze the ’duel scene’ of the famous poem by Janos Arany titled Toldi.
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Pal Dioszegi Szabo, 2018
Η μελέτη μου εξετάζει τους παράγοντες της εξωτερικής πολιτικής πίσω από την πολιορκία του Βελιγρα... more Η μελέτη μου εξετάζει τους παράγοντες της εξωτερικής πολιτικής πίσω από την πολιορκία του Βελιγραδίου (1456). Κατά τη διάρκεια της πολιορκίας του Βελιγραδίου, μια άλλη σουλτανική δύναμη πολέμησε επίσης εναντίον της Ελλάδας (του Πριγκιπάτου των Αθηνών) και κατέλαβε την πόλη των Αθηνών. Η ήττα των Οθωμανών Τούρκων στο Βελιγράδι θα έδινε την ευκαιρία στον συγκεντρωμένο χριστιανικό στρατό να καταδιώξει και να καταστρέψει τις ηττημένες και διαφεύγουσες δυνάμεις του Σουλτάνου και ενδεχομένως να πολιορκήσει την Κωνσταντινούπολη.
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Pal Dioszegi Szabo, 2019
The examination of ancient Greek or Roman juridical background of the New Testament is an interes... more The examination of ancient Greek or Roman juridical background of the New Testament is an interesting and multidirectional experiment. So, in the viewpoint of ancient maritime law especially the Lex Rhodia (Rhodian Sea Law), because I can find examples in NT (Acts 27: 18–19, 38) when this law was used in practice. When Apostle Paul was carrying by an Alexandrian merchant ship to Rome, the crew – in the seastorm, before Malta – threw overboard the cargo (wheat) in order to save the ship. This inessential seeming episode suggests that the Rhodian regulations of jettison (ekbolé) or iactus were applied and allows to specify new English translation of this Biblical passage.
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Pal Szabo, 2020
One of the interdisciplinary resources for the research on mixed marriages is the history of law ... more One of the interdisciplinary resources for the research on mixed marriages is the history of law and the history of the medieval family. Some of the regulations of the ecclesiastical union in 1439 refer to the possibility of performing mixed marriages or engagements between the Roman Catholics and the Orthodox in medieval Hungary. This study analyses two such prominent cases from the Hungarian Kingdom, emphasising the practical consequences o f mixed marriage, especially its ability to overwrite hostility between opposite families.
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Pal Szabo, 2015
Part of a book based on my PhD thesis defended at the University of Szeged in 2014.
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Pal (Dioszegi) Szabo, 2019
On 27 th of January, in 945, all the impediments were removed to reign for Emperor Constantine VI... more On 27 th of January, in 945, all the impediments were removed to reign for Emperor Constantine VII (945-959, A. D.). After he had completed his long years of education, he was portrayed as a prudent and wise emperor like his ancestor, Marcus Aurelius, who had been an expert in many sciences. My question is, therefore: what was Constantine as an imperial legislator like? This study will examine two of his edicts, which show us his benevolent decisions and his philanthropic character which stems from his Christian humanitarian spirit. In this the two edicts he regulated the right of asylum concerning the homicide.
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Szabo Pal, 2019
My necrology is written in memory of my beloved PhD. supervisor and byzantine research teacher.
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Kings and Saints, 2022
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A Magyarságkutató Intézet Kiadványai
A IX. századi Kárpát-medencei betelepülése előtt a magyarság már a Bizánci Birodalom érdekkörével... more A IX. századi Kárpát-medencei betelepülése előtt a magyarság már a Bizánci Birodalom érdekkörével érintkezett. Erről tanúskodnak azok az elsősorban keresztény szerzőktől származó források, amelyek ugyan egy-egy epizód kapcsán, de megemlékeznek eleinkről. A kereszténységgel minden bizonnyal először a bizánci kapcsolatok útján, szintén kelet felől találkoztak. Jól érvényesült a bizánci kultúra hídjellege Európa és Ázsia között. Bizánc fő forrásává vált a római államiságon, a görög nyelven és a kereszténységen felépülő kultúrának, amely a középkorban végig a lényegiségét adta.
