PG Cavalcanti
Institute of History and Geography of Rio Grande do Norte
MD from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
Independent researcher (seeking collaboration with institutions and researchers to refine and publish my ideas)
Biblical and Ancient History: Letters from King David found in the site of El-Amarna (2024), Rise of the Habiru King (2024), King David Mighty Warriors in the Amarna Letters (2024), Rameses II's Syrian Campaing cause the Ten Tribe Revolt (2024), The Exodus told through Egyptian Primary Sources (Looking for publishers)
Local History Research: The First Settlers of the City of Natal (2022), The Architectural History of the Fortress of Reis Magos (2021), The Biography of chieftain Potiguaçu of the Potiguaras (2020), From Titi with Love: a post-WW2 biography (2019).
Literary Work: Chronicles of the Dutch War I: Invasion of Pernambuco (2014), Chronicles of the Dutch War II: Traitor in Alagoas (2015).
E-mail: cavalcantichronology@gmail.com
Patreon: Patreon.com/PGCavalcanti
SMS: 55 84 98189-6601 (Brazil)
Open to Lectures.raduated
MD from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
Independent researcher (seeking collaboration with institutions and researchers to refine and publish my ideas)
Biblical and Ancient History: Letters from King David found in the site of El-Amarna (2024), Rise of the Habiru King (2024), King David Mighty Warriors in the Amarna Letters (2024), Rameses II's Syrian Campaing cause the Ten Tribe Revolt (2024), The Exodus told through Egyptian Primary Sources (Looking for publishers)
Local History Research: The First Settlers of the City of Natal (2022), The Architectural History of the Fortress of Reis Magos (2021), The Biography of chieftain Potiguaçu of the Potiguaras (2020), From Titi with Love: a post-WW2 biography (2019).
Literary Work: Chronicles of the Dutch War I: Invasion of Pernambuco (2014), Chronicles of the Dutch War II: Traitor in Alagoas (2015).
E-mail: cavalcantichronology@gmail.com
Patreon: Patreon.com/PGCavalcanti
SMS: 55 84 98189-6601 (Brazil)
Open to Lectures.raduated
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UPDATE 24-12-24: Added Tel Kabri and Tel Hazor connection response and comparative Middle Bronze Age vs. Late Bronze Age Table of cities from Joshua's conquest list;
-------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 1 - Campaign of Jeroboam (Rehoboam Year 1)
- Ramesses II Year 2 - Campaign of the Beth-shean Stele.
Ramesses II's pre-campaign in Beth-Shean coincides with the Ten Tribes revolt led by Jeroboam since Beth-Shean is located right in the area between Samaria, the seat of power of Jeroboam, and Tabor, first conquest of Ramses’ Syrian campaigns. This also explain the presence of the Nearim in the Battle of Kadesh Bulletin as being Jeroboam’s forces.
---------------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 5 - Sack of Jerusalem (Rehoboam Year 5):
- Ramesses II Year 7 - Sack of Shalem in the Ramesseum (Kitchen, 1982)
The sack of Jerusalem described in 1 Kings 14:25-26 mirrors the sack of an unidentified city named Shalem as boasted by Ramses II in his fourth Syrian campaign at the Ramesseum.
---------------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 22 - Israel succession Crisis (Jeroboam Year 22)
- Ramesses II Year 22 - Retreat of Egyptian forces - Hittite Peace Treaty
Egyptian forces retreat from the Levant following the Hittite Peace Treaty could have immediately preceded and influenced the fall of the House of Jeroboam’s in 1 King 15:29 if a contextual vassalage connection is infered from previous alignments.
---------------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 46 - No single male was spared (Baasha Year 23)
- Ramesses II Year 48 - Seed of Israel is no more - Later recollected in Merneptah Stele
Prince Merneptah is already an established military leader who later, in his own reign as pharaoh, claims he was responsible for "Israel's seed is no more" which parallels the biblical account that describes the massacre of the House of Baasha’s when “no single male was spared” in 1 Kings 16:11.
---------------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 77 (Joram Year 1) - Jezebel's religious conflict :
- Ramesses II Year 78* (Siptah Year 1) - Irsu the Syrian religious revolt
Rise of Irsu's Syrian Canaanite religious revolt in Egypt described in the Harris Papyrus could have extended and be connected to Jezebel’s Canaanite religious conflict of Baalists against Yahwehists in Israel as described in 1 Kings 18:4.
---------------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 88 (Joram Year 11) - Aram-Assyrian War
- Ramesses II Year 89* (Ramses III Year 8) - Bronze Age Collapse
The Battle against the Sea Peoples anchors the dating of the Anatolian destruction layers in the Bronze Age Collapse connecting the Levantine destructions layers to the fall of the House of Ahab in the broader Assyrian-Aram War of 1 kings 22:31.
---------------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 89 (Jehu Year 1) - First Phillistine mention after David
- Ramesses II Year 90* (Ramses III Year 9) - Phillistine Ware is introduced
The settlement of the Peleset in Canaan by Ramesses III aligns with the first mention of the Phillistine in the biblical account in 2 kings 2:8 after the king David story which could come from a renewed sense of cultural identity of the region by the new Myceneaen settlers.
---------------------------------
Note 1: The year count marked with “*” are the projection of Ramesses regnal years after his death to provide better comparinson.
Note 2: The reign of Amenemessu was cosidered parallel to the main line of pharaohs.
Note 3: Thiele’s corregencies harmonization was used in the Divided Kingdom of Israel count of years.
