Im Rahmen des noch andauernden Wiederaufbaus der Beiruter Altstadt nach dem libanesischen Bürgerk... more Im Rahmen des noch andauernden Wiederaufbaus der Beiruter Altstadt nach dem libanesischen Bürgerkrieg 1975-1990 wurde in archäologischen Rettungsgrabungen ein erheblicher Teil der antiken Stadt Berytus freigelegt und dokumentiert. Das libanesisch-deutsche Forschungsprojekt «Berytus» widmet sich jetzt der Analyse und Auswertung der Grabungen im Bereich der römischen Neustadt, die 15/14 v. Chr. für römische Veteranen errichtet worden ist.
The Karian Chersonesos, a rough peninsula in southwestern Asia Minor, is rich in archaeological f... more The Karian Chersonesos, a rough peninsula in southwestern Asia Minor, is rich in archaeological findings including a well-preserved coastal landscape with a large number of small harbours or landing places. Most of them are simple quay structures built from a rough quay wall that is backfilled with large rubble stones. They are datable only through their archaeological context, while the construction technique seems to be more or less unchanged between at least the Hellenistic and the Early Byzantine periods. A selection of these simple harbours is presented in this paper.
Until now, the Andrones at Labraunda are characterised as a singular phenomenon in function and a... more Until now, the Andrones at Labraunda are characterised as a singular phenomenon in function and architecture. Through the identification of further banquet buildings in Karian sanctuaries, yet it becomes obvious that they represent an architectural building type that is attested in the whole of Karia: the “Karian Andron”.
For decades there is a fierce controversy on two topics closely related to each other. One of the... more For decades there is a fierce controversy on two topics closely related to each other. One of them is the hypothesis expressed by George Bean und John Cook in 1952 that the known Knidos at Tekir near Cape Krio, the promontory of the Knidian peninsula, has been founded only in the mid-4th century BC. Prior to that, the city would have been further east and to be identified with the ruins of Datça-Burgaz. This hypothesis found acceptance and opposition which was as persistent as the discussion of the problem of the localization of the Triopion, the federal sanctuary of the Doric Hexapolis dedicated to Apollon Triopios: either in Knidos-Tekir or in the sanctuary of Emecik in the east of the Knidian peninsula. In doing so the researchers working at the respective sites use to identify their excavation with both Old Knidos and the Triopion: the ones place both at Cape Krio/Tekir, the others in Burgaz and Emecik. A critical review of the respective arguments and a fresh view of the archaeological finds and contexts clear the way towards an interpretation that solves all former problems.
The Lydian kings of the Mermnad dynasty who ruled over Lydia from the early 7th to the mid-6th ce... more The Lydian kings of the Mermnad dynasty who ruled over Lydia from the early 7th to the mid-6th century BC had a very close relationship to the Ionian city of Ephesos, especially to its sanctuary of Artemis Ephesia. To date, there has been no plausible explanation for this exceptionally close relationship. The engagement of the Lydians, especially the Lydian kings, was not confined to the erection of columns of the archaic dipteros for the Ephesian Artemis by King Kroisos, but begins already in the first quarter of the 7th century BC with the earliest Temple of Artemis. The paper argues that it was erected by King Gyges, the founder of the Mermnad dynasty. The reason for the Lydian interest in Ephesos proposed in this paper is based on a new interpretation of the historical, epigraphical and archaeological sources and goes far back to the period of the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The kings of Bronze Age Mira, who were expelled by the Greek settlers from their capital Apasa, may have been the – true or alleged – ancestors of the Lydian Mermnads. Thus Artemis Ephesia would have been the old protecting goddess of the Lydian kings, and Ephesos/Apasa their true capital.
