Post-disaster housing reconstruction is a complex process that plays a crucial role in promoting ... more Post-disaster housing reconstruction is a complex process that plays a crucial role in promoting affected households' recovery. In the last few decades, researchers have examined housing recovery programs (through resilience, vulnerability, and sustainable development lenses), and made considerable endeavours to determine the variables behind their success or failure. However, several knowledge gaps about, for instance, unequal level of recovery among differently affected household categories, compromises on recovery objectives, and insufficient collaboration between stakeholders in housing reconstruction programs, still exist. This dissertation aims at explaining why and how housing reconstruction projects typically fail to fulfill recovery objectives. It seeks to reveal the main challenges in initiatives aimed at helping affected households to recover sustainably. This study is based on a detailed, longitudinal, qualitative case study of the housing reconstruction program conducted after the earthquake that struck the city of Bam, Iran, in 2003. It specifically examines Bam's experience from four perspectives: recovery objectives, policy, strategy, and implementation. The study adopts a deductive reasoning strategy, in which detailed literature reviews led to the formulation of theoretical propositions based on the resilience and the vulnerability theories and additional concepts borrowed from the housing, urban planning, and project management fields. These theoretical propositions were later empirically tested to explore whether the expected patterns actually occurred. Findings from the case of Bam were thus matched with predicted patterns, allowing us to validate (but also to nuance) the theoretical propositions. Results highlight four main challenges typically faced in housing reconstruction programs. First, housing reconstruction policies often overlook the diversity of affected households, notably with regard to their pre-disaster status and post-disaster situation. As a consequence, the common one-policy-for-all approach cannot adequately lead to the recovery of affected families. The recovery of different household types requires the coexistence of a multiplicity of measures and programs to allow them to choose the solution that best fits their needs, conditions, and expectations. Second, the integration of general housing policy and specific reconstruction policies is necessary to both address vulnerabilities and ensure long-term recovery. Third, challenges in involving the diversity of stakeholders in participatory decisioniv making often threaten the fulfillment of recovery objectives. Finally (and as a consequence of the latter), housing reconstruction programs need to address stakeholder conflicts and institutional fragmentation through appropriate governance structures and mechanisms. These results remind us that housing reconstruction programs are complex, dynamic processes where affected households' recovery depends on several variables such as their pre-and post-disaster conditions, recovery policy's sensitivity to families' varied needs and desires, households' active participation in decision-making, and successful collaboration between stakeholders. Indeed, further research is still required to explore the cause and effect relationships between variables in this complex process.
International Journal of Architectural Research: Archnet-IJAR, 2013
It is well known that low-cost housing not only reflects, but also greatly influences the vulnera... more It is well known that low-cost housing not only reflects, but also greatly influences the vulnerability of a community. This means that post-disaster housing programs can improve the living conditions of affected families or make them even more vulnerable. However, it is still unclear how different post-disaster housing strategies enhance community resilience. This article seeks to bridge the theoretical gap that exists between vulnerability and resilience theories and to clarify how post-disaster housing programs can potentially enhance community resilience. Four different housing strategies used after the 2003 earthquake in Bam, Iran, illustrate the role of housing in the path that can potentially lead communities from a vulnerable state to resilience. These strategies include: (A) Prefabricated units built on temporary camps located in the city and in the outskirts and developed by the central government, (B) Masonry units built by a public stakeholder on the yards of destroyed h...
Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 2021
PurposeThis study aims to yield significant insight into decentralized Disaster Governance (DG), ... more PurposeThis study aims to yield significant insight into decentralized Disaster Governance (DG), explaining the passage from selecting actors and defining actions to determining outcomes in a decentralized process.Design/methodology/approachWe adopt the systems thinking approach to investigate the reconstruction program after the 2003 Bam earthquake in Iran. In-depth interviews are our main source of data that are carefully triangulated with findings from the review of documents and our direct observations.FindingsWe detected many shortcomings in this program, among which incomplete decentralization is highly prominent. In the Bam recovery program, tasks were delegated to varied actors based on their capacities without considering potential conflicts of interests and their unbalanced authority to serve their benefits. Meanwhile, the impact of the country's unstable political climate on restricting or liberating actors' influence on the recovery program was overlooked. These ...