---------------------------------
CAVALCANTI, PG. Sack of Jerusalem: Ramesses II’s Syrian Campaigns cause the Ten Tribes Revolt. Amazon. 2024. ISBN: 9798338974650
- Tahkemoni as Etakkama (EA 189-190);
- El-Azer son of Dodo as Aziru son of Tutu (EA 156-158);
- Shammah as Sum-Hadad (EA 224-225);
- Abishai as Abdi-ashirta (EA 60-63);
- Ayyab as Joab (EA 303);
- Ish-baal as Mut-baal (EA 256);
- Ahimelek as Ilu-milku (EA (273-274).
- Tagi of Gintikirmil as King David since both rescued Keilah and raided Jerusalem (EA 287).
These parallels between David's warriors and the vassal rulers in Canaan suggest that the biblical accounts are rooted in the real geopolitical dynamics, reflecting actual historical figures and events. The archaeological evidence would suggest that the stories of David and his warriors, far from being purely mythological or symbolic, are tied to the broader regional history of the Late Bronze Age and consistent with what we know about the political landscape of ancient Canaan and the Levant.
CAVALCANTI, PG. The Aramean War: King David's Mighty Warriors in the Amarna Letters. Amazon. 2024. ISBN: 9798338974650
For example:
• EA 254: Saul’s harsh oath on Jonathan
• EA 173/174: The massacre at Nob.
• EA 287: The rescue of Keilah.
• EA 366: The battle of Mount Gilboa.
• EA 245: The pursuit and death of Saul.
• EA 256: The war against Ish-bosheth.
• EA 288/289: The conquest of Jerusalem.
• And many more.
These connections offer a fascinating lens through which to view the overlapping narratives of the Bible and the Amarna Letters.
CAVALCANTI, PG. Rise of the Habiru King: Tagi of Gintikirmil rescues Keilah and conquers Jerusalem. Amazon. 2024. ISBN: 9798339335894
UPDATE 1.2 (24/10/24): Added the astronomical datings for the Trojan, Assyrian and Akhenaten Solar Eclipses. Fixed hyperlink for the Summary.
UPDATE 1.1 (13/09/24): changed cover, added map witn the conquests of Tagi at the end of chapter two and expanded the Amarna conquests in chapter five.
Cavalcanti, PG. Letters from King David Found in the Site of El-Amarna. Amazon. 256 pages. 2024. ISBN: 978-65-01-01865-2
Teaching Documents by PG Cavalcanti
Whether this trade was orchestrated through a network of smaller cities or a single dominant urban center is secondary to the fact that a prominent entity known as “Hazor” existed during MBIIA, and it was not situated at Tel Hazor. This affirmation comes from the idea that the Hazor pre-XVII settlement in MBIIA sustained significant trade is simply untenable. (Ben-Tor, 2016) In response, Tel Kabri provides evidence of its significance during the Middle Bronze Age. It presents a magnificent MBIIA city and its definitive destruction layer in MBIIB, making it plausible that following its destruction, the Hazor name and prominence were transferred to Tel Hazor, establishing it as the successor to this earlier center of trade and influence.
This book intends to explore how both accounts of the Amarna Letters and the biblical Book of Samuel were describing the same events. The Amarna Letters were describing the events from the Aramean perspective and the Biblical account described them from the Habiru perspective. The table below presents characters from each source that share phonetic comparisons. Not only that, the next topics will explore how the circumstances of their accounts in both sources are also very similar, if not identical. The next table will give the suggested dates for the Amarna Letter according to the biblical timeline rather than the standard chronology.
These groups reshaped the political landscape, challenging Egyptian authority and redefining local governance. Notably, a unifying element among them was the presence of the Habiru in their ranks. For example, the Gezer-Gath-Gintikirmil coalition's actions are directly following those of Labaya in EA 287. Similarly, Ayyab’s campaign links the leader to Mutbaal, the son of Labaya, as described in EA 256. Meanwhile, the Amurru-Kadesh coalition utilized the Habiru as auxiliary forces, as detailed in EA 140.
Applying this 20-year framework across eighteen generations yields a timespan of around 360 years. This aligns well with the broader timeline, from the fall of Amarna—marked by the decline of the 18th dynasty and the end of the religious and political reforms of Akhenaten—to the eventual rise of Nubian rule under the 25th dynasty. Thus, the use of 20 years per generation provides a practical, historically supported basis for understanding the temporal gap between these two significant epochs in Egyptian history.
Download for HD quality,
UPDATE - Oct 25, 2024 - Added the Solar Eclipses related to the Omens of Akhenaten Year 1 (1036 BC), Akhenaten Year 4 (1040 BC), Amenophis III (1048 BC) and Tuthmose IV (1077 BC). Adjusted their reign accordingly. Also added the 26th Dynasty Demotic Eclipse about the death of a Pharaoh (Necho in 603 BC)
UPDATE - Sep 21, 2024 - Adjusted dates for the moon phenomena described in year 15 of Takelot II (Chronicles of Prince Osorkhon) identified with the Total Lunar Eclipse in 703 BC in Egypt. Also, it was considered Takelot I/Takelot II and Osorkon II / Osorkon III as different individuals (before I was going for the theory of pharaoh duplicities).
UPDATE - Sep 01, 2024 - Added astronomical events to the side of the table and purple box that link historical records to the corresponding event to the side (Eclipses of Herodotus History, Assyrian prophecy, Odyssey Arrival, Trojan War, Mursilli Records, Joshua Standing Still and Erishun Birth). Minor changes in position of Assyrian and Babylonian king lists to fine-tune the astronomical synchronisms.
