Economics

La présente contribution interroge le rapport de la théorie de Marx aux problématiques en termes de justice sociale. Nous proposons une interprétation selon laquelle une théorie de la justice en soi est inutile car idéaliste. Nous la confrontons à une lecture qui implique qu'une critique du capitalisme fondée sur des critères de justice est nécessaire afin d'éviter l'écueil économiste niant l'individualité.

La présente contribution interroge le rapport de la théorie de Marx aux problématiques en termes de justice sociale. Nous proposons une interprétation selon laquelle une théorie de la justice en soi est inutile car idéaliste. Nous la confrontons à une lecture qui implique qu'une critique du capitalisme fondée sur des critères de justice est nécessaire afin d'éviter l'écueil économiste niant l'individualité.

La raison du texte 1 « L 1. Postface intitulée « Les villes et le monde. Comparatisme géographique et théorie de la croissance urbaine au début de l'âge moderne », précédée d'une ample note « Sur la langue des Causes et leur traduction ». 2. La question du lien entre les théories économiques de Botero et ses théories politiques avait déjà été mise en lumière, à partir d'une vision différente du rapport avec Machiavel, par Michel Senellart, dans Machiavélisme et raison d'État, PUF, Paris, 1989 : selon Senellart, il existe bien un antimachiavélisme botérien, qui constitue le « contre-discours de la raison d'État », tandis que l'absorption de l'économique par le politique apparaît comme son versant véritablement original et moderne.

Please Mister Postman, look and see Is there a letter, a letter for me I've been standin' here waitin' Mister Postman So patiently, for just a card, or just a letter Sayin' he's returnin' home to me The Marvelettes (1961) Men make their own history, but they do not make it as they please; they do not make it under self-selected circumstances, but under circumstances existing already, given and transmitted from the past. The tradition of all dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the brains of the living (Marx, 1852, p. 23).

Na tradição fascista, no coração da qual foi fundada, a Frente Nacional é um partido burguês que defende de forma inequívoca o capitalismo, particularmente o capital industrial nacional enfraquecida pelo aumento do capital financeiro. Para defender o seu eleitorado tradicional, a pequena burguesia (artesãos e comerciantes) enfraquecidos pela competição, ele defende o Estado forte limitado às suas funções repressivas. Ele tenta expandir seu eleitorado, dirigindo-se aos trabalhadores, enquanto procura enganar os sindicatos enfraquecendo e dividindo os trabalhadores franceses e trabalhadores estrangeiros. É principalmente um inimigo para os trabalhadores e, por vezes, desempenha o papel de estímulo para partidos burgueses tradicionais.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés. Review of Cohen’s Karl Marx’s Theory of History. Expanded Edition Fabien Tarrit

The paper intends to propose an elaboration of basics for theories on inequalities, on the basis of equality as a central concern. In the first part we discuss the extent to which Rawls’s contribution is a breakthrough in the theories of justice, against utilitarianism. His Theory of Justice raises a number of debates on the nature of equality. In the second part together with a conflict that may appear between equality and basically non egalitarian values we discuss Ronald Dworkin’s and Amartya Sen’s contributions on the issue of what is to be equalized, among various candidates. In the third part, we will discuss G.A. Cohen’s contribution. His internal critique of Rawls’s theory is methodological rather than substantial, and is mainly related to the implementation of equality and to the way equality is to be applied. Mots clés : Equality, welfare, resources, capabilities, basic structure Les working papers d’économie et gestion du laboratoire Regards sont édités après présentation...

This article intends to demonstrate that the concept of self-ownership does not necessarily imply a justification of inequalities of condition and a vindication of capitalism, which is traditionally the case. We present the reasons of such an association, and then we specify that the concept of self-ownership as a tool in political philosophy can be used for condemning the capitalist exploitation.

The philosopher Gerald A. Cohen, who once was a Chichele Professor at Oxford University, between 1984 and 2008, died on the 5th of August last year. His thought, known as a radical one and explicitly intended as serving the liberation of humanity, suddenly appeared on the intellectual theatre in 1978 with the publication of Karl Marx‟s Theory of History: A Defence. This book can be seen as doubly original. On the one hand it defends historical materialism on the basis of methodological foundations (analytical philosophy, logical positivism, functional explanation) that are usually known as contradictory with Marx‟s method. On the other hand, it initiated a school of thought, Analytical Marxism, which debate also took on economics, sociology, history... Later, after a long-lasting debate, still in search of intellectual radicalism, he gradually departed from Marx‟s theory, both for theoretical reasons in terms of logical consistency, and for empirical reasons in terms of corresponden...

Le but explicite est d’« integrer l’anthropologie en economie sans remettre en cause les fondements du raisonnement economique » . A ce titre, l’ambition du livre est moins de proposer une definition ou un expose general sur l’anthropologie economique que de construire un essai sur ce que devrait etre la science economique enrichie par les apports de l’anthropologie. Le livre se constitue de cinq chapitres. Le premier donne des elements sur la nature de l’anthropologique economique. Le deuxieme elargit la recherche en etudiant la personne responsable. Le troisieme chapitre interroge la possibilite d’integrer l’anthropologie en economie sans remettre en cause le raisonnement economique standard. Le quatrieme chapitre se veut plus empirique et etudie la maniere dont l’anthropologie peut apporter a l’economie une approche sur la vulnerabilite. Le cinquieme chapitre met l’accent sur la souffrance.