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Szabó Pál, 2015
The monarchs of the Macedonian dynasty in the Mid-Byzantine period, especially Basileios I. aimed... more The monarchs of the Macedonian dynasty in the Mid-Byzantine period, especially Basileios I. aimed at ’the purification of ancient rules’, which denoted the revision of the laws of Iustinian (Corpus Iuris Civilis) and integration of the legislation of new the period. The Roman and pursuing the Byzantine Law prohibited the prehistoric practice of abduction of woman as a special type of marriage. They took for the form of rape of woman and the respect of the contingent wedding aim was out of the consideration. Although there were some hopeful initiative from the Canon Law and from several emperor, Basileios I and Leon VI confirmed and conserved the earlier and more stringent prohibition and only the pu-nishments were lightened.
Keywords: abduction-rape of woman, lex Iulia de vi publica, raptus, harpagé, Basileios I, Leon VI
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Papers by Pál Diószegi Szabó
The Hungarian historiography has long accepted the date of birth of Matthias of Hunyad (in 1443, 23 of February). But in most of contemporary sources, especially the works of chroniclers (Antonio Bonfini, Galeotto Marzio, Gaspar of Helta, Ludovicus Tubero, etc.), we can find different data. One of my purposes of this study is to collect again various reports of possible year of birth. On 7 of August in 1451 Elisabeth of Celje, who was then 10 years („nunc in decimo anno constitutam”), was engaged with Matthias of Hunyad. I analyze an important contemporary Palatine charter (DF 37 614) which informs us the articles and conditions of this agreement. The date of marriage will be that day, in which Elisabeth will be at the age of 12 (on the 6 of December in 1453). Nevertheless, this charter does not mention about the age of the future husband or about the lack of his „legitima aetas” as of Elisabeth. At least, he was then 12 years old in issuing date of this charter, in 1451. So, if we use this information, he was born in 1439, and not in 1443. If we calculate the birth year of 1443, Mattias would be just 8 years old, which would mentioned by this charter. When in 1458 Matthias accessed to the throne, a temporary Governor was appointed (Michael of Szilágy) for a period of five years. At the end of this period Matthias will be 24 years old and he will access the majority. This year (1439) is legally suited to the majority (perfecta aetas) of Matthias in Hungarian medieval customary law. This confirms the birth year of 1439, because the king was 19 years old, before his birthday on the 23 of February. My final conclusion is that Matthias of Hunyad had already borne in 1439 and not in 1443, what is generally accepted in the Hungarian historiography.
military and religious strength against the threat of the Ottoman Empire. But in Constantinople the Byzantine Church (monk Mark of Ephesus) put up resistance to the articles, because the delegation of the Byzantines accepted most of western dogmatical principles. This ecclesiastical union had an insignifi cant infl uence on political events. The possibility and papal idea of planned a new crusade was destroyed by the rivalry of Jagiellonian dynasty and the House of Habsburg for the crowns of Central European kingdoms. This study examines the antecedents of the Council of Ferrara – Florence, including political background and analyses the articles of Laetentur Caeli and fi nally mentions the question of mixed marriages in the Hungarian Kingdom by regulation of canon law.
Finally, here is my full translation of the synodal document in Hungarian.
