Gegen Ende eines sich als kognitiv verstehenden Jahrzehnts beginnen sich die Emotionen als ein ne... more Gegen Ende eines sich als kognitiv verstehenden Jahrzehnts beginnen sich die Emotionen als ein neues Paradigma zu etablieren.
Stutterers who were openly stuttering and stutterers who were using hiding techniques were filmed... more Stutterers who were openly stuttering and stutterers who were using hiding techniques were filmed talking to fluent speakers in greeting situations and during political discussions. The non-verbal behaviour of all participants, especially the expression of affect in the face, was compared to dyads of fluent speakers in similar situations using FACS (Facial Affect Coding System) and other coding techniques for the body and the hands. Stutterers do, disregarding the hearability of the speech disturbance, induce different non-verbal behaviour in their partners. Their own non-verbal behaviour pattern differs from that of the fluent speakers in the speaking position as well as during listening. The results are discussed in the framework of a new conception of the disturbance. Possible consequences for treatment are highlighted.
Interesse, Verachtung denken, gehen wir davon aus, daß sie, wenn sie sichtund/oder hörbar werden,... more Interesse, Verachtung denken, gehen wir davon aus, daß sie, wenn sie sichtund/oder hörbar werden, ganz ungewollt im anderen spezifische Wirkungen hervorrufen. Sie können gleich sein, denn Affekte sind ansteckend. Sie können aber auch komplementär sein. Zeigt der ...
Familienforschung in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 1986
Es handelt sich um das zweite grosere Projekt im Rahmen eines Ansatzes, der sich anheischig macht... more Es handelt sich um das zweite grosere Projekt im Rahmen eines Ansatzes, der sich anheischig macht, den spezifischen interaktiven Anteil bestimmter Storungsbilder zu kartographieren (KRAUSE, 1981). Das erste Projekt, in der eine Gruppe von Stotterern untersucht wurde, ist abgeschlossen; beim zweiten haben wir mit der Datenaufnahme begonnen. Grose Teile unserer Uberlegungen stammen aus der psychoanalytischen Neurosenlehre und deren Theorie der Technik. Wir versuchen allerdings eine Methodologie zu verwenden, die radikaler empirisch ist, als es gemeinhin in diesem Bereich der Fall ist. Wir benutzen namlich vorlaufig keine Ratingverfahren, sondern wollen den Prozes der Datenregistrierung und Verarbeitung von dem der Inferenzbildung, soweit dies moglich ist, trennen. Dafur haben wir gute Grunde.
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 1995
The first 108 pages of this 592-page book is a revision of the author’s theory outlined in 1962 a... more The first 108 pages of this 592-page book is a revision of the author’s theory outlined in 1962 and 1963. A fourth volume edited posthumously has recently been published, covering affect and information processing and providing a bibliography (Tomkins, 1992). W a n Tomkins, whom I had the good fortune to know personally, Isas a keen observer and creative thinker against the current of the Zeitgeist, doing research in the context of discovery, to use his wording. To make the impossible task come true, I shall attempt to describe his complete theory, his modifications, and his work on anger and fear. In his highly influential work, Tomkins stated that there are eight phylogenetically inherited primary affects: interest, enjoyment, surprise, distress, fear, shame, contempt/disgist, and anger. He considered them to be innate biological motivating systems overriding drive and pain signals. “Mects are sets of muscular and glandular responses located in the face and also widely distributed through the body, which generate sensory feedback which is either inherently ‘acceptable’ or ‘unacceptable’ ” (Tomkins, 1968, p. 326). The capacity to understand and produce each primary affect is genetically inherited and stored in subcortical centers. Mect is highly contagious because facial and voice patterns can elicit the complete pattern of affect. Since facial feedback was so important to his theory, Tomkins w a s the first in the AngleAmerican post-Danvinian field to describe the facial responses so carefully and, in doing so, to inspire some very influential measurement techniques by his followers Izard (1977) and Ekman and Friesen (1969, 1978). Besides the affect from others, the temporal characteristics of stimulation are innate actisators of affect with increase, decrease, and
