Sally Bould

University of Delaware, Sociology and Criminal Justice, Emerita

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Fellow, Gerontology Institute, University of Mass, Boston

EURAIS Senior Fellow, Brussels, 2013-2014

Fulbright Fellow, CEPS, Luxembourg 2005-2006

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T. Alexandra Beauregard

Birkbeck College, University of London

Jose-Manuel Barreto

Alexander Goerne

University of Edinburgh

Anne Kankaanranta

Aalto University

Çiğdem Vatansever

Namik Kemal University

Thomas BURELLI

University of Ottawa | Université d'Ottawa

Nadine Thielemann

Vienna University of Economics and Business

Susana Ambrósio

University of Aveiro

Rodrigo G de Azevedo

Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul

Antonio Fragoso

Universidade do Algarve

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Papers by Sally Bould

Neighborhoods and Inequality: The Possibilities for Successful Transition to Adulthood

Sociological studies of children and youth, Mar 18, 2005

The transition to adulthood involves risk. In the 90s, sociologists have focused on the question ... more The transition to adulthood involves risk. In the 90s, sociologists have focused on the question of understanding and managing this risk. Much of this research has tried to go beyond family characteristics and examine the possible role of community or neighborhood. Furstenberg (2000) concludes, however, that the research “on adolescent behaviors has not shown a strong impact of the quality of neighborhoods, independent of the demographic characteristics of the resident families” (p. 902). The exploratory research reported in this paper on suburban neighborhoods, however, suggests that the neighborhood may have effects that have not yet been fully examined. Two problems with the previous research are highlighted. First is the problem of the definition of neighborhood in contrast to community, a continuing problem in neighborhood research. The second is that this research has largely focused on urban neighborhoods; the success of adolescents in suburban neighborhood contexts has not been highlighted. The result is that the focus of these studies has been more on poverty; this paper, however, will focus on inequality in contrasting the situation of adolescents in white suburban neighborhoods to that found in the inner city.

Learning to Be Old: Gender, Culture, and Aging

Journal of Marriage and Family, Aug 1, 2003

Learning to Be Old: Gender, Culture, and Aging. Margaret Cruikshank. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Lit... more Learning to Be Old: Gender, Culture, and Aging. Margaret Cruikshank. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. 2003. 243 pp. ISBN 0-8476-9849-1. $22.95 (paper). ISBN 0-8476-9848-3. $65.00 (cloth). This book takes a position that aging is socially constructed and that resisting the current social construction is crucial for women's "comfortable aging." The author suggests that we should review positions such as self-reliance and stress creativity, spirituality, and the preservation of self-worth. She tackles head-on the dire pronouncements about an aging population. Much of the book revolves around the link between aging and disease and the incentives for old age to be defined as a sick role. Elders defined as sick could even become sick through lack of appropriate treatment. This role is seen as encouraging a profitability approach of HMOs, although these HMOs have now found that the elderly are not profitable and most have dropped their coverage. One of the strongest chapters in this book covers use of medications and all of the problems associated with it, including out-of-pocket costs and dangers of drug interactions. These problems are compounded by the lack of drug testing on women and men in their 80s. The discussion of healthy aging focuses on exercise, diet, and alternative medicine including chiropractic, homeopathy, acupuncture, and Ayurveda healing. In a section devoted to nutrition, the author recommends a vegetarian diet to protect against the risk of osteoporosis. Caffeine is blamed for many ills, although recent research suggests that it may be harmless. Health care policy is criticized as too Western and too "masculine." Too much attention to disease, especially acute diseases, has left a gaping need for health promotion and efforts to delay the onset of chronic diseases. The problem of ageism comes in for critical scrutiny. This is especially true for women, who are shown to suffer from more negative ageist stereotypes. The media and the culture's emphasis on appearance foster this. But, according to the author, families of the elderly are also guilty of not nurturing a woman's late-life development; families demand instead that she be loving and serve her family. In the last chapter before the conclusion, the author takes on the pressing need for a feminist view of gerontology and aging. Only the recently developed perspective of critical gerontology raises the issue of the social construction of aging and the need for liberation. The author proposes a more specific application to women's aging and the social construction of gendered aging. She points out that issues of women's aging are often omitted in women's studies courses. Instead of stressing older women's commonality, Cruikshank stresses their diversity and their individuality. Constraints to their individuality are contained in the larger culture, often limited resources, imposition of male models of aging, demand for "busyness," and the expectations of family members. …