It is well known that Queen Elisabeth, widow of King Charles I Angevin, after death of her royal husband (1342), had kept her influence in the administration and government of medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Some scholar and historian states that Elisabeth was a kind of co-ruler of her son, King Louis I (1342–1382). Nowadays, this role needs to revaluate by
new editions of contemporary Hungarian charters. My study analyzes the estate policy and jurisdiction of Queen Elisabeth between 1342 – 1353. The first marriage of King Louis I was brief, because his wife Margaret of Luxemburg had died in 1349. Until 1353, the next marriage of Louis, Elisabeth participated the royal estate-donations, which is indicated by
recurring formula of donation charters (’de beneplacita voluntate serenissime domine… Elisabeth regina Hungarie nostre genitricis charissime et de consilio prelatorum et baronum’). Notwithstanding, all of this was not originated from her extended power but the authority of royal wives from the period of Hungarian dynasty of Árpads. On the other
hand, this estate policy always depended on the authority of her son, King Louis I and his royal authorization. Duke Stephen, younger brother of King Louis I, was also participated in some cases in it, too. I call it consensual estate policy. Probably, it was from the medieval decision making of the family tradition of Angevins. In the second part of my study, I analyze the jurisdiction of the widow queen. She sat in judgement on diversified cases in her court by herself or by her court justice. Particularly, she protected the privileges of royal towns, dominions, villages and their citizens and serfs. In some cases she made writ to Hungarian chief-justies or hold her judicial privilege and used own royal seal. These judgements sketches the main contour of own personal jurisdiction (praesentia reginalis).
In 1440 Murád II conducted himself the first Ottoman attempt to siege of Belgrade. But in the (Hungarian) historical research this siege is not adequate valued and lesser-known than the second Ottoman siege (1456). My lecture will analyse two anonymous, Byzantine chronicle-fragments parallel with contemporary Latin sources about this Ottoman siege.
The medieval juridical ordeal by combat amongst the trials by ordeal has hardly been explored for more than a century in the Hungarian juridical literature. Nowadays, more systematic research becomes possible by new editions of the contemporary Hungarian charters. From the details of these charters we can analyze the practice and special cases of juridical ordeal by combat (duellum) during the reign of the Angevins in Hungarian
Kingdom. Especially, the conditions and terms of use, the participation of the trained or untrained duellators, the consequences of absence from the ordeal, the possibility of agreement by the participants before the ordeal or the types of weapons used. We can explore the interesting practice of the parties’ agreement on the condemnation as losers of ordeal by combat (in succubitu duelli) without an actual ordeal if they do not observe the conditions of their treaty. For the clergy, it was forbidden to participate in the trials owing to the regulation by the Synod of Lateran IV, but we can still find them in the charters fighting or using duelists. Finally, I classify the formulas of ordeal by combat in the Hungarian Ars Notaria and analyze the ’duel scene’ of the famous poem by Janos Arany titled Toldi.
Keywords: abduction-rape of woman, lex Iulia de vi publica, raptus, harpagé, Basileios I, Leon VI
The Hungarian historiography has long accepted the date of birth of Matthias of Hunyad (in 1443, 23 of February). But in most of contemporary sources, especially the works of chroniclers (Antonio Bonfini, Galeotto Marzio, Gaspar of Helta, Ludovicus Tubero, etc.), we can find different data. One of my purposes of this study is to collect again various reports of possible year of birth. On 7 of August in 1451 Elisabeth of Celje, who was then 10 years („nunc in decimo anno constitutam”), was engaged with Matthias of Hunyad. I analyze an important contemporary Palatine charter (DF 37 614) which informs us the articles and conditions of this agreement. The date of marriage will be that day, in which Elisabeth will be at the age of 12 (on the 6 of December in 1453). Nevertheless, this charter does not mention about the age of the future husband or about the lack of his „legitima aetas” as of Elisabeth. At least, he was then 12 years old in issuing date of this charter, in 1451. So, if we use this information, he was born in 1439, and not in 1443. If we calculate the birth year of 1443, Mattias would be just 8 years old, which would mentioned by this charter. When in 1458 Matthias accessed to the throne, a temporary Governor was appointed (Michael of Szilágy) for a period of five years. At the end of this period Matthias will be 24 years old and he will access the majority. This year (1439) is legally suited to the majority (perfecta aetas) of Matthias in Hungarian medieval customary law. This confirms the birth year of 1439, because the king was 19 years old, before his birthday on the 23 of February. My final conclusion is that Matthias of Hunyad had already borne in 1439 and not in 1443, what is generally accepted in the Hungarian historiography.