The cultural relations of southern Karia and the Dodekanesos seem to be connected to the politica... more The cultural relations of southern Karia and the Dodekanesos seem to be connected to the political relations between these regions. In the 4th century BC, the Hekatomnid satrapy of Karia ruled mainland Karia as a province of the Persian empire and extended its influence and power to the Dodekanesian islands. In this period, the Halios temple in Rhodos was built on a high terrace, visually dominating the city of Rhodos; at the same time, the lower and middle terraces of the Asklepieion of Kos were erected. Both are following the model of Hekatomnid terrace sanctuaries like Labraunda, Kastabos, the Maussolleion of Halikarnassos, and the Athena temple in Priene. Apart from that, the building traditions remained separate and followed their different geological conditions: in Karia, monumental architecture was erected from white limestone and marble, while Rhodos used its soft and coarse muschelkalk which was covered with stucco. The only formal influence from Rhodos to Karia in this time is the krepis with stepped recesses which comes from the Doric architecture and was adopted at the Ionic Heimithea temple at Kastabos. During the Hellenistic period, this Rhodian building technique appears in southern Karia at three temples which have not yet received attention in architectural history. They all belong to the mainland possessions of Rhodos, the “Rhodian Peraia”. In the 3rd century BC, two temples in the Karian Chersonesos which was part of the “integrated Peraia”, adopted the Rhodian construction technique: the Apollon temple in Loryma and the Apollon Samnaios temple in Amos, both in Doric order. The Rhodian Peraia has later been extended further to the “subjected Peraea”, and in the 2nd century BC also included Kaunos. At that time, the “Corinthian temple” has been erected there, again in the described Rhodian technique but in the, at that time, still rather new and rarely used Corinthian order. Along with the material, formal influences from Rhodes at these temples include the Doric order in Loryma and Amos, and the stepped recesses at the krepis blocks attested in Amos. Apart from that they follow Karian traditions unknown in Rhodos. The temples in Amos and Kaunos show a rather peculiar feature with Ionic columns in antis, i.e. of another order than that of the respective peristasis. This has parallels in Kastabos, Lagina, and the Letoon of Xanthos. So the Hellenistic temples of Karia were deeply rooted in the building tradition of southwestern Asia Minor, but open to adopt certain features from Rhodes, often in an experimental manner.
The “Coastal Survey of the Karian Chersonesos” is a new Turkish-German interdisciplinary project ... more The “Coastal Survey of the Karian Chersonesos” is a new Turkish-German interdisciplinary project using the methods of underwater and land archaeology, and marine geology. The survey area covering the shores of the modern Bozburun peninsula in Southwest Turkey is very promising due to its density of well-preserved ancient ruins and sites, which are increasingly threatened by modern construction and tourism activities. As a case study, the results of the survey of the coastal necropolis of Thyssanous in the bay of Söğüt are presented. The tomb monuments of the Hellenistic to Roman Imperial periods are partly submerged due to a relative sea-level rise since antiquity. They were deliberately positioned at the shore and oriented towards the sea so that they were well in sight from ships sailing to or leaving from the harbour of Thyssanous.
Karia'n1n en ilgin<; kutsal alan1 ve arkeolojik yeri kesinlikle Gergakome' dir. Günümüzde (:ine (... more Karia'n1n en ilgin<; kutsal alan1 ve arkeolojik yeri kesinlikle Gergakome' dir. Günümüzde (:ine (:ay1 olarak adland1nlan Marsyas Irmag1'n1n dogusundaki daghk arazide, modern köylerden oldukc;a uzakta yer alan Gergakome'ye sadece patikalardan yürüyerek ula~Ilabilir. Eski zamanlarda Marsyas Vadisi 'nden Harpasos (Akc;ay) Vadisi 'ne uzanan küc;ük bir yol, Alabanda ve Hyllarima kentleri aras1ndaki yan yolda bulunan ve yolculara ic;ilebilir tathsu kaynaklan sunan Gergakome' den gec;mekteydi. Koyu gri, yuvarlak gnays kayalar arazinin aprt edici özelligidir. 1994 y1hnda bu makalenin yazan taraflndan arkeolojik
In 2015, with the participation of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage (SCTH),... more In 2015, with the participation of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage (SCTH), the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ratified the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. This has not only been an important step towards the protection of cultural heritage underwater, but it has also been a significant responsibility to implement this convention on a lasting basis. In a country where maritime archaeology is still in its infancy, and ancient underwater archaeological sites are particularly under threat from looting and construction projects, a series of actions needs to be implemented in the short and long term. These include the training of archaeologists and other experts in maritime archaeology and the establishment of a complete infrastructure, ranging from restoration and conservation facilities to a museum where maritime artefacts can be presented to the public. Furthermore, it is desirable to establish networks between the archaeologists, coast guard and dive centres, including an effective public relation, which increases the public's awareness about the importance and protection of cultural heritage underwater whilst providing access to it.