ZusammenfassungAusgehend von der geplanten Definition der Paraphilie im kommenden Diagnostischen ... more ZusammenfassungAusgehend von der geplanten Definition der Paraphilie im kommenden Diagnostischen und Statistischen Manual Psychischer Störungen Nummer V der Amerikanischen Psychiatrischen Gesellschaft wird gezeigt, dass das Thema nicht ohne eine strukturelle Definition der ehemaligen Perversion behandelt werden kann. Unter Rückgriff auf die aktuellen Definitionen der männlichen Perversionen wird untersucht, ob es weibliche Pendants gibt, die den gleichen strukturellen Defiziten und deren pseudosexuellen Lösungen entsprechen. Dies geschieht einerseits unter Rückgriff auf eine Interpretation von Beyer eines Märchens der Brüder-Grimm, die als so typisch für diese Lösung betrachtet werden kann. Der grundlegende klinische Hintergrund wird exemplarisch unter Betrachtung mehrerer Langzeitpsychoanalysen von Frauen herausgearbeitet. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Schaffung und Zerstörung des Lebens bzw. des Körpers von Kindern ein Äquivalent zur reparativen Funktion des sexuellen Aktes in der männlichen Perversion darstellt, die zu einer vorübergehenden Stabilisierung einer extrem anfälligen narzisstischen Struktur verwendet wird. Es wird diskutiert, ob es andere strukturelle Äquivalente der perversen Lösungen gibt, beispielsweise in Form einer Machtübernahme über den eigenen oder kindlichen Körper wie in der Anorexie oder den artifiziellen Störungen vor allem in Form von Zufügung von Verletzungen des kindlichen Körpers wie beim Münchhausen-by-Proxy-Syndrom.AbstractStarting with the new definition of paraphilia as planned for the next edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) it will be shown that the topic cannot be handled without a structural definition of the former perversion. Using the most advanced definition for male perversions it will be investigated if there are female counterparts covering the same structural deficits and pseudosexual solutions. This is done using an interpretation by Beyer of a fairy tale from the brothers Grimm which can be considered as typical for these solutions. The basic clinical background will be exemplified using several long-term psychoanalytical cases of women during which it became clear that the creation and destruction of children’s lives is an equivalent to the reparative function of the sexual act in the male perversion, temporarily stabilizing an extremely vulnerable narcissistic structure. It will be discussed whether there are other structural equivalents of perverse solutions, for example taking power of the child’s or the own body as in anorexia or Munchhausen by proxy syndrome.
Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Tatsache, dass alle psychischen Störungen auch Emotionsstörung... more Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Tatsache, dass alle psychischen Störungen auch Emotionsstörungen sind, werden aus der Forschung über die modulare Struktur des Emotionsystems eine Systematik von kranheitsspezifischen Verschaltungen derselben in sozialen Beziehungen erstellt und für die einzelnen klinisch empirisch bestätigten Konstellationen Kontraindikationen sowie Behandlungsmöglichkeiten diskutiert. Regulationsstörungen werden von defizitären Zustandsbildern unterschieden und ein grundlegender Mechanismus der Affektinduktion, der die Störung interaktiv aufrechterhält
Zusammenfassung Das mimisch affektive Verhalten von Patientinnen, die an Panikstörungenlitten, wu... more Zusammenfassung Das mimisch affektive Verhalten von Patientinnen, die an Panikstörungenlitten, wurde mit demjenigen Verhalten von Patientinnenmit Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörungen verglichen. Dieersten Therapiestunden sowie im Falle der ...
Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 2008
In accordance with Freud's hypoth... more In accordance with Freud's hypothesis about the nature of primary process thinking we analysed metaphors as possible tools for the integration of unconscious affective und cognitive representational processes which, besides being complementary to affective interactive dyadic behaviour, may be of curative value. Using videotapes of 10 fifteen-hour short-term therapies by very experienced therapists treating an unselected group of patients, facial affect and metaphoric language of the therapist and the patient as well as the temporal distance between the two was recorded. The density of metaphors was not significantly correlated with symptom reduction but with treatment satisfaction. However, symptom reduction correlated significantly with the frequency of interactive metaphors used by both the therapist and the patient. It could be shown that there is an optimal time window between facial affect and metaphor production beyond the here and now, but not as a long term memory.