UPDATE: Sep 27, 2024 - The text was reworded to provide more clarity and a better flow of the reading.
UPDATE: Aug 08, 2024 - Added chapter "Astronomical Synchronims - Solar Eclipses"
Introduction: Egyptologist David Rohl asserts that the so-called Ancient Dark Age never truly existed. According to Rohl, the significant 300-year period of decline during the Iron Age resulted from misinterpretations of Egyptian and Assyrian chronologies. These errors inflated what was actually a 150-year period into roughly 450 years. In his book, Rohl reorganized the complex timeline of Egypt’s Third Intermediate Period, reducing the 300-year gap to just a few decades. While he successfully offered an alternative Egyptian chronology, he did not manage to do the same for Assyrian chronology. Method: This study seeks to address that gap by revisiting Assyrian primary sources and proposing a fundamental reinterpretation of how the Assyrian King Lists are read. The key finding is that Adad-nirari, the founder of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, was likely the son of Ashur-dan I (who reigned from 1178 BC to 1133 BC), rather than Ashur-dan II (who reigned from 934 BC to 912 BC). This conclusion is supported by a stylistic analysis of the KAV21/22 King List, which helps bridge the 300-year gap in Assyrian history. Discussion: The argument encourages an open-minded approach to questioning the reliability of the Limmu system, which has been largely regarded as flawless in preventing parallel kingships, while still acknowledging the reign lengths confirmed by the established Assyrian Eponym sequence. Rather than relying solely on the Limmu system, I also propose using the often-overlooked Synchronic King List as the cornerstone for reconstructing the timeline of the Babylonian King Lists. By correcting these misinterpretations, this study successfully reorganizes Assyrian chronology, eliminating the erroneously calculated 300-year Ancient Dark Age, while affirming historical synchronisms, such as the Ashur-Uballit and Burna-buriash correspondence with the Amarna Pharaohs.
Download video explaining the chronology correction (only 2 minutes):
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
Support my work by buying the full theory in paperback or ebook here: https://a.co/d/0dYjrTYJ
Solar Eclipses according to the Cavalcanti Chronology
585 BC - Herodotus Solar Eclipse (Herodotus Book 1, chapter 9) - Total Solar Eclipse May 28 - 585 BC
763 BC - Omen for the fall of Assyria (Amos 8:9) - Solar Total Eclipse - Jun 15 - 763 BC (Northern Assyria in Maximum Eclipse Path)
830 BC - Eclipse upon Arrival in Ithaca (Odyssey 20, line 358) - Total Solar Eclipse - Aug 15 - 830 BC (Mediterranean Sea in Maximum Eclipse Path)
857 BC - Trojan War Year 9 (Book 17, line 366) - Total Solar Eclipse - Jul 04 - 856 BC (Troy in Maximum Eclipse Path)
857 BC - Omen about Eclipse on the Fall lof Ugatic KTU 1.78 / RS 12/061) - Total Solar Eclipse - Jul 04 - 857 BC (Ugarit in Maximum Eclipse Path)
961 BC - Mursilli Year 10 (Annals) - Annular Solar Eclipse - Aug 12 - 961 BC (Hattusa in Maximum Eclipse Path)
1037 BC - Akhenaten Year 1 Omen (Aldred, 1988) - Annular Solar Eclipse - Sep 10 - 1037 BC (Egypt in Near Total Path - Visibility > 80%)
1041 BC - Akhenaten Year 4 Omen (Aldred, 1988) - Total Solar Eclipse - Nov 23 - 1041 BC (Egypt in Near Total Path - Visibility > 80%)
1048 BC - Amenhotep III Omen (Aldred, 1988) - Annular Solar Eclipse - Oct 23 - 1048 BC (Egypt in Extensive Path - Visibility > 50%)
1078 BC - Tuthmose IV Omen (Aldred, 1988) - Total Solar Eclipse - May 20 - 1078 BC (Egypt in Maximum Eclipse Path)
1312 BC - Hittite's Sack of Babylon (Enuma Ani Enlil) - Jun 24, 1312 - Total Solar Eclipse (Hatti and Babylon in Maximum Eclipse Path)
1399 BC - Sun Standing Still (Joshua 10:13-13) - Mar 1, 1399 - Hybrid Solar Eclipse (Canaan in Maximum Eclipse Path)
1558 BC – Shamsi-Adad Birth Eclipse (REL, Glassner, 1993) - Hybrid Solar Eclipse - Sep 1, 1558 BC (Assyria in Maximum Eclipse Path)
1601 BC – Rise of a Noble eclipse (Enuma Ani Enlil) - Annular Solar Eclipse - Jan 14, 1601 BC (Babylonia in Maximum Eclipse Path)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UPDATE: JAn 16, 2024 - Added the two Enuma Anu Enlil eclipses
UPDATE: Oct 17, 2024 - Added the Akhenaten Omen describing four Solar Eclipses (Akenanten Year 4, Akhenaten Year 1, Amemhotep III and Tuthmose IV) .
UPDATE: Oct 06, 2024 - Added the Amarna Letter 151 eclipse related to the KTU 1.78 eclipse description.