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliograf... more Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliograf... more Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliograf... more Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
Im Rahmen des noch andauernden Wiederaufbaus der Beiruter Altstadt nach dem libanesischen Bürgerk... more Im Rahmen des noch andauernden Wiederaufbaus der Beiruter Altstadt nach dem libanesischen Bürgerkrieg 1975-1990 wurde in archäologischen Rettungsgrabungen ein erheblicher Teil der antiken Stadt Berytus freigelegt und dokumentiert. Das libanesisch-deutsche Forschungsprojekt «Berytus» widmet sich jetzt der Analyse und Auswertung der Grabungen im Bereich der römischen Neustadt, die 15/14 v. Chr. für römische Veteranen errichtet worden ist.
The Karian Chersonesos, a rough peninsula in southwestern Asia Minor, is rich in archaeological f... more The Karian Chersonesos, a rough peninsula in southwestern Asia Minor, is rich in archaeological findings including a well-preserved coastal landscape with a large number of small harbours or landing places. Most of them are simple quay structures built from a rough quay wall that is backfilled with large rubble stones. They are datable only through their archaeological context, while the construction technique seems to be more or less unchanged between at least the Hellenistic and the Early Byzantine periods. A selection of these simple harbours is presented in this paper.
Until now, the Andrones at Labraunda are characterised as a singular phenomenon in function and a... more Until now, the Andrones at Labraunda are characterised as a singular phenomenon in function and architecture. Through the identification of further banquet buildings in Karian sanctuaries, yet it becomes obvious that they represent an architectural building type that is attested in the whole of Karia: the “Karian Andron”.
For decades there is a fierce controversy on two topics closely related to each other. One of the... more For decades there is a fierce controversy on two topics closely related to each other. One of them is the hypothesis expressed by George Bean und John Cook in 1952 that the known Knidos at Tekir near Cape Krio, the promontory of the Knidian peninsula, has been founded only in the mid-4th century BC. Prior to that, the city would have been further east and to be identified with the ruins of Datça-Burgaz. This hypothesis found acceptance and opposition which was as persistent as the discussion of the problem of the localization of the Triopion, the federal sanctuary of the Doric Hexapolis dedicated to Apollon Triopios: either in Knidos-Tekir or in the sanctuary of Emecik in the east of the Knidian peninsula. In doing so the researchers working at the respective sites use to identify their excavation with both Old Knidos and the Triopion: the ones place both at Cape Krio/Tekir, the others in Burgaz and Emecik. A critical review of the respective arguments and a fresh view of the archaeological finds and contexts clear the way towards an interpretation that solves all former problems.
The Lydian kings of the Mermnad dynasty who ruled over Lydia from the early 7th to the mid-6th ce... more The Lydian kings of the Mermnad dynasty who ruled over Lydia from the early 7th to the mid-6th century BC had a very close relationship to the Ionian city of Ephesos, especially to its sanctuary of Artemis Ephesia. To date, there has been no plausible explanation for this exceptionally close relationship. The engagement of the Lydians, especially the Lydian kings, was not confined to the erection of columns of the archaic dipteros for the Ephesian Artemis by King Kroisos, but begins already in the first quarter of the 7th century BC with the earliest Temple of Artemis. The paper argues that it was erected by King Gyges, the founder of the Mermnad dynasty. The reason for the Lydian interest in Ephesos proposed in this paper is based on a new interpretation of the historical, epigraphical and archaeological sources and goes far back to the period of the transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. The kings of Bronze Age Mira, who were expelled by the Greek settlers from their capital Apasa, may have been the – true or alleged – ancestors of the Lydian Mermnads. Thus Artemis Ephesia would have been the old protecting goddess of the Lydian kings, and Ephesos/Apasa their true capital.