There are more than 50 million refugees worldwide, a figure that has been significantly increased... more There are more than 50 million refugees worldwide, a figure that has been significantly increased by the recent Syrian crisis. Having hosted thousands of Palestinian refugees sixty years ago, Lebanon, a neighboring country to Syria, recently received over one million Syrian refugees. It has thus become the nation with the largest percentage of refugees per population. In the past, Palestinian refugees were placed in temporary camps that evolved to become self‐contained neighborhoods with their own governance structures. To avoid repeating the same experience, the Lebanese government seldom authorizes Syrian refugees to create transitory organized settlements. This has resulted in a large number of sheltering solutions and camps emerging informally all over the country. While humanitarian aid is often necessary for the survival of these refugees, several humanitarian institutions play a role largely based on (and legitimized by) control and power relations with the refugees. This pap...
Disaster management studies have demonstrated that housing reconstruction programs often lead to ... more Disaster management studies have demonstrated that housing reconstruction programs often lead to different levels of community recovery. Yet, insufficient knowledge still exists about how reconstruction policies and decisions produce diverse impacts among different social groups. The purpose of this paper is to explore why and how housing reconstruction policies impact households in different ways. This research focuses on low-income housing programs implemented in response to disasters. It examines post-disaster reconstruction policies through the lenses of a comprehensive body of knowledge about the evolution of housing policy in developing countries over the last seven decades. Using a set of indicators from pre- and post-disaster conditions among six household categories, the qualitative enquiry examines the housing reconstruction program conducted after the 2003 earthquake in Bam. Empirical results show that the scant attention to different categories of tenancy, families’ soci...
Hazard-related literature often points to the vulnerability of societies and individuals to expla... more Hazard-related literature often points to the vulnerability of societies and individuals to explain why disasters occur. Vulnerability theory considers the origins, progression, and possible outcomes of fragile conditions in the face of natural hazards. At the same time, development studies discuss the vulnerability of societies to poverty and its causal factors and often highlight how global trends exacerbate vulnerabilities and eventually contribute to unemployment increases, marginalization, and poverty. It is believed that these effects put communities at risk of natural hazards with devastating consequences. The relationship between poverty and vulnerability is, however, controversial and still unclear, both on theoretical and practical grounds. This chapter sheds light on the relationship between the vulnerability of societies to poverty (particularly in the face of global trends and globalization) and their vulnerability to natural hazards. The chapter proposes a new framewor...
Disaster management studies have demonstrated that housing reconstruction programs often lead to ... more Disaster management studies have demonstrated that housing reconstruction programs often lead to different levels of community recovery. Yet, insufficient knowledge still exists about the impact of reconstruction policies on different social groups. The purpose of this paper is to explore why and how reconstruction policies impact households in different ways. Using a set of indicators from preand post-disaster conditions among six household categories, this qualitative research examines the housing reconstruction program conducted after the 2003 earthquake in Bam. Findings confirm that the scant attention to different categories of tenancy, families’ socio-economic conditions, and demographic changes (before and after the disaster) led authorities to adopt housing reconstruction policies that benefited some groups of households while having the opposite effect on others. Single-family houseowners, for instance, rebuilt their permanent houses quickly and resumed normal activities in...
International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 2011
Core housing is defined as one of the methods of providing shelter after disasters. These shelter... more Core housing is defined as one of the methods of providing shelter after disasters. These shelters are incomplete at the time of initial occupation. The aim of this housing method is supplying a minimum safe residential space against future disasters. These shelters are built after disasters with limited resources and with the consideration of lack of time for the survivors. Accordingly using the beneficiaries' participation on building a core unit and using vernacular housing methods, the inhabitants will be able to extend their core house. In this research it will be shown that most of village houses which have been reconstructed after 1990 Manjil earthquake in Iran has been done by core housing method. Moreover, the way core units were extended by beneficiaries after 19 years since the disaster will be evaluated. Furthermore, other factors such as residential space needs of the residents, the role of the used structure in building the core units and the role of climatic conditions in the expansion of residential units will be investigated. In conclusion this research will demonstrate that despite great variation on core unit extension done by habitants, these extension are based on a special logic which is itself based on the inhabitants' needs of residential spaces and habitance patterns. These results can be useful in planning and designing shelters for survivors for future disasters.