Download video explaining the chronology correction (only 2 minutes):
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
The Virgil's account of the older tradition focuses on the sister of Pygmalion who had to flee Tyre after the assassination of her husband by her own brother. The story has the purpose of affirming that the famous city of Carthage was founded by a woman named "Dido". The Greco-Roman historians like Timaeus of Taormina and also the Orthodox Chronology sets the dating for the founding of Carthage at 814 BC. (Timaeus, 1st century) The proposed chronology of this book sets the date for Pygmalion's rise to power in 848 BC so my chronology does work with the date from ancient sources.
The problem the Old Chronology had with Virgil's account came from his book recording the Trojan War champion Aeneas leaving the ruins of Troy to meet Pygmalion's sister Dido at the settlement that later would become Carthage. The Trojan War is affirmed to have happened in 1180 BC according to the Orthodox Chronology. More than three hundred years before the fleeing of Dido from Tyre. It is just incompatible. Since the proposed chronology has the Amarna Letter set in the time of King David after the year 1050 BC, the ten-year Trojan War is calculated to have happened between years 860 and 850 BC. It had just ended when Pygmalion ascended to the throne and Dido fled to the Carthaginian lands. Again, the proposed chronology is in perfect synchronization with Aeneas and Dido's epic romance.
UPDATE 24-12-24: Added Tel Kabri and Tel Hazor connection response and comparative Middle Bronze Age vs. Late Bronze Age Table of cities from Joshua's conquest list;
-------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 1 - Campaign of Jeroboam (Rehoboam Year 1)
- Ramesses II Year 2 - Campaign of the Beth-shean Stele.
Ramesses II's pre-campaign in Beth-Shean coincides with the Ten Tribes revolt led by Jeroboam since Beth-Shean is located right in the area between Samaria, the seat of power of Jeroboam, and Tabor, first conquest of Ramses’ Syrian campaigns. This also explain the presence of the Nearim in the Battle of Kadesh Bulletin as being Jeroboam’s forces.
---------------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 5 - Sack of Jerusalem (Rehoboam Year 5):
- Ramesses II Year 7 - Sack of Shalem in the Ramesseum (Kitchen, 1982)
The sack of Jerusalem described in 1 Kings 14:25-26 mirrors the sack of an unidentified city named Shalem as boasted by Ramses II in his fourth Syrian campaign at the Ramesseum.
---------------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 22 - Israel succession Crisis (Jeroboam Year 22)
- Ramesses II Year 22 - Retreat of Egyptian forces - Hittite Peace Treaty
Egyptian forces retreat from the Levant following the Hittite Peace Treaty could have immediately preceded and influenced the fall of the House of Jeroboam’s in 1 King 15:29 if a contextual vassalage connection is infered from previous alignments.
---------------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 46 - No single male was spared (Baasha Year 23)
- Ramesses II Year 48 - Seed of Israel is no more - Later recollected in Merneptah Stele
Prince Merneptah is already an established military leader who later, in his own reign as pharaoh, claims he was responsible for "Israel's seed is no more" which parallels the biblical account that describes the massacre of the House of Baasha’s when “no single male was spared” in 1 Kings 16:11.
---------------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 77 (Joram Year 1) - Jezebel's religious conflict :
- Ramesses II Year 78* (Siptah Year 1) - Irsu the Syrian religious revolt
Rise of Irsu's Syrian Canaanite religious revolt in Egypt described in the Harris Papyrus could have extended and be connected to Jezebel’s Canaanite religious conflict of Baalists against Yahwehists in Israel as described in 1 Kings 18:4.
---------------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 88 (Joram Year 11) - Aram-Assyrian War
- Ramesses II Year 89* (Ramses III Year 8) - Bronze Age Collapse
The Battle against the Sea Peoples anchors the dating of the Anatolian destruction layers in the Bronze Age Collapse connecting the Levantine destructions layers to the fall of the House of Ahab in the broader Assyrian-Aram War of 1 kings 22:31.
---------------------------------
- Divided Monarchy Year 89 (Jehu Year 1) - First Phillistine mention after David
- Ramesses II Year 90* (Ramses III Year 9) - Phillistine Ware is introduced
The settlement of the Peleset in Canaan by Ramesses III aligns with the first mention of the Phillistine in the biblical account in 2 kings 2:8 after the king David story which could come from a renewed sense of cultural identity of the region by the new Myceneaen settlers.
---------------------------------
Note 1: The year count marked with “*” are the projection of Ramesses regnal years after his death to provide better comparinson.
Note 2: The reign of Amenemessu was cosidered parallel to the main line of pharaohs.
Note 3: Thiele’s corregencies harmonization was used in the Divided Kingdom of Israel count of years.
---------------------------------
CAVALCANTI, PG. Sack of Jerusalem: Ramesses II’s Syrian Campaigns cause the Ten Tribes Revolt. Amazon. 2024. ISBN: 9798338974650
- Tahkemoni as Etakkama (EA 189-190);
- El-Azer son of Dodo as Aziru son of Tutu (EA 156-158);
- Shammah as Sum-Hadad (EA 224-225);
- Abishai as Abdi-ashirta (EA 60-63);
- Ayyab as Joab (EA 303);
- Ish-baal as Mut-baal (EA 256);
- Ahimelek as Ilu-milku (EA (273-274).
- Tagi of Gintikirmil as King David since both rescued Keilah and raided Jerusalem (EA 287).
These parallels between David's warriors and the vassal rulers in Canaan suggest that the biblical accounts are rooted in the real geopolitical dynamics, reflecting actual historical figures and events. The archaeological evidence would suggest that the stories of David and his warriors, far from being purely mythological or symbolic, are tied to the broader regional history of the Late Bronze Age and consistent with what we know about the political landscape of ancient Canaan and the Levant.