The cultural relations of southern Karia and the Dodekanesos seem to be connected to the politica... more The cultural relations of southern Karia and the Dodekanesos seem to be connected to the political relations between these regions. In the 4th century BC, the Hekatomnid satrapy of Karia ruled mainland Karia as a province of the Persian empire and extended its influence and power to the Dodekanesian islands. In this period, the Halios temple in Rhodos was built on a high terrace, visually dominating the city of Rhodos; at the same time, the lower and middle terraces of the Asklepieion of Kos were erected. Both are following the model of Hekatomnid terrace sanctuaries like Labraunda, Kastabos, the Maussolleion of Halikarnassos, and the Athena temple in Priene. Apart from that, the building traditions remained separate and followed their different geological conditions: in Karia, monumental architecture was erected from white limestone and marble, while Rhodos used its soft and coarse muschelkalk which was covered with stucco. The only formal influence from Rhodos to Karia in this time is the krepis with stepped recesses which comes from the Doric architecture and was adopted at the Ionic Heimithea temple at Kastabos. During the Hellenistic period, this Rhodian building technique appears in southern Karia at three temples which have not yet received attention in architectural history. They all belong to the mainland possessions of Rhodos, the “Rhodian Peraia”. In the 3rd century BC, two temples in the Karian Chersonesos which was part of the “integrated Peraia”, adopted the Rhodian construction technique: the Apollon temple in Loryma and the Apollon Samnaios temple in Amos, both in Doric order. The Rhodian Peraia has later been extended further to the “subjected Peraea”, and in the 2nd century BC also included Kaunos. At that time, the “Corinthian temple” has been erected there, again in the described Rhodian technique but in the, at that time, still rather new and rarely used Corinthian order. Along with the material, formal influences from Rhodes at these temples include the Doric order in Loryma and Amos, and the stepped recesses at the krepis blocks attested in Amos. Apart from that they follow Karian traditions unknown in Rhodos. The temples in Amos and Kaunos show a rather peculiar feature with Ionic columns in antis, i.e. of another order than that of the respective peristasis. This has parallels in Kastabos, Lagina, and the Letoon of Xanthos. So the Hellenistic temples of Karia were deeply rooted in the building tradition of southwestern Asia Minor, but open to adopt certain features from Rhodes, often in an experimental manner.
The “Coastal Survey of the Karian Chersonesos” is a new Turkish-German interdisciplinary project ... more The “Coastal Survey of the Karian Chersonesos” is a new Turkish-German interdisciplinary project using the methods of underwater and land archaeology, and marine geology. The survey area covering the shores of the modern Bozburun peninsula in Southwest Turkey is very promising due to its density of well-preserved ancient ruins and sites, which are increasingly threatened by modern construction and tourism activities. As a case study, the results of the survey of the coastal necropolis of Thyssanous in the bay of Söğüt are presented. The tomb monuments of the Hellenistic to Roman Imperial periods are partly submerged due to a relative sea-level rise since antiquity. They were deliberately positioned at the shore and oriented towards the sea so that they were well in sight from ships sailing to or leaving from the harbour of Thyssanous.