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2017
Several studies have revealed the difficulties often found in defining stakeholders' roles in pos... more Several studies have revealed the difficulties often found in defining stakeholders' roles in post-disaster reconstruction projects. Insufficient and ill-timed collaboration are typically identified as the principal source of problems. Borrowing the concept of Institutional Fragmentation (IF) from the field of project management, this paper examines significant obstacles to collaboration and to sharing knowledge and experience in post-disaster reconstruction projects, revealing the causes and effects at four levels of fragmentation: the construction industry, project procurement, design and construction work. The case of the reconstruction program conducted after the 2003 earthquake in Bam (Iran), illustrates these different levels of fragmentation and their short and long-term impacts. Results show that three of the four levels of fragmentation caused unexpected outcomes during program implantation and afterwards; fragmentation increased the divergence between the many stakeholders with their interests and expectations, during and after their intervention. Conflict and confrontation between two controller organizations led to an excessive emphasis on technical requirements at the expense of heritage preservation. Results also explain how specific conditions after the disaster-such as lack of time coupled with socio-political pressures-increased fragmentation. Post-disaster reconstruction projects require systematic and comprehensive procurement to cover the interfaces that will enable tasks to be conducted effectively. The study proposes a conceptual approach to fragmentation that can help academics, practitioners, and decision-makers understand the origins and consequences of institutional fragmentation on the timely use of resources, and to develop governance structures and mechanisms that can help reduce it in post-disaster reconstruction initiatives.
It is well known that low-cost housing not only reflects, but also greatly influences the vulnera... more It is well known that low-cost housing not only reflects, but also greatly influences the vulnerability of a community. This means that post-disaster housing programs can improve the living conditions of affected families or make them even more vulnerable. However, it is still unclear how different post-disaster housing strategies enhance community resilience. This article seeks to bridge the theoretical gap that exists between vulnerability and resilience theories and to clarify how post-disaster housing programs can potentially enhance community resilience. Four different housing strategies used after the 2003 earthquake in Bam, Iran, illustrate the role of housing in the path that can potentially lead communities from a vulnerable state to resilience. These strategies include: (A) Prefabricated units built on temporary camps located in the city and in the outskirts and developed by the central government, (B) Masonry units built by a public stakeholder on the yards of destroyed houses (C) Prefabricated units built by the central government in partnership with a private firm and located in the yards of destroyed houses, and (D) High-tech imported units built on the outskirts of the city. Analysing these strategies through the lens of a new framework based on a systems approach permits to identify the different impacts of post-disaster housing programs. Whereas strategies A, C and D had negative consequences in various sub-systems of the affected community, strategy B positively enhanced community resilience. The findings of the study provide insightful information that can help architects and decision makers identify the appropriate housing strategy to be implemented after disasters.
The 2003 earthquake in the Bam region in Iran killed 25514 people. Building temporary houses beca... more The 2003 earthquake in the Bam region in Iran killed 25514 people. Building temporary houses became a key component of the recovery phase; yet, it also led to several drawbacks in the development of disaster resilience. This study examines the impact of four types of strategies of housing provision that were used in this process. They include: (a) Temporary camps developed by the national government, (b) Temporary camps built by international donors and agencies, (c) Prefabricated units built in dispersed areas, and (d) Units made of masonry and permanent materials. This detailed case study is analyzed through the lens of resilience frameworks, in order to identify the impacts of the different strategies and their outcomes for the adaptive recovery of the affected community. The results show that certain strategies had negative consequences in the just distribution of resources and in the development of social capital. In fact, it is estimated that nearly 3100 shelters were never occupied. The delivery of temporary shelters raised the survivors' expectations about the permanent units that they were supposed to receive, postponed the construction of permanent houses, and reduced their participation in the permanent reconstruction phase. The conclusions suggest that temporary housing programs have a crucial effect in building long-term community resilience. They provide insightful information that can help decision makers identify the appropriate strategy of temporary housing to be implemented.
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to compare rural houses reconstructed by core housing metho... more Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to compare rural houses reconstructed by core housing method after the Manjil earthquake in 1990 and traditional housing. Also, other factors such as residential space needs of residents, the role of the used structure in building the core units and the role of climatic conditions in the expansion of residential units have been investigated. Design/methodology/approach -Some rural houses which were reconstructed by using core housing method -86 rural houses -in 20 different villages were investigated using quantity and quality method. Also, the rate of satisfaction of inhabitants with their reconstructed houses was evaluated.