revue de philosophie économique / volume 14, n˚2 Gerald A. Cohen (1941-2009) et le marxisme : apports et prise de distance Fabien Tarrit * Résumé Le philosophe Gerald A. Cohen est décédé le 5 août 2009. Sa contribution s'est d'abord articulée autour de la pensée de Marx. Elle émergea sur la scène intellectuelle en 1978 avec la parution de Karl Marx's Theory of History : A Defence, qui impulsa la constitution du marxisme analytique. Par la suite, Cohen tendit à se détacher progressivement de la théorie de Marx. Il participa à la discussion sur le concept libertarien de propriété de soi en vue de l'associer à une approche marxiste, avant d'intégrer pleinement le débat normatif autour des problématiques de justice sociale, autour de la Théorie de la justice de John Rawls. Fondée sur la philosophie kantienne, sa critique de la théorie de Rawls lui reproche de ne pas accorder suffisamment d'autonomie aux choix individuels. Le présent article discute la pertinence du voyage intellectuel de Jerry Cohen dans son rapport à l'oeuvre de Marx. Mots-clé : Matérialisme historique, philosophie analytique, propriété de soi, philosophie politique

The issue of the paper is to describe and to evaluate analytical Marxism, a school of thought which occupies a particular position in radical theory. It has presented itself as an attempt to renew Marxism with the tools of non-Marxist philosophy (analytical philosophy), epistemology (logical positivism), and social science (methodological individualism). The main authors are Gerald A. Cohen who defended historical materialism on the basis of analytical philosophy, John Roemer who reconstructed Marxian economics with neoclassical tools and Jon Elster who interpreted Marxism with methodological individualism. Rational Choice Theory plays an important role in analytical Marxism. This paper deals with the idea that analytical Marxism seems to have turned Marxism into its opposite.

Resumo: Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar e criticar a defesa da concepção marxista da História feita por Cohen. Seu primeiro livro, Karl Marx's Theory of History: a Defense, é considerado o documento fundador do marxismo analítico. Sua originalidade é utilizar o texto do Prefácio de 1859 e dar a ele uma interpretação não-dialética e causal. A história é vista como uma relação entre forças produtivas e relações de produção, em que as primeiras, redutíveis à ciência, tendem a se desenvolver incessantemente durante toda a história. A abordagem de Cohen, que podemos chamar de determinismo tecnológico, se funda na explicação funcional. Assim, o artigo mostra como Cohen, em uma edição nova e ampliada do livro, reviu suas reivindicações centrais para dar a prioridade a explicações normativas. Palavras-chave: Materialismo histórico, forças produtivas, relações de produção, explicação funcional, marxismo analítico.

La presente contribution s'inscrit dans le debat sur la recherche de fondements explicatifs a la dynamique historique des modes de production, en particulier sur l'emergence du capitalisme. Cette question est etudiee dans le cadre de la restitution d'un debat interne au marxisme analytique. Alors que Cohen elabore une theorie de l'histoire fondee sur le developpement des forces productives, completee par l'analyse de Roemer articulee par la theorie du choix rationnel, Brenner propose une historiographie plus empirique fondee sur la rationalite des acteurs. L'article defend la possibilite d'une complementarite entre les interpretations.

Le texte de H. Jorda porte sur le travail dans la construction du lien social. Il est envisagé sous l'angle de la paresse. D'une offense à Dieu au Moyen-Âge, c'est devenu un vol avec le capitalisme. Lafargue défend, lui, les vertus de la paresse. Bien que l'auteur se contente d'effleurer la référence à Marx, son spectre plane sur le texte. Un approfondissement de cette référence aurait renforcé sa conclusion que le droit à la paresse correspond à une rupture avec les logiques de domination.

Karl Marx demonstrated that capitalism as a mode of production is a structurally unstable system; this has been illustrated by the recent period, especially the current crisis. This article is a contribution to a Marxian explanation of the current crisis, analyzing it as an expression of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall; it focuses on the first stage of the development of the crisis, understood as an outcome of the instability of capitalism and it identifies its specificities. Illustration du fait que la crise est propre au capitalisme et que cette crise apparaît de manière prévisible, même si la forme qu'elle prend ne pouvaient pas être prévues. Such instability is manifest through the recurrence of crises and we argue that each crisis emerges from the remedies used to counter the previous one and that it also contains the germs of the next crisis, all crises and instability being basically founded on the tendency of the rate of the rate of profit to fall, as first explained by Marx in Capital Volume III. This applies to world capitalism in general though we focus on its core economy, US capitalism. The first part deals with the immediate origins of the current crisisthe conditions of the period of growth from 2003 to 2006. The explosion of the real estate bubble in the summer of 2007 first led to a financial crash and then turned into a fully-fledged world-wide economic recession. It was, in turn, rooted in the remedies used to resolve the previous crisis. A substantial destruction of the least efficient capitals allowed a restoration of accumulation. This pattern of recurring crises is seen as the expression of a historical trend of overaccumulation of capital, which needs a subsequent devalorization. The second part investigates the methods that have been used to combat the crisis, in terms of public expenditure, of destruction of capital, and of national strategies.

Gerald A. Cohen initiated Analytical Marxism in defending historical materialism on the basis of analytical philosophy and of logical positivism. This school of thought presented itself as an attempt to renew Marxism with non-Marxist methodological tools. John Roemer extended it in reconstructing Marxian economics with neoclassical tools and Jon Elster generalized it in interpreting Marxism with methodological individualism and Rational Choice Theory. This paper deals with the assumption that Analytical Marxism turned Marxism into its opposite.

Revue d'histoire de la pensée économique 2019-1, n° 7 varia Type de publication: Revue Directrice d'ouvrage: Pouchol (Marlyse) Résumé: La Revue d'histoire de la pensée économique publie des articles originaux en histoire de la pensée économique, mais aussi en philosophie, épistémologie et méthodologie économiques, ainsi que des recensions d'ouvrages. Nombre de pages: 294