In a Psychiatric hospital setting, 15 patients under treatment for schizophrenia and 15 healthy ... more In a Psychiatric hospital setting, 15 patients under treatment for schizophrenia and 15 healthy persons were asked to draw (1) a human face, (2) another face that expressed their own feelings at that moment, and (3) afterward the facial expressions of rage, fear, disgust, joy, sadness and shame within a standardized egg-shaped face matriz. Both groups were matched in age, sex and education, md aü drawings were coded independentiy. The schizophraiics drew fewer facal action units, and their facal drawings were more stereotyped than the control group. Neutral faces without any affectice expression were twice as frequent within the experimental group. According to Ekman and Friesen's table of emotion predictijon , the accuracy was the same for both groups with the exception of sadness. Only 20« of the action units in the Schizofrenics sadness drwings were accurate compared to 51% in the contiol group. Based on the observation drawrng process, findings are discussed within the 'theoretical framework of cathexis defense as an attempt to reduce the the impact of te affective Stimuli the schoziphrenics created themselves .
Gegen Ende eines sich als kognitiv verstehenden Jahrzehnts beginnen sich die Emotionen als ein ne... more Gegen Ende eines sich als kognitiv verstehenden Jahrzehnts beginnen sich die Emotionen als ein neues Paradigma zu etablieren.
Stutterers who were openly stuttering and stutterers who were using hiding techniques were filmed... more Stutterers who were openly stuttering and stutterers who were using hiding techniques were filmed talking to fluent speakers in greeting situations and during political discussions. The non-verbal behaviour of all participants, especially the expression of affect in the face, was compared to dyads of fluent speakers in similar situations using FACS (Facial Affect Coding System) and other coding techniques for the body and the hands. Stutterers do, disregarding the hearability of the speech disturbance, induce different non-verbal behaviour in their partners. Their own non-verbal behaviour pattern differs from that of the fluent speakers in the speaking position as well as during listening. The results are discussed in the framework of a new conception of the disturbance. Possible consequences for treatment are highlighted.
Interesse, Verachtung denken, gehen wir davon aus, daß sie, wenn sie sichtund/oder hörbar werden,... more Interesse, Verachtung denken, gehen wir davon aus, daß sie, wenn sie sichtund/oder hörbar werden, ganz ungewollt im anderen spezifische Wirkungen hervorrufen. Sie können gleich sein, denn Affekte sind ansteckend. Sie können aber auch komplementär sein. Zeigt der ...
Familienforschung in Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 1986
Es handelt sich um das zweite grosere Projekt im Rahmen eines Ansatzes, der sich anheischig macht... more Es handelt sich um das zweite grosere Projekt im Rahmen eines Ansatzes, der sich anheischig macht, den spezifischen interaktiven Anteil bestimmter Storungsbilder zu kartographieren (KRAUSE, 1981). Das erste Projekt, in der eine Gruppe von Stotterern untersucht wurde, ist abgeschlossen; beim zweiten haben wir mit der Datenaufnahme begonnen. Grose Teile unserer Uberlegungen stammen aus der psychoanalytischen Neurosenlehre und deren Theorie der Technik. Wir versuchen allerdings eine Methodologie zu verwenden, die radikaler empirisch ist, als es gemeinhin in diesem Bereich der Fall ist. Wir benutzen namlich vorlaufig keine Ratingverfahren, sondern wollen den Prozes der Datenregistrierung und Verarbeitung von dem der Inferenzbildung, soweit dies moglich ist, trennen. Dafur haben wir gute Grunde.
Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 1995
The first 108 pages of this 592-page book is a revision of the author’s theory outlined in 1962 a... more The first 108 pages of this 592-page book is a revision of the author’s theory outlined in 1962 and 1963. A fourth volume edited posthumously has recently been published, covering affect and information processing and providing a bibliography (Tomkins, 1992). W a n Tomkins, whom I had the good fortune to know personally, Isas a keen observer and creative thinker against the current of the Zeitgeist, doing research in the context of discovery, to use his wording. To make the impossible task come true, I shall attempt to describe his complete theory, his modifications, and his work on anger and fear. In his highly influential work, Tomkins stated that there are eight phylogenetically inherited primary affects: interest, enjoyment, surprise, distress, fear, shame, contempt/disgist, and anger. He considered them to be innate biological motivating systems overriding drive and pain signals. “Mects are sets of muscular and glandular responses located in the face and also widely distributed through the body, which generate sensory feedback which is either inherently ‘acceptable’ or ‘unacceptable’ ” (Tomkins, 1968, p. 326). The capacity to understand and produce each primary affect is genetically inherited and stored in subcortical centers. Mect is highly contagious because facial and voice patterns can elicit the complete pattern of affect. Since facial feedback was so important to his theory, Tomkins w a s the first in the AngleAmerican post-Danvinian field to describe the facial responses so carefully and, in doing so, to inspire some very influential measurement techniques by his followers Izard (1977) and Ekman and Friesen (1969, 1978). Besides the affect from others, the temporal characteristics of stimulation are innate actisators of affect with increase, decrease, and
ZusammenfassungAusgehend von der geplanten Definition der Paraphilie im kommenden Diagnostischen ... more ZusammenfassungAusgehend von der geplanten Definition der Paraphilie im kommenden Diagnostischen und Statistischen Manual Psychischer Störungen Nummer V der Amerikanischen Psychiatrischen Gesellschaft wird gezeigt, dass das Thema nicht ohne eine strukturelle Definition der ehemaligen Perversion behandelt werden kann. Unter Rückgriff auf die aktuellen Definitionen der männlichen Perversionen wird untersucht, ob es weibliche Pendants gibt, die den gleichen strukturellen Defiziten und deren pseudosexuellen Lösungen entsprechen. Dies geschieht einerseits unter Rückgriff auf eine Interpretation von Beyer eines Märchens der Brüder-Grimm, die als so typisch für diese Lösung betrachtet werden kann. Der grundlegende klinische Hintergrund wird exemplarisch unter Betrachtung mehrerer Langzeitpsychoanalysen von Frauen herausgearbeitet. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Schaffung und Zerstörung des Lebens bzw. des Körpers von Kindern ein Äquivalent zur reparativen Funktion des sexuellen Aktes in der männlichen Perversion darstellt, die zu einer vorübergehenden Stabilisierung einer extrem anfälligen narzisstischen Struktur verwendet wird. Es wird diskutiert, ob es andere strukturelle Äquivalente der perversen Lösungen gibt, beispielsweise in Form einer Machtübernahme über den eigenen oder kindlichen Körper wie in der Anorexie oder den artifiziellen Störungen vor allem in Form von Zufügung von Verletzungen des kindlichen Körpers wie beim Münchhausen-by-Proxy-Syndrom.AbstractStarting with the new definition of paraphilia as planned for the next edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) it will be shown that the topic cannot be handled without a structural definition of the former perversion. Using the most advanced definition for male perversions it will be investigated if there are female counterparts covering the same structural deficits and pseudosexual solutions. This is done using an interpretation by Beyer of a fairy tale from the brothers Grimm which can be considered as typical for these solutions. The basic clinical background will be exemplified using several long-term psychoanalytical cases of women during which it became clear that the creation and destruction of children’s lives is an equivalent to the reparative function of the sexual act in the male perversion, temporarily stabilizing an extremely vulnerable narcissistic structure. It will be discussed whether there are other structural equivalents of perverse solutions, for example taking power of the child’s or the own body as in anorexia or Munchhausen by proxy syndrome.
Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Tatsache, dass alle psychischen Störungen auch Emotionsstörung... more Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Tatsache, dass alle psychischen Störungen auch Emotionsstörungen sind, werden aus der Forschung über die modulare Struktur des Emotionsystems eine Systematik von kranheitsspezifischen Verschaltungen derselben in sozialen Beziehungen erstellt und für die einzelnen klinisch empirisch bestätigten Konstellationen Kontraindikationen sowie Behandlungsmöglichkeiten diskutiert. Regulationsstörungen werden von defizitären Zustandsbildern unterschieden und ein grundlegender Mechanismus der Affektinduktion, der die Störung interaktiv aufrechterhält
Zusammenfassung Das mimisch affektive Verhalten von Patientinnen, die an Panikstörungenlitten, wu... more Zusammenfassung Das mimisch affektive Verhalten von Patientinnen, die an Panikstörungenlitten, wurde mit demjenigen Verhalten von Patientinnenmit Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörungen verglichen. Dieersten Therapiestunden sowie im Falle der ...
Zeitschrift für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 2008
In accordance with Freud's hypoth... more In accordance with Freud's hypothesis about the nature of primary process thinking we analysed metaphors as possible tools for the integration of unconscious affective und cognitive representational processes which, besides being complementary to affective interactive dyadic behaviour, may be of curative value. Using videotapes of 10 fifteen-hour short-term therapies by very experienced therapists treating an unselected group of patients, facial affect and metaphoric language of the therapist and the patient as well as the temporal distance between the two was recorded. The density of metaphors was not significantly correlated with symptom reduction but with treatment satisfaction. However, symptom reduction correlated significantly with the frequency of interactive metaphors used by both the therapist and the patient. It could be shown that there is an optimal time window between facial affect and metaphor production beyond the here and now, but not as a long term memory.