Post-disaster housing reconstruction is a complex process that plays a crucial role in promoting ... more Post-disaster housing reconstruction is a complex process that plays a crucial role in promoting affected households' recovery. In the last few decades, researchers have examined housing recovery programs (through resilience, vulnerability, and sustainable development lenses), and made considerable endeavours to determine the variables behind their success or failure. However, several knowledge gaps about, for instance, unequal level of recovery among differently affected household categories, compromises on recovery objectives, and insufficient collaboration between stakeholders in housing reconstruction programs, still exist. This dissertation aims at explaining why and how housing reconstruction projects typically fail to fulfill recovery objectives. It seeks to reveal the main challenges in initiatives aimed at helping affected households to recover sustainably. This study is based on a detailed, longitudinal, qualitative case study of the housing reconstruction program conducted after the earthquake that struck the city of Bam, Iran, in 2003. It specifically examines Bam's experience from four perspectives: recovery objectives, policy, strategy, and implementation. The study adopts a deductive reasoning strategy, in which detailed literature reviews led to the formulation of theoretical propositions based on the resilience and the vulnerability theories and additional concepts borrowed from the housing, urban planning, and project management fields. These theoretical propositions were later empirically tested to explore whether the expected patterns actually occurred. Findings from the case of Bam were thus matched with predicted patterns, allowing us to validate (but also to nuance) the theoretical propositions. Results highlight four main challenges typically faced in housing reconstruction programs. First, housing reconstruction policies often overlook the diversity of affected households, notably with regard to their pre-disaster status and post-disaster situation. As a consequence, the common one-policy-for-all approach cannot adequately lead to the recovery of affected families. The recovery of different household types requires the coexistence of a multiplicity of measures and programs to allow them to choose the solution that best fits their needs, conditions, and expectations. Second, the integration of general housing policy and specific reconstruction policies is necessary to both address vulnerabilities and ensure long-term recovery. Third, challenges in involving the diversity of stakeholders in participatory decisioniv making often threaten the fulfillment of recovery objectives. Finally (and as a consequence of the latter), housing reconstruction programs need to address stakeholder conflicts and institutional fragmentation through appropriate governance structures and mechanisms. These results remind us that housing reconstruction programs are complex, dynamic processes where affected households' recovery depends on several variables such as their pre-and post-disaster conditions, recovery policy's sensitivity to families' varied needs and desires, households' active participation in decision-making, and successful collaboration between stakeholders. Indeed, further research is still required to explore the cause and effect relationships between variables in this complex process.
International Journal of Architectural Research: Archnet-IJAR, 2013
It is well known that low-cost housing not only reflects, but also greatly influences the vulnera... more It is well known that low-cost housing not only reflects, but also greatly influences the vulnerability of a community. This means that post-disaster housing programs can improve the living conditions of affected families or make them even more vulnerable. However, it is still unclear how different post-disaster housing strategies enhance community resilience. This article seeks to bridge the theoretical gap that exists between vulnerability and resilience theories and to clarify how post-disaster housing programs can potentially enhance community resilience. Four different housing strategies used after the 2003 earthquake in Bam, Iran, illustrate the role of housing in the path that can potentially lead communities from a vulnerable state to resilience. These strategies include: (A) Prefabricated units built on temporary camps located in the city and in the outskirts and developed by the central government, (B) Masonry units built by a public stakeholder on the yards of destroyed h...
Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal, 2021
PurposeThis study aims to yield significant insight into decentralized Disaster Governance (DG), ... more PurposeThis study aims to yield significant insight into decentralized Disaster Governance (DG), explaining the passage from selecting actors and defining actions to determining outcomes in a decentralized process.Design/methodology/approachWe adopt the systems thinking approach to investigate the reconstruction program after the 2003 Bam earthquake in Iran. In-depth interviews are our main source of data that are carefully triangulated with findings from the review of documents and our direct observations.FindingsWe detected many shortcomings in this program, among which incomplete decentralization is highly prominent. In the Bam recovery program, tasks were delegated to varied actors based on their capacities without considering potential conflicts of interests and their unbalanced authority to serve their benefits. Meanwhile, the impact of the country's unstable political climate on restricting or liberating actors' influence on the recovery program was overlooked. These ...