Encounters With Aging: Mythologies of Menopause in Japan and North America

Contemporary Sociology, Nov 1, 1995

The Oldest Old

Prevention in human services, Feb 21, 1991

Abstract Thus far the literature has failed to distinguish adequately between caregiving and soci... more Abstract Thus far the literature has failed to distinguish adequately between caregiving and social support. Since caregiving is generally conceptualized as burdensome and social support as positive this distinction is especially critical for many of the oldest old who are likely to have a need for help, but the help needed could be delivered in the context of social support. Caregiving implies dependence but social support implies interdependence. Interdependence permits the elder self-determination allowing her/him to remain in charge of her/his own life. A careful examination of the needs and resources of the oldest old indicates that they are at high risk for anxious adult children assuming premature caregiving roles. Intervention strategies should aim to prevent caregiving by encouraging families to strengthen social support networks in general and helping networks in particular. This would promote interdependence. Community supports should be designed to enhance and supplement helping networks.

Critical Perspectives on Aging: The Political and Moral Economy of Growing Old

Contemporary Sociology, 1992

This unique volume brings together 20 critical essays on aging within the context of the broad so... more This unique volume brings together 20 critical essays on aging within the context of the broad social, political, and economic factors that help shape and determine the realities of growing old. Rather than viewing aging in isolation, it explores the social creation of old age dependency and the profound influence of race, gender, and social class on what it means to grow old. It looks too at such topics as the "biomedicalization" of aging; the role of business and the media in changing societal images of the old; the fact and fiction behind "senior power"; the multibillion dollar nursing home industry; and the role of advanced capitalist nations in creating economic dependency among elders in the Third World.

ECONOMICS JOHN A. BRITTAIN. The Inheritance of Economic Status. Pp. ix, 185. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1977. $9.95

Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1978

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HELBURN, Suzanne W. and Barbara R. BERGMANN. <b>AMERICA’S CHILD CARE PROBLEM: The Way Out</b>

Journal of Comparative Family Studies, Mar 1, 2005

La tabella di marcia dell'unione europea (2006-2010). Un'indipendenza economica uguale per le donne e gli uomini

... di Sally Bould e Günther Schmaus* 1. Introduzione ... 5 Si vedano: Burkhauser, Duncan, Hauser... more

Development and the Family: Third World Women and Inequality

International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Apr 1, 1984

The traditional capitalist development model with its emphasis upon economic growth has, in the p... more The traditional capitalist development model with its emphasis upon economic growth has, in the past decade, been severely criticised with respect to its negative effects upon the poor as well as its negative impact upon women. The first and second development decades not only have failed to achieve “economic take off,” but they also have failed to provide that improvement in the status of women which modernisation is reputed to induce. The push for growth and modernisation in the Third World may have led to a deterioration of the economic position of women as well as a deterioration in the absolute economic situation of at least the poorer third of the population. Furthermore evidence suggests that the poorest of the poor are disproportionately women heads of households and their families. One result of this negative impact of the development process has been a refocus of attention in development policy upon the poor as well as a mandate to integrate women in the development process in the “Percy Amendment” to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1973. Nevertheless this new emphasis upon women‐in‐development suffers from a flaw similar to that of the traditional development model. Each treats the family only in a superficial way: the first because of naive assumptions concerning women in the family, the second by treating women independently of the family constellation.

A Population Health Perspective on Disability and Depression in Elderly Women and Men

Journal of Aging & Social Policy, Jun 8, 2005

The dominant model of assessing depression among elderly women and men has been a biomedical mode... more The dominant model of assessing depression among elderly women and men has been a biomedical model with the emphasis on the need for diagnosis and treatment of individuals with this condition. This model has portrayed the disease of depression as widespread among the elderly and suggested that more extensive medical treatment is needed. The common treatment for depression involves medication, which raises questions about costs and side effects, and psychotherapy, which raises questions concerning the willingness of the elderly to accept treatment as well as the cost of such treatment. This paper proposes an alternative to the biomedical individualistic model–the perspective of population health–for dealing with widespread depressive symptomatology among the elderly. This model of population health “ . . . is

The Future of Ageing By Gender

XIX ISA World Congress of Sociology (July 15-21, 2018), Jul 18, 2018

Older Women’s employment: the pension crisis and the crisis of care

Social Cohesion and Development, Apr 13, 2016

This paper explores the employment figures for older women, aged 55-64 in 14 European Union (EU) ... more This paper explores the employment figures for older women, aged 55-64 in 14 European Union (EU) countries, with attention to the kind of support which is available to older working women caring for family members in need. There is a diversity of employment behavior for older women as well as services to assist them in caring for older family members but the current policies on "active aging" and the gender neutral approach to pension reform does not take into account the unpaid work of caregiving. Where older women are typically employed during these later years in the Nordic countries, there are a range of supports to assist them with caring for family members. In contexts where the state provision of eldercare facilities is weak if the adult daughters are now expected to work, who will care for the very old parents?