CAVALCANTI, PG. The Aramean War: King David's Mighty Warriors in the Amarna Letters. Amazon. 2024. ISBN: 9798338974650
For example:
• EA 254: Saul’s harsh oath on Jonathan
• EA 173/174: The massacre at Nob.
• EA 287: The rescue of Keilah.
• EA 366: The battle of Mount Gilboa.
• EA 245: The pursuit and death of Saul.
• EA 256: The war against Ish-bosheth.
• EA 288/289: The conquest of Jerusalem.
• And many more.
These connections offer a fascinating lens through which to view the overlapping narratives of the Bible and the Amarna Letters.
CAVALCANTI, PG. Rise of the Habiru King: Tagi of Gintikirmil rescues Keilah and conquers Jerusalem. Amazon. 2024. ISBN: 9798339335894
UPDATE 1.2 (24/10/24): Added the astronomical datings for the Trojan, Assyrian and Akhenaten Solar Eclipses. Fixed hyperlink for the Summary.
UPDATE 1.1 (13/09/24): changed cover, added map witn the conquests of Tagi at the end of chapter two and expanded the Amarna conquests in chapter five.
Cavalcanti, PG. Letters from King David Found in the Site of El-Amarna. Amazon. 256 pages. 2024. ISBN: 978-65-01-01865-2
Whether this trade was orchestrated through a network of smaller cities or a single dominant urban center is secondary to the fact that a prominent entity known as “Hazor” existed during MBIIA, and it was not situated at Tel Hazor. This affirmation comes from the idea that the Hazor pre-XVII settlement in MBIIA sustained significant trade is simply untenable. (Ben-Tor, 2016) In response, Tel Kabri provides evidence of its significance during the Middle Bronze Age. It presents a magnificent MBIIA city and its definitive destruction layer in MBIIB, making it plausible that following its destruction, the Hazor name and prominence were transferred to Tel Hazor, establishing it as the successor to this earlier center of trade and influence.
This book intends to explore how both accounts of the Amarna Letters and the biblical Book of Samuel were describing the same events. The Amarna Letters were describing the events from the Aramean perspective and the Biblical account described them from the Habiru perspective. The table below presents characters from each source that share phonetic comparisons. Not only that, the next topics will explore how the circumstances of their accounts in both sources are also very similar, if not identical. The next table will give the suggested dates for the Amarna Letter according to the biblical timeline rather than the standard chronology.
These groups reshaped the political landscape, challenging Egyptian authority and redefining local governance. Notably, a unifying element among them was the presence of the Habiru in their ranks. For example, the Gezer-Gath-Gintikirmil coalition's actions are directly following those of Labaya in EA 287. Similarly, Ayyab’s campaign links the leader to Mutbaal, the son of Labaya, as described in EA 256. Meanwhile, the Amurru-Kadesh coalition utilized the Habiru as auxiliary forces, as detailed in EA 140.
Applying this 20-year framework across eighteen generations yields a timespan of around 360 years. This aligns well with the broader timeline, from the fall of Amarna—marked by the decline of the 18th dynasty and the end of the religious and political reforms of Akhenaten—to the eventual rise of Nubian rule under the 25th dynasty. Thus, the use of 20 years per generation provides a practical, historically supported basis for understanding the temporal gap between these two significant epochs in Egyptian history.
Download for HD quality,
UPDATE - Oct 25, 2024 - Added the Solar Eclipses related to the Omens of Akhenaten Year 1 (1036 BC), Akhenaten Year 4 (1040 BC), Amenophis III (1048 BC) and Tuthmose IV (1077 BC). Adjusted their reign accordingly. Also added the 26th Dynasty Demotic Eclipse about the death of a Pharaoh (Necho in 603 BC)
UPDATE - Sep 21, 2024 - Adjusted dates for the moon phenomena described in year 15 of Takelot II (Chronicles of Prince Osorkhon) identified with the Total Lunar Eclipse in 703 BC in Egypt. Also, it was considered Takelot I/Takelot II and Osorkon II / Osorkon III as different individuals (before I was going for the theory of pharaoh duplicities).
UPDATE - Sep 01, 2024 - Added astronomical events to the side of the table and purple box that link historical records to the corresponding event to the side (Eclipses of Herodotus History, Assyrian prophecy, Odyssey Arrival, Trojan War, Mursilli Records, Joshua Standing Still and Erishun Birth). Minor changes in position of Assyrian and Babylonian king lists to fine-tune the astronomical synchronisms.
UPDATE: Sep 27, 2024 - The text was reworded to provide more clarity and a better flow of the reading.