military and religious strength against the threat of the Ottoman Empire. But in Constantinople the Byzantine Church (monk Mark of Ephesus) put up resistance to the articles, because the delegation of the Byzantines accepted most of western dogmatical principles. This ecclesiastical union had an insignifi cant infl uence on political events. The possibility and papal idea of planned a new crusade was destroyed by the rivalry of Jagiellonian dynasty and the House of Habsburg for the crowns of Central European kingdoms. This study examines the antecedents of the Council of Ferrara – Florence, including political background and analyses the articles of Laetentur Caeli and fi nally mentions the question of mixed marriages in the Hungarian Kingdom by regulation of canon law.
Finally, here is my full translation of the synodal document in Hungarian.
It is well known that Queen Elisabeth, widow of King Charles I Angevin, after death of her royal husband (1342), had kept her influence in the administration and government of medieval Hungarian Kingdom. Some scholar and historian states that Elisabeth was a kind of co-ruler of her son, King Louis I (1342–1382). Nowadays, this role needs to revaluate by
new editions of contemporary Hungarian charters. My study analyzes the estate policy and jurisdiction of Queen Elisabeth between 1342 – 1353. The first marriage of King Louis I was brief, because his wife Margaret of Luxemburg had died in 1349. Until 1353, the next marriage of Louis, Elisabeth participated the royal estate-donations, which is indicated by
recurring formula of donation charters (’de beneplacita voluntate serenissime domine… Elisabeth regina Hungarie nostre genitricis charissime et de consilio prelatorum et baronum’). Notwithstanding, all of this was not originated from her extended power but the authority of royal wives from the period of Hungarian dynasty of Árpads. On the other
hand, this estate policy always depended on the authority of her son, King Louis I and his royal authorization. Duke Stephen, younger brother of King Louis I, was also participated in some cases in it, too. I call it consensual estate policy. Probably, it was from the medieval decision making of the family tradition of Angevins. In the second part of my study, I analyze the jurisdiction of the widow queen. She sat in judgement on diversified cases in her court by herself or by her court justice. Particularly, she protected the privileges of royal towns, dominions, villages and their citizens and serfs. In some cases she made writ to Hungarian chief-justies or hold her judicial privilege and used own royal seal. These judgements sketches the main contour of own personal jurisdiction (praesentia reginalis).
In 1440 Murád II conducted himself the first Ottoman attempt to siege of Belgrade. But in the (Hungarian) historical research this siege is not adequate valued and lesser-known than the second Ottoman siege (1456). My lecture will analyse two anonymous, Byzantine chronicle-fragments parallel with contemporary Latin sources about this Ottoman siege.
The medieval juridical ordeal by combat amongst the trials by ordeal has hardly been explored for more than a century in the Hungarian juridical literature. Nowadays, more systematic research becomes possible by new editions of the contemporary Hungarian charters. From the details of these charters we can analyze the practice and special cases of juridical ordeal by combat (duellum) during the reign of the Angevins in Hungarian
Kingdom. Especially, the conditions and terms of use, the participation of the trained or untrained duellators, the consequences of absence from the ordeal, the possibility of agreement by the participants before the ordeal or the types of weapons used. We can explore the interesting practice of the parties’ agreement on the condemnation as losers of ordeal by combat (in succubitu duelli) without an actual ordeal if they do not observe the conditions of their treaty. For the clergy, it was forbidden to participate in the trials owing to the regulation by the Synod of Lateran IV, but we can still find them in the charters fighting or using duelists. Finally, I classify the formulas of ordeal by combat in the Hungarian Ars Notaria and analyze the ’duel scene’ of the famous poem by Janos Arany titled Toldi.
Keywords: abduction-rape of woman, lex Iulia de vi publica, raptus, harpagé, Basileios I, Leon VI
in1523. The special responsibility of the captain, similar to the Roman
custodia, is taking shape. This was probably the basis of accountability,
which contained the due care, foreseeable safekeeping
of the border fort, maintenance of the building.