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Equivalence Scales and the Cost of Children: The Case of Household Splits in Denmark, France, Germany and the United Kingdom

Schmollers Jahrbuch, Jul 1, 2011

The family household is the basic unit in social life and social policy planning for non aged cou... more The family household is the basic unit in social life and social policy planning for non aged couples. Couples households, however, are not static constructs. They may add children; they may separate over time. Especially in cases of household splits involving children the question arises as to how to measure the changes in economic well being. The EU equivalence scale is used to compare households of different sizes and this scale makes assumptions about the needs of adults and children as well as the possible economies of scale. When the goal is to make cross-national comparisons of income changes over time the decisions about the equivalence scale can be even more critical. This paper will examine our previous results concerning the situation of post-separation women and men by varying the equivalence scale used; varying the economy of scale factor; varying the cost of a child; varying the assumptions of allocating the cost of a child between households after separation. Our main finding is that the rank order of countries in terms of men being better off than women after separation does not change even if variations of equivalence scales are used. Denmark emerges as the country where women with children do better post separation by each variation used. For our country comparisons we use the comparable and longitudinal and data from Consortium of Household panels for European socioeconomic Research (CHER). The data for Germany (SOEP) and UK (BHPS) in CHER are derived from the respective national panel studies and the data from Denmark and France come from the European Community Household Panel (ECHP).

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Caring Neighborhoods

Journal of Family Issues, May 1, 2003

This article examines the situation in 47 “caring neighborhoods,” which are defined as those in w... more This article examines the situation in 47 “caring neighborhoods,” which are defined as those in which the neighbors report working together in caring for the neighborhood children. These suburban neighborhoods are White and predominately middle class. Fictive kin are found in some of these neighborhoods, and in all of the neighborhoods a low value is placed on privacy. These neighborhoods challenge the stereotype of the isolated nuclear family of the suburbs but reinforce the model of the male-breadwinner family. In considering how families can connect over child-rearing tasks and move beyond the male-breadwinner family, it is seen that the problem lies not in the suburban housing structure but in the condition of neighborhood mothers, who have to stay at home with pre-school-age children. This research suggests that to have the appropriate neighborhoods available to families, intentional neighborhoods will have to be built with an emphasis on gender equity.

Female-Headed Families: Personal Fate Control and the Provider Role

Journal of Marriage and Family, May 1, 1977

Page 1. Female-Headed Families: Personal Fate Control and the Provider Role* SALLY BOULD** The Un... more

Factors influencing the choice of social security early retirement benefits

Population Research and Policy Review, 1986

ABSTRACT The present research focuses directly on the choice of early retirement Social Security ... more ABSTRACT The present research focuses directly on the choice of early retirement Social Security benefits in 1973 for men who responded to the National Retirement History Survey. This focus is more appropriate than examining early retirement more generally when the issue is solvency of the Social Security system and appropriate changes in benefits and eligibility. While this study confirms the important role of private pensions, it tests an important concept of availability of suitable work. This factor, which proved to be a significant predictor of early beneficiary status for both blacks and whites, is critical to assumptions concerning the effect of possible changes in the age of eligibility for Social Security Early Retirement benefits. The data are also used to estimate a dramatic increase in poverty among early benficiaries and their families if these benefits were removed from their current income.

Child-care burden and intentions to have a second child: effects of perceived justice in the division of child-care

Review of Sociology, Mar 1, 2012

Fertility rates have fallen dramatically in Western Europe during the last 50 years. Initially ex... more Fertility rates have fallen dramatically in Western Europe during the last 50 years. Initially explanations were tied to women taking on work obligations and choosing to reduce their fertility. But this explanation is no longer valid in Western Europe because those countries where women are least likely to work, the Mediterranean countries, are also among the countries with the lowest

Hidden gender inequalities in old age: Equal treatment does not mean equal results

Research in the sociology of health care, 2010

ABSTRACT Inequalities in health and health care by gender for older adults are often hidden becau... more ABSTRACT Inequalities in health and health care by gender for older adults are often hidden because much data concerning the older adult are not disaggregated by gender. Older women are more likely to have chronic diseases that disable but do not kill. Older men are more likely to have chronic diseases that kill but do not disable for long periods of time. A gender analysis is used to elaborate inequalities by gender in two situations. The first is that of post-hospital care under Medicare. The second is a detailed analysis of living arrangements men and women over 85 years in the community based on the U.S. Census data for 2000. Combined with a population health model, a gender analysis indicates unequal access to health care and well-being by gender as well as unequal control over the provision of necessary care.

Oldest Old Women: Endangered by Government Cutbacks?