UPDATE: Aug 08, 2024 - Added chapter "Astronomical Synchronims - Solar Eclipses"
Introduction: Egyptologist David Rohl asserts that the so-called Ancient Dark Age never truly existed. According to Rohl, the significant 300-year period of decline during the Iron Age resulted from misinterpretations of Egyptian and Assyrian chronologies. These errors inflated what was actually a 150-year period into roughly 450 years. In his book, Rohl reorganized the complex timeline of Egypt’s Third Intermediate Period, reducing the 300-year gap to just a few decades. While he successfully offered an alternative Egyptian chronology, he did not manage to do the same for Assyrian chronology. Method: This study seeks to address that gap by revisiting Assyrian primary sources and proposing a fundamental reinterpretation of how the Assyrian King Lists are read. The key finding is that Adad-nirari, the founder of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, was likely the son of Ashur-dan I (who reigned from 1178 BC to 1133 BC), rather than Ashur-dan II (who reigned from 934 BC to 912 BC). This conclusion is supported by a stylistic analysis of the KAV21/22 King List, which helps bridge the 300-year gap in Assyrian history. Discussion: The argument encourages an open-minded approach to questioning the reliability of the Limmu system, which has been largely regarded as flawless in preventing parallel kingships, while still acknowledging the reign lengths confirmed by the established Assyrian Eponym sequence. Rather than relying solely on the Limmu system, I also propose using the often-overlooked Synchronic King List as the cornerstone for reconstructing the timeline of the Babylonian King Lists. By correcting these misinterpretations, this study successfully reorganizes Assyrian chronology, eliminating the erroneously calculated 300-year Ancient Dark Age, while affirming historical synchronisms, such as the Ashur-Uballit and Burna-buriash correspondence with the Amarna Pharaohs.
Download video explaining the chronology correction (only 2 minutes):
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
Support my work by buying the full theory in paperback or ebook here: https://a.co/d/0dYjrTYJ
Solar Eclipses according to the Cavalcanti Chronology
585 BC - Herodotus Solar Eclipse (Herodotus Book 1, chapter 9) - Total Solar Eclipse May 28 - 585 BC
763 BC - Omen for the fall of Assyria (Amos 8:9) - Solar Total Eclipse - Jun 15 - 763 BC (Northern Assyria in Maximum Eclipse Path)
830 BC - Eclipse upon Arrival in Ithaca (Odyssey 20, line 358) - Total Solar Eclipse - Aug 15 - 830 BC (Mediterranean Sea in Maximum Eclipse Path)
857 BC - Trojan War Year 9 (Book 17, line 366) - Total Solar Eclipse - Jul 04 - 856 BC (Troy in Maximum Eclipse Path)
857 BC - Omen about Eclipse on the Fall lof Ugatic KTU 1.78 / RS 12/061) - Total Solar Eclipse - Jul 04 - 857 BC (Ugarit in Maximum Eclipse Path)
961 BC - Mursilli Year 10 (Annals) - Annular Solar Eclipse - Aug 12 - 961 BC (Hattusa in Maximum Eclipse Path)
1037 BC - Akhenaten Year 1 Omen (Aldred, 1988) - Annular Solar Eclipse - Sep 10 - 1037 BC (Egypt in Near Total Path - Visibility > 80%)
1041 BC - Akhenaten Year 4 Omen (Aldred, 1988) - Total Solar Eclipse - Nov 23 - 1041 BC (Egypt in Near Total Path - Visibility > 80%)
1048 BC - Amenhotep III Omen (Aldred, 1988) - Annular Solar Eclipse - Oct 23 - 1048 BC (Egypt in Extensive Path - Visibility > 50%)
1078 BC - Tuthmose IV Omen (Aldred, 1988) - Total Solar Eclipse - May 20 - 1078 BC (Egypt in Maximum Eclipse Path)
1312 BC - Hittite's Sack of Babylon (Enuma Ani Enlil) - Jun 24, 1312 - Total Solar Eclipse (Hatti and Babylon in Maximum Eclipse Path)
1399 BC - Sun Standing Still (Joshua 10:13-13) - Mar 1, 1399 - Hybrid Solar Eclipse (Canaan in Maximum Eclipse Path)
1558 BC – Shamsi-Adad Birth Eclipse (REL, Glassner, 1993) - Hybrid Solar Eclipse - Sep 1, 1558 BC (Assyria in Maximum Eclipse Path)
1601 BC – Rise of a Noble eclipse (Enuma Ani Enlil) - Annular Solar Eclipse - Jan 14, 1601 BC (Babylonia in Maximum Eclipse Path)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UPDATE: JAn 16, 2024 - Added the two Enuma Anu Enlil eclipses
UPDATE: Oct 17, 2024 - Added the Akhenaten Omen describing four Solar Eclipses (Akenanten Year 4, Akhenaten Year 1, Amemhotep III and Tuthmose IV) .
UPDATE: Oct 06, 2024 - Added the Amarna Letter 151 eclipse related to the KTU 1.78 eclipse description.
Download video explaining the chronology correction (only 2 minutes):
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
The Virgil's account of the older tradition focuses on the sister of Pygmalion who had to flee Tyre after the assassination of her husband by her own brother. The story has the purpose of affirming that the famous city of Carthage was founded by a woman named "Dido". The Greco-Roman historians like Timaeus of Taormina and also the Orthodox Chronology sets the dating for the founding of Carthage at 814 BC. (Timaeus, 1st century) The proposed chronology of this book sets the date for Pygmalion's rise to power in 848 BC so my chronology does work with the date from ancient sources.
The problem the Old Chronology had with Virgil's account came from his book recording the Trojan War champion Aeneas leaving the ruins of Troy to meet Pygmalion's sister Dido at the settlement that later would become Carthage. The Trojan War is affirmed to have happened in 1180 BC according to the Orthodox Chronology. More than three hundred years before the fleeing of Dido from Tyre. It is just incompatible. Since the proposed chronology has the Amarna Letter set in the time of King David after the year 1050 BC, the ten-year Trojan War is calculated to have happened between years 860 and 850 BC. It had just ended when Pygmalion ascended to the throne and Dido fled to the Carthaginian lands. Again, the proposed chronology is in perfect synchronization with Aeneas and Dido's epic romance.