There are more than 50 million refugees worldwide, a figure that has been significantly increased... more There are more than 50 million refugees worldwide, a figure that has been significantly increased by the recent Syrian crisis. Having hosted thousands of Palestinian refugees sixty years ago, Lebanon, a neighboring country to Syria, recently received over one million Syrian refugees. It has thus become the nation with the largest percentage of refugees per population. In the past, Palestinian refugees were placed in temporary camps that evolved to become self‐contained neighborhoods with their own governance structures. To avoid repeating the same experience, the Lebanese government seldom authorizes Syrian refugees to create transitory organized settlements. This has resulted in a large number of sheltering solutions and camps emerging informally all over the country. While humanitarian aid is often necessary for the survival of these refugees, several humanitarian institutions play a role largely based on (and legitimized by) control and power relations with the refugees. This pap...
Disaster management studies have demonstrated that housing reconstruction programs often lead to ... more Disaster management studies have demonstrated that housing reconstruction programs often lead to different levels of community recovery. Yet, insufficient knowledge still exists about how reconstruction policies and decisions produce diverse impacts among different social groups. The purpose of this paper is to explore why and how housing reconstruction policies impact households in different ways. This research focuses on low-income housing programs implemented in response to disasters. It examines post-disaster reconstruction policies through the lenses of a comprehensive body of knowledge about the evolution of housing policy in developing countries over the last seven decades. Using a set of indicators from pre- and post-disaster conditions among six household categories, the qualitative enquiry examines the housing reconstruction program conducted after the 2003 earthquake in Bam. Empirical results show that the scant attention to different categories of tenancy, families’ soci...
Hazard-related literature often points to the vulnerability of societies and individuals to expla... more Hazard-related literature often points to the vulnerability of societies and individuals to explain why disasters occur. Vulnerability theory considers the origins, progression, and possible outcomes of fragile conditions in the face of natural hazards. At the same time, development studies discuss the vulnerability of societies to poverty and its causal factors and often highlight how global trends exacerbate vulnerabilities and eventually contribute to unemployment increases, marginalization, and poverty. It is believed that these effects put communities at risk of natural hazards with devastating consequences. The relationship between poverty and vulnerability is, however, controversial and still unclear, both on theoretical and practical grounds. This chapter sheds light on the relationship between the vulnerability of societies to poverty (particularly in the face of global trends and globalization) and their vulnerability to natural hazards. The chapter proposes a new framewor...
Disaster management studies have demonstrated that housing reconstruction programs often lead to ... more Disaster management studies have demonstrated that housing reconstruction programs often lead to different levels of community recovery. Yet, insufficient knowledge still exists about the impact of reconstruction policies on different social groups. The purpose of this paper is to explore why and how reconstruction policies impact households in different ways. Using a set of indicators from preand post-disaster conditions among six household categories, this qualitative research examines the housing reconstruction program conducted after the 2003 earthquake in Bam. Findings confirm that the scant attention to different categories of tenancy, families’ socio-economic conditions, and demographic changes (before and after the disaster) led authorities to adopt housing reconstruction policies that benefited some groups of households while having the opposite effect on others. Single-family houseowners, for instance, rebuilt their permanent houses quickly and resumed normal activities in...
International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment, 2011
Core housing is defined as one of the methods of providing shelter after disasters. These shelter... more Core housing is defined as one of the methods of providing shelter after disasters. These shelters are incomplete at the time of initial occupation. The aim of this housing method is supplying a minimum safe residential space against future disasters. These shelters are built after disasters with limited resources and with the consideration of lack of time for the survivors. Accordingly using the beneficiaries' participation on building a core unit and using vernacular housing methods, the inhabitants will be able to extend their core house. In this research it will be shown that most of village houses which have been reconstructed after 1990 Manjil earthquake in Iran has been done by core housing method. Moreover, the way core units were extended by beneficiaries after 19 years since the disaster will be evaluated. Furthermore, other factors such as residential space needs of the residents, the role of the used structure in building the core units and the role of climatic conditions in the expansion of residential units will be investigated. In conclusion this research will demonstrate that despite great variation on core unit extension done by habitants, these extension are based on a special logic which is itself based on the inhabitants' needs of residential spaces and habitance patterns. These results can be useful in planning and designing shelters for survivors for future disasters.