International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Sep 1, 1997

This paper analyzes the situation of women 85 and over using the United States Census public use ... more This paper analyzes the situation of women 85 and over using the United States Census public use sample for 1990 involving individual census records of 154,008 women and men It provides weighted population estimates. Data is presented on the oldest disability levels for men and women, the level of economic need, living arrangements, and access to a car. International comparisons from the Luxembourg Income study of elderly men and women&#39;s poverty level are also examined. Current proposals in the United States for cutbacks at the federal level in health care, income assistance and social services are examined with respect to their disproportional impact on oldest old women.

Intergenerational Caregivers of the Oldest Old

Marriage and Family Review, Mar 25, 1991

Neighborhoods and Inequality: The Possibilities for Successful Transition to Adulthood

Sociological studies of children and youth, Mar 18, 2005

Learning to Be Old: Gender, Culture, and Aging

Journal of Marriage and Family, Aug 1, 2003

Encounters With Aging: Mythologies of Menopause in Japan and North America

Contemporary Sociology, Nov 1, 1995

The Oldest Old

Prevention in human services, Feb 21, 1991

Critical Perspectives on Aging: The Political and Moral Economy of Growing Old

Contemporary Sociology, 1992

ECONOMICS JOHN A. BRITTAIN. The Inheritance of Economic Status. Pp. ix, 185. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1977. $9.95

Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1978

Download

HELBURN, Suzanne W. and Barbara R. BERGMANN. <b>AMERICA’S CHILD CARE PROBLEM: The Way Out</b>

Journal of Comparative Family Studies, Mar 1, 2005

La tabella di marcia dell'unione europea (2006-2010). Un'indipendenza economica uguale per le donne e gli uomini

... di Sally Bould e Günther Schmaus* 1. Introduzione ... 5 Si vedano: Burkhauser, Duncan, Hauser... more

Development and the Family: Third World Women and Inequality

International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Apr 1, 1984

A Population Health Perspective on Disability and Depression in Elderly Women and Men

Journal of Aging & Social Policy, Jun 8, 2005

The Future of Ageing By Gender

XIX ISA World Congress of Sociology (July 15-21, 2018), Jul 18, 2018

Older Women’s employment: the pension crisis and the crisis of care

Social Cohesion and Development, Apr 13, 2016

Download

Equivalence Scales and the Cost of Children: The Case of Household Splits in Denmark, France, Germany and the United Kingdom

Schmollers Jahrbuch, Jul 1, 2011

Download

Caring Neighborhoods

Journal of Family Issues, May 1, 2003

Female-Headed Families: Personal Fate Control and the Provider Role

Journal of Marriage and Family, May 1, 1977

Page 1. Female-Headed Families: Personal Fate Control and the Provider Role* SALLY BOULD** The Un... more

Factors influencing the choice of social security early retirement benefits

Population Research and Policy Review, 1986

Child-care burden and intentions to have a second child: effects of perceived justice in the division of child-care

Review of Sociology, Mar 1, 2012

Hidden gender inequalities in old age: Equal treatment does not mean equal results

Research in the sociology of health care, 2010

Oldest Old Women: Endangered by Government Cutbacks?

International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, Sep 1, 1997

Intergenerational Caregivers of the Oldest Old

Marriage and Family Review, Mar 25, 1991

POVERTY REDUCTION: Policies and Global Integration

by Suleman lodhi and Sally Bould

"The world is undergoing globalization; an all-embracing cultural and technological revolution. T... more "The world is undergoing globalization; an all-embracing cultural and technological revolution. This revolution has created many opportunities for us, but at the same time has threatened the world with serious challenges from energy crises, global warming, environmental degradation to political turbulence, extremism and terrorism. Regional poverty somehow appears to correlate with violence and extremism, giving a perception that poverty is the root cause of these problems, and if financial income of a region is increased, the region will breakout of the poverty cycle. The book argues that increasing financial inflow alone will not be a sufficient remedy as poverty is not a cause rather an indicator that the socio-political system in the region is not functioning properly.

The governments have been measuring poverty too narrowly focusing on financial dimension only, whereas poverty is much more than that. Poverty studies need to be approached in a more comprehensive way, adding new dimensions to bring out the true picture of the society. If money was the solution of poverty, it’s likely that poverty would have been eradicated long ago. The national leaders in developing countries continue to ignore the interdependence of social issues with poverty in the region. The policies are developed to address the symptoms, while the root causes are ignored. This problem solving approach may be able to give temporary relief, but as the cause of the problem exists in the system, same problems emerge again, in similar or a more developed form. Skewed distribution of wealth in a region; not only imposes serious vulnerability in developing effectiveness of the region, but it also has negative impact on global stability."

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