The Amarna Letter number 289 has the King of Jerusalem naming cities from Gath, all the way through the Valley of Rephaim, to Arrabah that were his control but were eventually lost by the conquests of Dagi and Ilu-miliku. No doubt their synchronisms with kings David and Ahimelech only grew stronger since the letter writes: "This was what Ilu-Miliku and Dagi did: they captured Arrabah. Now as for Jerusalem, if this land belongs to the king, why isn’t it of concern to the king, like Hazzatu? The Carmel at Gath belongs to Dagi, and men of Gath are the garrison in Beit She'an."
The battle between both generals also has a synchronism with the Amarna Archive and in a very close location to Mahanaim. The Amarna Letter number 255 is assigned to a ruler named Mut-Baal. In the Hurrian language, the name Mut-Baal is translated as "Man of the Lord", so the synchronism with the name Ish-Baal is very strong. After all, the name of the biblical name Ish-Baal also means "Man of the Lord". This letter has Mut-Baal willing to become an Egyptian Vassal therefore offering himself to protect the caravans of the king of Egypt by claiming: "I will personally conduct it under very heavy guard."
The other letter from Mut-Baal designated as Amarna Letter number 256 seems to indicate the pharaoh did not take Mut-Baal too seriously. The leader of the Ephraim faction of the Israelites seems to be responding to a rumor that he had cowardly fled the city of Pella from a ruler called Ayyab which is phonetically and etymologically the same as the biblical name "Joab" meaning "Yahweh is Father".
The need to overemphasize his honesty could be because either he was lying or his loyalty was already being questioned. Another letter even has a different situation but it also reinforces this point. The Amarna Letter number 265 actually has Tagi receiving gifts from the pharaoh, not only any gifts but really expensive ones: "The king, my lord, sent a present to me in the care of Tahmashshi, and Tahmashshi gave a gold goblet and 12 sets of linen garments." (Scriptural Research Institute, 2021). In Amarna Letter number 266, he finally sends gifts to the king of Egypt but those are minor ones: "a harness for a pair of horses, and a bow, and a quiver, a spear, and covers" (Scriptural Research Institute, 2021). He was clearly taking advantage of his relationship with the Pharaoh. One may even find it odd that such a famous character of the Bible would write the formula of submission to the Pharaoh, but this Tagi goes even further on his words of flattery. The excessive submission formula using poetic language may have been an attempt to compensate Pharaoh for the terrible tributes he sent: "I looked this way, and I looked that way, and there was no light. Then I looked towards the king, my lord, and there was light. I am indeed determined to serve the king, my lord."
Download video explaining the chronology correction (only 2 minutes):
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lyiAw50qOQMD9ML-oKSWl1WSf2Dctm86/view?usp=sharing
The 382 letters written in clay by Egyptian Vassals were cataloged as part of the archive of Amarna. Of this total, there are 64 of them about a certain revolt happening in the lands of Canaan. The revolt is caused by a group named the "Habiru'' or, alternatively, “Apiru”. This is the Egyptian term to designate individuals of a lower social class and in the context of the Amarna Letters, it is a pejorative term for rebels and marauders. It is a social class distinction, not an ethnic one. But I do believe that the Habiru propagandists took the term and made it their own. A loose connection with an ancestor of the land named Eber was created and the ethnic term "Hebrew" became the group standard.
The current study proposes that the protagonist of the rescue of Keilah in the Amarna account named Ilu-Miliku is the same character as Ahimelek of the Bible who also rescued the city of Keilha along with King David in the biblical account (First Samuel 23: 1-5) . Indeed, the names Ilu-Miliku and Ahi-melek are phonetically similar but there are etymological differences since the name biblical Ahimelek means "Brother of the King" while its Armana’s counterpart is translated as "Divine is the King". But there can be several explanations for why keeping both names basically the same phonetically but different etymologically. The history of Judaism is filled with examples of such changes and puns on words. And sure, having a change from "Divine is my King" which is theologically problematic for the anti-idolatry Judaic mindset to "Brother of the King" to emphasize his alliance with David can be easily defended. Anyway, if anyone still has doubts about this synchronism, I will let the next Amarna Letter settle the synchronism between Ilu-Miliku and Ahimelek as it is a much stronger argument.
The biblical account in the Book of First Samuel 22:16-20 writes about a massacre that was perpetrated by King Saul against this Ahimelek character. The book explains the massacre was a response of the jealous king because Ahimelek had helped David by sheltering him. This event happens identically in the Amarna Letters numbers 273 and 274 written by an Egyptian vassal queen named "Lady of the Lions". She writes: "The land of the king has been lost, my lord, by desertion to the Habirus" and then adds a description of a gruesome massacre also happening to the Ilu-miliku character where "the two sons of Ilu-Miliku barely escaped being killed." (Scriptural Research Institute, 2021)
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
How a misinterpretation of the Assyrian king lists produced a three-hundred-year mistake in the chronology.
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
It is within the context of Electryon and Sthenelus succession that we find the strongest potential for comparison. Both the Amarna Letters and the myths surrounding the succession of these brothers reflect a degree of fluidity in leadership within royal families, often marked by fraternal disputes or the need to preserve the family line. Electryon, whose reign was relatively peaceful until his death, was succeeded by Sthenelus, whose claim to the throne was based on family ties rather than direct confrontation. This mirrors the kind of succession dynamics seen in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Amarna period, where rulership often passed between relatives in the absence of a direct heir rather than outright conflict.