Karia'n1n en ilgin<; kutsal alan1 ve arkeolojik yeri kesinlikle Gergakome' dir. Günümüzde (:ine (... more Karia'n1n en ilgin<; kutsal alan1 ve arkeolojik yeri kesinlikle Gergakome' dir. Günümüzde (:ine (:ay1 olarak adland1nlan Marsyas Irmag1'n1n dogusundaki daghk arazide, modern köylerden oldukc;a uzakta yer alan Gergakome'ye sadece patikalardan yürüyerek ula~Ilabilir. Eski zamanlarda Marsyas Vadisi 'nden Harpasos (Akc;ay) Vadisi 'ne uzanan küc;ük bir yol, Alabanda ve Hyllarima kentleri aras1ndaki yan yolda bulunan ve yolculara ic;ilebilir tathsu kaynaklan sunan Gergakome' den gec;mekteydi. Koyu gri, yuvarlak gnays kayalar arazinin aprt edici özelligidir. 1994 y1hnda bu makalenin yazan taraflndan arkeolojik
In 2015, with the participation of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage (SCTH),... more In 2015, with the participation of the Saudi Commission for Tourism and National Heritage (SCTH), the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia ratified the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. This has not only been an important step towards the protection of cultural heritage underwater, but it has also been a significant responsibility to implement this convention on a lasting basis. In a country where maritime archaeology is still in its infancy, and ancient underwater archaeological sites are particularly under threat from looting and construction projects, a series of actions needs to be implemented in the short and long term. These include the training of archaeologists and other experts in maritime archaeology and the establishment of a complete infrastructure, ranging from restoration and conservation facilities to a museum where maritime artefacts can be presented to the public. Furthermore, it is desirable to establish networks between the archaeologists, coast guard and dive centres, including an effective public relation, which increases the public's awareness about the importance and protection of cultural heritage underwater whilst providing access to it.
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliograf... more Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliograf... more Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliograf... more Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.
bibliografische Information der deutschen nationalbibliothek die deutsche nationalbibliothek verz... more bibliografische Information der deutschen nationalbibliothek die deutsche nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der deutschen nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. bibliographic information published by deutsche nationalbibliothek The deutsche nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the deutsche nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliografic data are available on the internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
A Contribution to Archaeology and Society along the Dutch Frontiers of the Roman Empire Tom Hazen... more A Contribution to Archaeology and Society along the Dutch Frontiers of the Roman Empire Tom Hazenberg Eine neue Deutung einlochiger Steinanker als Hakenanker 85 Eine experimentalarchäologische Untersuchung Matthias Link Inhalt Vorwort Nachruf auf Olaf Höckmann Christoph Börker-Peter Winterstein "Schutz des Unterwasser-Kulturerbes-dringender denn je!" Podiumsdiskussion anlässlich der Tagung "In Poseidons Reich XXVIII" zum Thema "Schutz des Unterwasser-Kulturerbes-eine Herausforderung"
The book offers a valuable overview of the history and archaeology of Berytus (modern Beirut) and... more The book offers a valuable overview of the history and archaeology of Berytus (modern Beirut) and the northern Bekaa, which in the Roman imperial period formed the Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus. Its sub-centre Heliopolis (Baalbek) was later separated from Berytus as an independent colonia in AD 194. The chronological frame spans from the late Hellenistic period when the area was dominated by the declining Seleukid Empire, with small kingdoms like Judaea, Emesa, and-for the area studied-the Ituraean tetrarchy emerging. After the
(Dolichener und Kommagenische Forschungen 8, Asia Minor Studien 83). Pp. viii + 299. Dr. Rudolf H... more (Dolichener und Kommagenische Forschungen 8, Asia Minor Studien 83). Pp. viii + 299. Dr. Rudolf Habelt, Bonn 2017. €79. ISBN 978-3-7749-4083-3 (cloth). The book deals with the architecture of the Kommagenian hierothesia and temene, the former defined as sanctuaries with royal tombs, the latter as other places for the ruler's cult. They belong to the period of the two Late Hellenistic Kommagenian kings Mithradates I Kallinikos (late second century to ca. 69/62 B.C.E.) and Antiochos I Theos (ca. 69/62 to 35 B.C.E.). This study combines the evidence of formerly studied places with new finds: architectural elements in a private collection from Kâhta-Güzelçay and those found in the sanctuary of Juppiter Dolichenus at Doliche. It also contains formerly