In a Psychiatric hospital setting, 15 patients under treatment for schizophrenia and 15 healthy ... more In a Psychiatric hospital setting, 15 patients under treatment for schizophrenia and 15 healthy persons were asked to draw (1) a human face, (2) another face that expressed their own feelings at that moment, and (3) afterward the facial expressions of rage, fear, disgust, joy, sadness and shame within a standardized egg-shaped face matriz. Both groups were matched in age, sex and education, md aü drawings were coded independentiy. The schizophraiics drew fewer facal action units, and their facal drawings were more stereotyped than the control group. Neutral faces without any affectice expression were twice as frequent within the experimental group. According to Ekman and Friesen's table of emotion predictijon , the accuracy was the same for both groups with the exception of sadness. Only 20« of the action units in the Schizofrenics sadness drwings were accurate compared to 51% in the contiol group. Based on the observation drawrng process, findings are discussed within the 'theoretical framework of cathexis defense as an attempt to reduce the the impact of te affective Stimuli the schoziphrenics created themselves .
Zusammenfassung von 20 Jahre Forschung über die psychophysik des Widerholungszwanges und die Anwe... more Zusammenfassung von 20 Jahre Forschung über die psychophysik des Widerholungszwanges und die Anwendung der Erkanntnisse für das Verständnis des psychoanalytischen >Prozesses in der Behandlung
Overview on 20 years od reasearch on the physica substrat of transference using nomverbal affecti... more Overview on 20 years od reasearch on the physica substrat of transference using nomverbal affective microbevior in dyads .
This is an overview covering 2o years of research on affect exchange , mental disurbance and the... more This is an overview covering 2o years of research on affect exchange , mental disurbance and the process of treatment based on the measure ment of unconscious exchange processes of affective miscro behavior
Facial avective Behavior of 20 Patients with PTS (ICD 10 F34.1 ) 8 of them with additional Boder... more Facial avective Behavior of 20 Patients with PTS (ICD 10 F34.1 ) 8 of them with additional Boderline disagnosis were analyzed using EMFACS ( Emotional Facial Action Scoring) regarding their active behavior. Three clusters of affactive behavior were identified, on with prrdominantly Anger, Contempt and disgust and no others. the second with social similing and contempt and the third with all affcts. BPS were found only in cluster 1 and 2.
Departing from the face fundamental epistemological questions of a psychology of interpreting exp... more Departing from the face fundamental epistemological questions of a psychology of interpreting expression are listed, discussed and submitted to an empirical screening of the existing studies. Subsepuently other body systems being relevant to interpretation like the voice and body movements are treated in the same way.
This is a report of a quasi experiment whose goal was to objectively define the psychophysical in... more This is a report of a quasi experiment whose goal was to objectively define the psychophysical interactional basis of transference and coutertransference reactions specific to a patient s neurosis . Two methodological paths, both leading to meaningful data are discussed ; for one of them a singel case study is reported.,
Gives on overview on a researxh project on affective facial behavior of people suffering from stu... more Gives on overview on a researxh project on affective facial behavior of people suffering from stuttering and the effects on the nonverbal behavior of the interaction partners. It can be shown that the latter adopt their behavior to the same very low level if they keep the speech distrurbance under control , if they are openly stuttering the affect expression goes up. The first pattern has no reinforcement value for both speakers, whereas suttering is avvompanied by intesive attachment behvior by their intecation partners.
210 20 Minute filmclips of political discussions with dyads of a healthy person interacting with... more 210 20 Minute filmclips of political discussions with dyads of a healthy person interacting with somebody with a diagnosed mental distiurbance ( for example paranoid hallucinatory schicoprenia and 5 other groups were analysed in relation to facial exchange processes using EMFACS ( Emotional Facial Analyzing system) and related introspective phenomena. The interactionpartner were not informed about the disturbance . Healthy subjects under theamselves were acting as controlgroup. The marked diffrences are shown and interpretd using affecttheory and psychoanalytic defensc theory espicially proctive indentifiction as frame of thkinking.
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