Anthropology

Existem milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo direta ou indiretamente envolvidas com o que denomino "globalização econômica de baixo para cima" ou "globalização popular", como produtores, vendedores ou consumidores. 1 Quem de nós nunca viu produtos "pirateados", eletrônicos, roupas, bolsas, tênis e brinquedos ou bugigangas globais sendo vendidos em mercados populares ou por vendedores ambulantes, camelôs, em locais como o saara, no rio de Janeiro, a rua 25 de Março, em são Paulo, o shopping oiapoque, em Belo Horizonte, a * Uma primeira versão desse artigo foi lida na iii Conferencia Esther Hermitte, instituto de Desarrollo Económico y social, Buenos Aires, 24 nov. 2006. Agradeço aos meus colegas do ides, em particular a rosana guber, pelo honroso convite.

Discussions on globalization tend to focus on processes commanded by powerful agents in a top-down perspective. In this article, I explore alter-native political and economic grassroots processes and agents as forms of non-hegemonic globalization. I analyze other political globalizations by considering the anti-globalization movement, and the alter-globalization initiatives represented by the World Social Forums. My arguments on economic globalization from below are based on the activities of 'trader-tourists', street vendors and markets of global gadgets or 'pirated' goods. I rely mostly on Brazilian and Paraguayan examples, but there are evidences of the existence of a veritable non-hegemonic world system. I want to call attention to other political and economic dynamics of globalization, a universe where the normative and repressive roles of nation-states are heavily bypassed.

Desarrollo» es la expansión económica adorándose a sí misma. Eso significa que necesitamos conocer el sistema de creencias que subyace bajo esa devoción, así como las características del campo de poder que la sustenta. La estructura y dinámica de cada campo de desarrollo están marcadas por diferentes capacidades de poder e intereses que son articulados a través de procesos históricos de estructuración de redes. «Desarrollo» abarca diferentes visiones y posiciones políticas variando desde el interés en la acumulación de poder económico y político hasta un énfasis en redistribución e igualdad. En consecuencia, son comunes las luchas de poder entre actores, en las instituciones y entre ellas. También se discute al desarrollo como ideología-utopía cuya pretensión universalista es problemática. Palabras clave: desarrollo, poder, ideologías y utopías contemporáneas Abstract "Development" is the economic expansion in love with itself. this means that we need to know the belief system that lies beneath this devotion, as well as the characteristics of the power field that sustains it. The structure and dynamic of each development area are marked by different power and interest capacities that are articulated through historical processes of network structuring. "Development" includes different visions and political positions, varying from the interest in accumulating economical and political power to and emphasis on redistribution and equality. Consequently, fights are common among the players, inside institutions and among them. This article also discusses development as a utopian ideology, whose universalistic pretension is problematic.

The most important political and ethical issues in North American anthropology today concern anthropologists' relationships with the "security and intelligence communities." The call for anthropological participation in warfare has never been so intense, yet recruitment of anthropologists is not new for hegemonic anthropologies. Their relationships with state power have a long history of contradictory political and professional engagements. After a brief discussion of the notion of national security and its intimate relations to nationstate projects and elites, I consider the importance of culture and anthropological knowledge for politicians and conclude first that anthropologists need to be aware of how the discipline and its uses are part of much larger power relations and constraints, and second that anthropological knowledge is already always political.

I will answer the question "What's in a copy?" by considering three sets of related issues: the importance of copies in academia; in cultural life; and in the economic world. In academia the current capability of making copies is challenging pedagogical practices and the trust of its members, plagiarism being the most immediate problem. The notion of authorship is also undergoing changes provoked by a proliferation of authors and new possibilities opened up by cyberspace. In cultural life, imitation and mimesis have long been fundamental engines of socialization. Our enhanced capacity of copying problematizes, with new intensity, the relationships between homogeneity and heterogeneity, between the genuine and the spurious. In the economic world, the digital era is threatening some of the fundamental tenets of capitalism, especially of its variant called the "knowledge society", regarding the control of intellectual property rights. The gap between normativity and social practices is widening. The many dilemmas and tensions identified in the text are understood as symptoms of two major characteristics of the current times: hyperfetishism and hyperanimism.

Os fluxos da globalização popular são animados por milhares de redes sociais que fazem movimentos pendulares dentro do sistema não-hegemônico. No Brasil, os atores que realizam essas conexões são os "sacoleiros". Se não fosse por eles, parte da riqueza global jamais chegaria às classes mais vulneráveis Por Gustavo Lins ribeiro* © Hélvio romero / ae E