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 2017
Several studies have revealed the difficulties often found in defining stakeholders' roles in pos... more Several studies have revealed the difficulties often found in defining stakeholders' roles in post-disaster reconstruction projects. Insufficient and ill-timed collaboration are typically identified as the principal source of problems. Borrowing the concept of Institutional Fragmentation (IF) from the field of project management, this paper examines significant obstacles to collaboration and to sharing knowledge and experience in post-disaster reconstruction projects, revealing the causes and effects at four levels of fragmentation: the construction industry, project procurement, design and construction work. The case of the reconstruction program conducted after the 2003 earthquake in Bam (Iran), illustrates these different levels of fragmentation and their short and long-term impacts. Results show that three of the four levels of fragmentation caused unexpected outcomes during program implantation and afterwards; fragmentation increased the divergence between the many stakeholders with their interests and expectations, during and after their intervention. Conflict and confrontation between two controller organizations led to an excessive emphasis on technical requirements at the expense of heritage preservation. Results also explain how specific conditions after the disaster-such as lack of time coupled with socio-political pressures-increased fragmentation. Post-disaster reconstruction projects require systematic and comprehensive procurement to cover the interfaces that will enable tasks to be conducted effectively. The study proposes a conceptual approach to fragmentation that can help academics, practitioners, and decision-makers understand the origins and consequences of institutional fragmentation on the timely use of resources, and to develop governance structures and mechanisms that can help reduce it in post-disaster reconstruction initiatives.
It is well known that low-cost housing not only reflects, but also greatly influences the vulnera... more It is well known that low-cost housing not only reflects, but also greatly influences the vulnerability of a community. This means that post-disaster housing programs can improve the living conditions of affected families or make them even more vulnerable. However, it is still unclear how different post-disaster housing strategies enhance community resilience. This article seeks to bridge the theoretical gap that exists between vulnerability and resilience theories and to clarify how post-disaster housing programs can potentially enhance community resilience. Four different housing strategies used after the 2003 earthquake in Bam, Iran, illustrate the role of housing in the path that can potentially lead communities from a vulnerable state to resilience. These strategies include: (A) Prefabricated units built on temporary camps located in the city and in the outskirts and developed by the central government, (B) Masonry units built by a public stakeholder on the yards of destroyed houses (C) Prefabricated units built by the central government in partnership with a private firm and located in the yards of destroyed houses, and (D) High-tech imported units built on the outskirts of the city. Analysing these strategies through the lens of a new framework based on a systems approach permits to identify the different impacts of post-disaster housing programs. Whereas strategies A, C and D had negative consequences in various sub-systems of the affected community, strategy B positively enhanced community resilience. The findings of the study provide insightful information that can help architects and decision makers identify the appropriate housing strategy to be implemented after disasters.
The 2003 earthquake in the Bam region in Iran killed 25514 people. Building temporary houses beca... more The 2003 earthquake in the Bam region in Iran killed 25514 people. Building temporary houses became a key component of the recovery phase; yet, it also led to several drawbacks in the development of disaster resilience. This study examines the impact of four types of strategies of housing provision that were used in this process. They include: (a) Temporary camps developed by the national government, (b) Temporary camps built by international donors and agencies, (c) Prefabricated units built in dispersed areas, and (d) Units made of masonry and permanent materials. This detailed case study is analyzed through the lens of resilience frameworks, in order to identify the impacts of the different strategies and their outcomes for the adaptive recovery of the affected community. The results show that certain strategies had negative consequences in the just distribution of resources and in the development of social capital. In fact, it is estimated that nearly 3100 shelters were never occupied. The delivery of temporary shelters raised the survivors' expectations about the permanent units that they were supposed to receive, postponed the construction of permanent houses, and reduced their participation in the permanent reconstruction phase. The conclusions suggest that temporary housing programs have a crucial effect in building long-term community resilience. They provide insightful information that can help decision makers identify the appropriate strategy of temporary housing to be implemented.
Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to compare rural houses reconstructed by core housing metho... more Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to compare rural houses reconstructed by core housing method after the Manjil earthquake in 1990 and traditional housing. Also, other factors such as residential space needs of residents, the role of the used structure in building the core units and the role of climatic conditions in the expansion of residential units have been investigated. Design/methodology/approach -Some rural houses which were reconstructed by using core housing method -86 rural houses -in 20 different villages were investigated using quantity and quality method. Also, the rate of satisfaction of inhabitants with their reconstructed houses was evaluated.
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Papers by Mahmood Fayazi