unpublished finds from Arsameia on the Nymphaios. One of its main topics is dating: the architectural elements have generally been attributed to Antiochos I, while epigraphic evidence has pointed toward the founding of hierothesia and temene during the reign of his predecessor, Mithradates I. Following an introduction to the hierothesia-in which he convincingly excludes the tomb of Sesönk as a nonroyal tomb-Oenbrink dedicates more than half the book to the architectural elements of the hierothesion of Mithradates I at Arsameia on the Nymphaios, which was studied and excavated by Friedrich Karl Dörner and others, including Wolfram Hoepfner. He provides an overview of the reconstructions of the architectural remains: three variations by Hoepfner and two others by Helmut Waldmann and Herman A.G. Brijder. While Waldmann's reconstruction of a Zoroastrian fire temple is not in accordance with the evidence, the reconstructions by Hoepfner and Brijder vary slightly due to the fragmentary architectural remains. They offer different solutions regarding the existence of a peristyle behind the banqueting rooms in the west, and the localization and arrangement of sculptures, an altar, and a possible tomb monument in the east. Oenbrink undertakes a new and comprehensive study of the architectural elements, some of which were not included in Hoepfner's publication (Arsameia am Nymphaios 2 [Tübingen 1983]). They are all made of local limestone and are categorized into two Doric, three Corinthian, and one Ionic architectural order. For the second variety of Corinthian order, Oenbrink offers a reconstruction of the capital that differs slightly from Hoepfner's. Convincing are the more compact leaves, less convincing is the attribution to these Corinthian capitals of two astragalus fragments on the curled tip of an acanthus leaf; Hoepfner had assigned them to a composite order, together with the few Ionic fragments. Oenbrink rejects the idea of a composite capital as improbable (it would be one of the earliest examples) and locates the astragalus on the bottom of the Caulis knot on the Corinthian capital-a solution which is at least as unique and improbable as Hoepfner's. The torus bases were divided according to their size and proportions into six different orders; Oenbrink dates one to the Achaemenid, one to the Early Hellenistic, three to the Late Hellenistic to Early Roman Imperial, and one to the Roman Imperial to Late Antique period. The criteria for dating are not clearly
CIL li 11 (add. p. 781) = IRCPacen Ibi) und auch einen [Do]cimed[is] rekonstruieren können, wie e... more CIL li 11 (add. p. 781) = IRCPacen Ibi) und auch einen [Do]cimed[is] rekonstruieren können, wie er in Aquae Sulis zweimal belegt ist. 1 Ansonsten sind eher Kleinigkeiten anzumerken, wie der Hinweis auf das «King Alfreds College, Winchester», was schon seit 2004 obsolet ist (heute «University of Winchester», 56). Auch die Zeichnungen sind oft von Pausen abgezeichnet und erscheinen manchmal als grobe Skizzen und nicht immer so deutlich wie die Photographien. Sehr schön sind die-leider nur wenigen-Illustrationen von Kate Wilson, die benutzt wurden, obwohl sie laut Tomlin «omit or under-represent significant details» (236). Alles in allem aber ist RIB III eine wichtige Publikation für das römische Britannien. Es bleibt zu hoffen, daß auch die anderen Inschriften aus Britannien, seien sie auf Bronze, Blei oder Holz, demnächst ebenso umfassend in einem weiteren Band der 'Roman lnscriptions of Britain' ediert werden. Osnabrück
Rezension zu: Ulrich Mania, Die Rote Halle in Pergamon. Ausstattung und Funktion. Pergamenische F... more Rezension zu: Ulrich Mania, Die Rote Halle in Pergamon. Ausstattung und Funktion. Pergamenische Forschungen, Band 15. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2011. XII und 186 Seiten, 55 Tafeln, 2 Faltbeilagen
Rezension zu: Andreas Pülz, Das sog. Lukasgrab in Ephesos. Eine Fallstudie zur Adaption antiker M... more Rezension zu: Andreas Pülz, Das sog. Lukasgrab in Ephesos. Eine Fallstudie zur Adaption antiker Monumente in byzantinischer Zeit. Mit Beitragen von Gerhard Forstenpointner, Alfred Galik, Karl Grosschmidt, Fabian Kanz, Sabine Ladstätter, Hannah Liko, Matthias Pfisterer, Hans Taeuber, Gerald E. Weissengruber und Stefan Zohmann. Forschungen in Ephesos Band IV 4. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2010. XXXVI und 417 Seiten, 224 Tafeln
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Papers by Winfried Held
Doric Hexapolis dedicated to Apollon Triopios: either in Knidos-Tekir or in the sanctuary of Emecik in the east of the Knidian peninsula. In doing so the researchers working at the respective sites use to identify their excavation with both Old Knidos and the Triopion: the ones place both at Cape Krio/Tekir, the others in Burgaz and Emecik. A critical review of the respective arguments and a fresh view of the archaeological finds and contexts clear the way towards an interpretation that solves all former problems.