UPDATE OCT 26, 2024: Improved Text.
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
How a misinterpretation of the Assyrian king lists produced a three-hundred-year mistake in the chronology.
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lyiAw50qOQMD9ML-oKSWl1WSf2Dctm86/view?usp=sharing
The Egyptian campaign in Canaan described in the Bible during the reign of Rehoboam can be synchronized through the proposed chronology exactly to the initial years of Ramses II. We have an attestation for the presence of Egyptian troops in Canaan during this time. The commemorative Stele of Nahr el-Kalb even though almost illegible due to weathering is assigned to the 4th year of Ramses II as a celebration for conquering the Hittite vassal city of Amurru in Syria. Since we have the city of Amurru located further North in Hittite borders we can suggest Jeroboam having conquered Israel in even earlier years was in the interest of Egypt to provide safe passage for Ramses II troops. This means Ramses II caused the division of the Ten Tribes of Israel for his military endeavor that historians call today the First Syrian Campaign.
Another great synchronism we can find between the biblical account and Egyptian sources comes from the famous Battle of Kadesh.This was a direct consequence of the First Syrian Campaign that it was suggested Jeroboam of Israel played a part in it. The detail in this battle describes the troops of Canaanite mercenary soldiers named "Ne'arim" in the description of the Bulletin of the Battle. (Pritchard, 1969) The word Ne'arim happens several times in the Bible but only in the books of Samuel (19 times), Kings (4 times), Isaiah (4 times), Ruth (3 times), Psalms (1 time), Job (1 time) and Lamentations (1 time). The word is not present neither in earlier books like Exodus, Joshua, or Judges the current chronology places pharaoh Ramses II reign. This is an indication that the context of the book of Samuel is more likely to be during the Late Bronze Age rather than the current consensus in Iron Age II.
Finally, the strongest source of synchronicity is the Ramses inscription about his accomplishments for the 7th Year (corresponding to Year 8th in the Egyptian calendar) of his reign in the temple known as the Ramesseum. There, anyone can read: "The town which the king (Ramses II) plundered in Year 8 - Shalem" (Kitchen, 1990) (Rohl, 1995). The description of a campaign to the regions of Syria and Canaan in the Ramesseum describes the pharaoh himself leading the army. He attacked and conquered the cities of Jerusalem and Jericho during the conflict that historians today call the Third Syrian Campaign. All this is in accordance with the biblical account about the conquering of Jerusalem by Shishak in Book of First Kings 14:25: "In the fifth year of King Rehoboam, Shishak king of Egypt attacked Jerusalem. He carried off the treasures of the temple of the Lord and the treasures of the royal palace. He took everything, including all the gold shields Solomon had made".
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
The Virgil's account of the older tradition focuses on the sister of Pygmalion who had to flee Tyre after the assassination of her husband by her own brother. The story has the purpose of affirming that the famous city of Carthage was founded by a woman named "Dido". The Greco-Roman historians like Timaeus of Taormina and also the Orthodox Chronology sets the dating for the founding of Carthage at 814 BC. (Timaeus, 1st century) The proposed chronology of this study sets the date for Pygmalion's rise to power in 848 BC so my chronology does work with the date from ancient sources.
Introductory video:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lyiAw50qOQMD9ML-oKSWl1WSf2Dctm86/view
Introcuctory video: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1lyiAw50qOQMD9ML-oKSWl1WSf2Dctm86/view?usp=sharing
UPDATE Oct 26, 2024 - Improved text for better reading
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
UPDATE OCT 26, 2024: Improved Text.
The defeat of Avaris and Sharuhen being caused because the god Baal-Zeus had already left these cities is actually a common motif in ancient times. It was a way to blame the believers for the defeat rather than the god himself. After all, it was the Hyksos fault not to follow their god in his fight against the monstrous Typhon and later follow their deity to the better location in Boeotian Greece. This becomes an even more powerful propaganda when rather than going back to Phoenicia, the mythological hero Cadmus aimless wandered before settling in Mycenean land, near Mount Olympus. It was an excuse to keep his subjects following not only him, but his deity. And there are strong suggestions in archeology that indeed an Egyptian colony was settled in the European country after the fall of the Hyksos.
It was exactly during the transition between the Middle Bronze Age to the Late Bronze Age period, after the fall of the Hyksos, that a new writing system was introduced in the Greek Islands and mainland. Until the Middle Bronze Age period of the Hyksos, the writing system in Helladic Greece was based on hieroglyphs known as "Linear A". The next period known as Late Bronze Age progressively developed a writing system based on Syllables known as "Linear B" very similar to the one Egyptians and Babylonians had been using for centuries. More specifically, it had strong similarities to the Proto-Sinaitic alphabet found in the site "Serabit el-Khadim".
Even the reasons for the leaving Canaan can be reconciled by both the historical context of the Hyksos and the Greek tradition. The hero from Greek tradition left his homeland because “King Agenor sent out his sons in search of his daughter, telling them not to return until they had found Europa”. (Apollodorus, Library. Book 3, chapter 1, paragraph 1) In the context of the fall of Hyksos, the reason for Agenor to send Cadmus and his brothers to find their sister Europa was not to find out about her whereabouts, but he needed military support against Ahmose from a powerful queen of Crete and from other countries in Asia.
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"
"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1rkl3VLSIy-hPhZtSwBQCLzm7W5ubEB1V/view?usp=sharing"