During the Hellenistic period, this Rhodian building technique appears in southern Karia at three temples which have not yet received attention in architectural history. They all belong to the mainland possessions of Rhodos, the “Rhodian Peraia”. In the 3rd century BC, two temples in the Karian Chersonesos which was part of the “integrated Peraia”, adopted the Rhodian construction technique: the Apollon temple in Loryma and the Apollon Samnaios temple in Amos, both in Doric order. The Rhodian Peraia has later been extended further to the “subjected Peraea”, and in the 2nd century BC also included Kaunos. At that time, the “Corinthian temple” has been erected there, again in the described Rhodian technique but in the, at that time, still rather new and rarely used Corinthian order.
Along with the material, formal influences from Rhodes at these temples include the Doric order in Loryma and Amos, and the stepped recesses at the krepis blocks attested in Amos. Apart from that they follow Karian traditions unknown in Rhodos. The temples in Amos and Kaunos show a rather peculiar feature with Ionic columns in antis, i.e. of another order than that of the respective peristasis. This has parallels in Kastabos, Lagina, and the Letoon of Xanthos. So the Hellenistic temples of Karia were deeply rooted in the building tradition of southwestern Asia Minor, but open to adopt certain features from Rhodes, often in an experimental manner.
Doric Hexapolis dedicated to Apollon Triopios: either in Knidos-Tekir or in the sanctuary of Emecik in the east of the Knidian peninsula. In doing so the researchers working at the respective sites use to identify their excavation with both Old Knidos and the Triopion: the ones place both at Cape Krio/Tekir, the others in Burgaz and Emecik. A critical review of the respective arguments and a fresh view of the archaeological finds and contexts clear the way towards an interpretation that solves all former problems.
During the Hellenistic period, this Rhodian building technique appears in southern Karia at three temples which have not yet received attention in architectural history. They all belong to the mainland possessions of Rhodos, the “Rhodian Peraia”. In the 3rd century BC, two temples in the Karian Chersonesos which was part of the “integrated Peraia”, adopted the Rhodian construction technique: the Apollon temple in Loryma and the Apollon Samnaios temple in Amos, both in Doric order. The Rhodian Peraia has later been extended further to the “subjected Peraea”, and in the 2nd century BC also included Kaunos. At that time, the “Corinthian temple” has been erected there, again in the described Rhodian technique but in the, at that time, still rather new and rarely used Corinthian order.
Along with the material, formal influences from Rhodes at these temples include the Doric order in Loryma and Amos, and the stepped recesses at the krepis blocks attested in Amos. Apart from that they follow Karian traditions unknown in Rhodos. The temples in Amos and Kaunos show a rather peculiar feature with Ionic columns in antis, i.e. of another order than that of the respective peristasis. This has parallels in Kastabos, Lagina, and the Letoon of Xanthos. So the Hellenistic temples of Karia were deeply rooted in the building tradition of southwestern Asia Minor, but open to adopt certain features from Rhodes, often in an experimental manner.